新標準新要求--談獲得高分的高考英語書面表達特性

1、新標準新要求-談獲得高分的高考英語書面表達特性 新頒行的普通高中英語課程標準（實驗稿）明確指出，寫作教學的目的是通過對學生激活靈感、激發(fā)興趣、整理思路、組織素材、規(guī)劃結(jié)構(gòu)、遣詞造句等基本寫作技能的培養(yǎng)，使他們能表達事實、觀點、情感、想象力、交流信息，培養(yǎng)規(guī)范的寫作習慣。與以往的英語教學大綱中規(guī)定的能在日常生活中，寫簡單的書信和通知，書寫格式和行文，以及詞語無嚴重錯誤的要求相比，新課程標準規(guī)定的寫作要求提高了一個新的層次，更加突出了對謀篇布局，遣詞造句，情感表達的要求。本文依據(jù)新課程標準對寫作提出的新要求，并結(jié)合實際經(jīng)驗，談談獲得高分的高考英語書面表達五大特性： 一、條理性 條理性是指要合理布局

2、文章結(jié)構(gòu)，首先，在文章思路、組織材料、敘述順序等方面要有一定的條理性。例如：題目要求寫一篇敘述文，可以按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來寫，若介紹某一場所，可按照空間順序來安排行文順序；若是一篇議論文，就應該按照所議論觀點順序來安排結(jié)構(gòu)。全文結(jié)構(gòu)應注意首尾呼應，前后相聯(lián)。其次，根據(jù)需要安排好段落，各段之間要層次分明，每一段落的開頭和結(jié)尾也要重視，開頭語往往是總起句，結(jié)尾往往是總結(jié)句。 例如：2001年高考英語書面表達范文:Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in

3、China? In short, things have begun to improve since schools were called on to reduce the learning load. I don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time, I can follow my own interests such as re

4、ading books, visiting museurns, and taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things.Li Hua 二、準確性 準確性是指要求寫出語法正確的句子，包括對態(tài)、語態(tài)、用詞和句法等，但是不少考生由于受漢語思維習慣的影響，在

5、寫作時自覺不自覺地產(chǎn)生不規(guī)范的表達。要做到準確。地道地表達文章，首先必須要牢記掌握一些常用句型或習慣表達，避免中文式英語，在實踐中不斷總結(jié)中英表達差異，養(yǎng)成用英語思維寫作的習慣。試體會下面句子漢英表達上的差異。 （1）我等待著你的到來。 錯誤或失誤: I'm waiting for you to come. 修改意見: I'm looking forward to your arrival. （NMET 2003范文） （2）現(xiàn)在我詳細地給你介紹屋子的情況。 錯誤或失誤:Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully.

6、 修改意見:Now I am going tog give you a detailed description of the room.（NMET 2003范文） （3）工人們熱烈歡迎我們來參觀農(nóng)場。 錯誤或失誤:The worker welcomed us to visit the farm. 修改意見:The worker gave us a warm welcome. （NMET 1998范文） 其次，要多讀多背，在精讀中汲取營養(yǎng)，對于好的句子最好背誦下來，適時用于寫作訓練中。其中，英語中的一些常識性語句就是非常典型的背誦材料。如:在寫通知時， 開頭語:Attention, pleas

7、e./May I have your attention, please?/I'll have an announcement to make. 結(jié)尾語:Don't forget the time and the address./I'm sure you'll have a lot of fun./That's all, thank you. 在寫參觀歡迎詞時,開頭語:Welcome to our city./Now let me tell you something about our school. 結(jié)尾語:I'm sure you'

8、;ll have a good trip. That's all. Thank you. 寫(回)信時，開頭語:I am glad to hear from you.I'm writing to tell you something aboutHow are you getting along with your studies?I really don't know how to thank you for your 結(jié)尾語:Please give my best regards toI'm looking forward to hearing from yo

9、u soonRemember me to your parents等。 正確牢記這些慣用語，無疑可以增添句子表達的準確性，減少不必要的錯誤，從而提高書面表達的檔次。 三、流暢性 流暢性是指根據(jù)整篇文章意思的需要，有效采用不同的連接手段，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。關(guān)聯(lián)詞就是常用的連接手段之 1.表示平行、對等或選擇關(guān)系 and，bothand，as well as，neithernor，also，not only.but also but，yet, however，nevertheless，in spite of，although，otherwise，while on the contrary

10、，instead of, on the other hand，just like，unlike so，for，therefore，as a resut，because，owing to，due to，thanks to，on account of 5.表示時間、順序關(guān)系 shorty after, first, second, then, next, finally, for one thing, for another thing, in the end, eventually 6.表示遞進、強調(diào)關(guān)系 besides，furthermore，what's more，inadditio

11、n, moreover，worse still, above all，to make matters worse 7.表示解釋、說明關(guān)系 namely, actually, such as, for example, for instance，that is to say，in other words，and so on，to tell you the truth，according to this in short，in brief，in a word, in general，as you know，as far as I know，on the whole 這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞的恰當使用無疑能使全文

12、過渡自然，令讀者對后續(xù)的句子產(chǎn)生心理的期待和準備，增強句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。本文前面刊載的NMET 2001書面表達范文，就使用了許多關(guān)聯(lián)詞（見范文劃線處）。 四、簡潔多樣性 簡潔性就是做到語言簡潔，不重復。多樣性就是能隨情景內(nèi)容的變化寫出句式多樣的語句。新課程標準中寫作的評價標準，強調(diào)了語言表達的能力:語言結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯要豐富。因此，在確保行文準確流暢的前提下，需要文字清新簡潔，語句靈活多變，使文章的語言結(jié)構(gòu)更加豐富多彩。我們可以采用以下幾種方式： 1.合理利用介詞或名詞代替動詞，能有效降低句子的復雜性，在令句子通順自然的同時，也能減少語法錯誤。試體會下面黑體部分被括號內(nèi)詞語替代后的效果。 (

13、1)The flat has an area of 25 square metres and there is a bedroom, a bathroom, and a kitchen, (with) (2)1 was pleased to hear from you and am writing to tell you something that has taken place in our school, (about) (3)1 have a surprise to give you. (for) 2.使用短語結(jié)構(gòu)來簡化或合并短句。常用的結(jié)構(gòu)由介詞短語、名詞短語、非謂語動詞、獨立主格結(jié)

14、構(gòu)、同位語等結(jié)構(gòu)。 (1) The young man pointed to a policeman not far away and said, "He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender". 修改意見: Pointing to a policeman not far away, the young man explained, "He stopped us an hour ago and told us to catch the offender. "(NMET 1997范

15、文) (2) My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him. 修改意見:My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind. (NMET1997) 3. 通過合句，將意義相關(guān)的幾個句子，用一定的連接方式連接起來，或通過緊縮，去掉一些多余的成分可以避免冗長累贅，松散無力，使句子凝煉，層次清晰。 (1) I was walking along Park Road towards the east. At that time, an eld

16、erly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. 修改意見 :I was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly man came out of the park on the other side of the street. (NMET 2000 范文) (2) The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street. It is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. 修改意

17、見 : The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School. (NMET 2003 范文) (3) I can follow my own interests. I can read books, visit museums and take computer lessons. 修改意見:I can follow my own interests. Such as reading books, visiting museums and taking computer

18、lessons. (NMET 2001范文) 4.嘗試改變句子的開頭方式，不要一味地都是主語開頭，接著是謂語、賓語，最后再加一個狀語。要靈活運用諸如倒裝句、強調(diào)句、主從復合句、分詞短語等，這樣能增加文章的節(jié)奏和韻律美。 (1) We met at the school gate and went there together early in the morning. 修改意見: Early in the morning we met at the school gate and went there together.(NMET 1998范文) (2) We had to stand the

19、re to catch the offender. 修改意見 :What we had to do was stand there to catch the offender. (NMET 1997范文) (3)Our brave Ah Fu had saved my little sister. 修改意見: It was our brave Ah Fu who had saved my little sister. (NMET 1993 范文) 5. 思想性 新標準對寫作的要求，增加了情感因素，在準確流暢表達寫作要點的同時，適當增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，是文章讀起來親切，完全達到與

20、讀者進行交流的目的。如: (1) Do you think you'll like it? If not, I can try and find another flat for you. (NMET 2001 范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對朋友盡職盡責的心情，回信由此充滿了感情色彩) (2) As far as I know, everyone is happy about the arrangement of things. (NMET 2001范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對減負后的喜悅心情) (3) I hope you can come to China to watch the Olympi

21、c Games in 2008. Then I'II be very happy to be your guide. (NMET 2002北京春季范文) (表現(xiàn)了作者對朋友的深厚的友誼) 五、1997-2004年春書面表達真題再現(xiàn)： 2004北京春招：請按照下面6幅圖的提示和所提供的主題句，寫一篇題為"Changes in Our Life"的英語短文。詞數(shù)100左右。Changes in Our LifeOver the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. Tak

22、e my family for example. _ One possible versionChanges In Our Life Over the past twenty years or so, great changes have taken place in our life. Take my family for example. My parents contacted others mainly by sending them letters in the past, but now we call long distance at home. And once my pare

23、nts listened to the radio for news and other information, but now we watch the news and other programs on TV. Another big change is in the housing conditions. When they got married about twenty years ago, my parents lived in a small room crowded with furniture, but now we have moved into a big new t

24、hree-room apartment. In short, changes in our life in the past twenty years have brought us comfort and convenience. 2003 NMET：假設(shè)你是李華，你的英國筆友Bob將于九月到你所在城市的建新華文學校學中文，來信請你在學校附近為他找一套住房。請根據(jù)圖畫提供的信息，寫信介紹住房的情況，并告知住房面積為25平方米，月租500元。注意：1詞數(shù)：100左右。 2參考詞匯：房租-rent(n .)。Dear Bob:I'm so glad to learn that you&#

25、39;re coming in September. I've found a place for you. It's a small flat of 25 square metres, with a bedroom, a bathroom and a kitchen. In the bedroom there is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair. The rent is 500 Yuan per month. The flat is in a building on Fangcao Street, which is not far fro

26、m Jianxin Chinese School. Bus No. 11 Can take you straight to the school. In fact, it is only one stop. Do you think you'd like it? If not, I can try and find another place for you. Just let me know.Yours,Li Hua 2003北京春招：為了響應38年前毛主席提出的"向雷鋒同志學習"的號召，配合北京迎"奧運"宣傳活動，光明中學組織了一次到某汽車站

27、的學雷鋒活動。請根據(jù)以下6幅圖畫，用英語寫一篇日記。注意：1詞數(shù)100左右； 2日記的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好。生詞：奧運知識競賽：general knowledge quiz on the Olympic Games Tuesday, March 5, 2002 Fine Thirty-eight years ago, the late Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng. To mark the occasion, we organized an activity at a nearby bus station today. _ T

28、oday's activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of Lei Feng: Sharing with others what you have - your time, energy, or knowledge - makes you feel warm in your heart. It has truly made a difference in how I feel about myself. One possible version:Tuesday, March 5, 2002 Fine Thirty-eig

29、ht years ago, the late Chairman Mao called on us to learn from Lei Feng. To mark the occasion, we organized an activity at a nearby bus station today. At 8 o'clock in the morning, we arrived at the 712 bus station, where we were warmly welcomed by the drivers and conductors. Then we broke up int

30、o several groups. Some of us taught some drivers and conductors English, while others cleaned the buses. Still others directed traffic at the crossroads near the bus station and helped the elderly cross the street. Staff members of the bus station and our classmates then took part in a general knowl

31、edge quiz on the Olympic Games in the afternoon, which was great fun for both sides. Around four o'clock, we said goodbye to one another, and felt very happy on the way home. Today's activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of Lei Feng: Sharing with others what you have-your time

32、, energy, or knowledge-makes you feel warm in your heart. It has truly made a difference in how I feel about myself. 2002 北京：你和李明參加了一次野外生存訓練。以下5幅圖畫表現(xiàn)了野外訓練活動的過程，請根據(jù)圖示寫一篇英文日記。注意：1、詞數(shù)100左右；2、日記的開頭與結(jié)尾已為你寫好。生詞：指南針:compass n.手電筒:flashlight n.急救包:first-aid kit宿營地:campsite n.Saturday, May 4, 2002 Li Ming an

33、d I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable experiences since high school._ The two of us spent the night in the forest. We learned to use knowledge gained in classroom training to solve problems. It was quite an experience for us both, whi

34、ch I'll never forget for the rest of my life.一、內(nèi)容要點：1. 出發(fā)2. 背包中的物品3. 爬山4. 過河5. 找路6. 宿營二、說明：1. 內(nèi)容要點可用不同方式表達。2. 對緊扣主題的適當發(fā)揮不予扣分。三、One possible version:Saturday, May 4, 2002-7-9 cloudy Li Ming and I took part in a wilderness survival program yesterday, and it has been one of the most unforgettable e

35、xperiences since high school. Early in the morning, we set out. Li Ming was carrying a compass and a tent in his backpack, and in mine there was a flashlight, a map, a knife, a first-aid kit, some matches, candles, food, and clothing. On the way to the campsite, we climbed a hill, and then we swam a

36、cross a river, pushing the backpacks on a large piece of wood we had found by the river. As we got into a forest, we lost our way. Luckily, we found the right direction with the compass. By the time we arrived at the campsite, it had already been dark. Li Ming then put up the tent, and I made a fire

37、 and started cooking.NMET 2002: 最近，你校同學正在參加某英文報組織的一場討論。討論的主題是：公園要不要收門票？請你根據(jù)下表提供的信息，給報社寫一封信，客觀地介紹討論情況。60%的同學認為40%的同學認為1、不應收門票2、公園是公眾休閑的地方3、如收票,需建大門、圍墻,會影響城市形象1、應收門票，但票價不宜高2、支付園林工人工資3、購新花木注意:1、信的開頭已為你寫好。 2、詞數(shù)：100左右。 3、參考詞匯：門票：entrance fee。Dear Editor, I'm writing to tell you about the discussion w

38、e've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks._Yours truly, Li HuaOne possible version:Dear Editor,I'm writing to tell you about the discussion we've had about whether an entrance fee should be charged for parks.Opinions are divided on the question. 60% of the studen

39、ts are against the idea of entrance fees. They believed a public park should be free of charge. People need a place where they can rest and enjoy themselves. Charging entrance fees will no doubt keep some people away. What is more, it will become necessary to build gates and walls, which will do har

40、m to the appearance of a city.On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers and to buy plants and young trees. They suggest, however, fees should be charged low. Yours truly, Li HuaNMET 2001: 假設(shè)你是李華，你的澳大利亞朋友Dick次聽說中國的中小學正在減輕學生的學習負擔

41、，來信詢問有關(guān)情況。請你根據(jù)了表提供的信息，寫一封回信，談一談減負給你的學習和生活帶來的變化。注意：l詞數(shù)100左右； 2開頭已為你寫好。生詞：減輕學習負擔一reduce learning load*Dear Dick, How nice hear from again . Best wishesLi Hua One possible version:Dear Dick, How nice to hear from you again. You want to know what is going on in schools in China? In short, things have be

42、gun to improve since schools were called on to reduce learning load. J don't know about others, but I used to have to work even at weekends doing endless homework and attending classes as well. Now I have more free time. I can follow my own interests such as reading books, visiting museums, and

43、taking computer lessons. In the evenings I can watch news on TV or read newspapers. What's more, I can go to bed earlier. As far as I know, everyone is happy about this new arrangement of things. Best wishes,Li Hua2001北京安徽春招:假定你是李華，你所在的學校擬在下個月舉力美國電影節(jié)（American Film Festival）。請你根據(jù)以下要點給你的美國朋友Peter寫

44、一封短信，邀請他給學生做一次講座。信的主要內(nèi)容包括：1講座目的：使學生對美國電影有所了解；2講座內(nèi)容：簡要介紹美國電影（制片）業(yè)的歷史；3講座時間：1小時30分鐘左右。注意：1可以適當增加細節(jié)，使結(jié)構(gòu)完整；2詞數(shù)100左右。*Dear Peter，_Yours, Li HuaOne possible version： Dear Peter， Our school is planning to hold an American Film Festival next month. I'm writing to ask you to come and give a talk on Ameri

45、can films and filmmaking industry. It will help us understand how the industry has developed into big business as it is today. This understanding should go a long was toward increasing their knowledge of American culture in general. Do yiou think one and a half hours will be enough? Please let me kn

46、ow as soon as possible so that I can make arrangements. I'm looking forward to seeing you and enjoying the talk. With best wishes，Yours，Li Hua2000 北京安徽春招：為了豐富外國留學生的生活,你校學生會將舉辦一次音樂周活動。請你以組織者的身份寫一個書面通知書。有關(guān)內(nèi)容如下:時間:5月第1周 活動:1.演唱歌曲:流行歌曲 2.器樂演奏:古典和民間音樂 3.音樂比賽:聽歌曲片斷,然后猜出處 地點:屆時通知 參加者請于4月20日前報名。注意：1.書面通

47、知應寫成一篇連貫的短文; 2.可以適當增減細節(jié); 3.詞數(shù)100左右; 4.通知格式已為你寫好; 5.生詞:古典 - classical 民間 - folk 樂器 - musical instruments 比賽 - contest * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * April 10,2000Dear students,_ Come to the great fun!One possible version:Dear students, The Students Union has dec

48、ided to organise a music week. It will be held in the first week of May. The activities include singing pop songs and playing classical and folk music. Bring your own musical instruments, please. A music contest will be included, too. The students taking part in the contest will listen to part of a

49、song or a piece of music, and then guess where it comes from. If you'd like to take part in the music week, please come and sign up for it before April 20th. The place for the activities will be announced later. Come to the great fun! Students UnionNMET2000：假設(shè)你是李華，在美國探親。2000年2月8日清晨，你的目擊一起交通事故。警察

50、局讓你寫一份材料，報告當時所見情況。根據(jù)下列圖畫寫出報告。注意：1、目擊者應該準確報告事實； 2、詞數(shù)100左右； 3、結(jié)尾已為你寫好。_About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital. Li HuaOne possible version:It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000. It was walking along Park Road towards the east when an elderly

51、 man came out of the park on the other side of the street. Then I saw a yellow car drive up Third Street and make a right turn into Park Road. The next moment the car hit the man while he was crossing the road. He fell with a cry. The car didn't stop but drove off at great speed heading west. I noticed the driver was a young woman and the plate number was AC864. About two minutes later I stopped a passing car and took the old man to the nearest hospital.Li HuaNMET1999: 假設(shè)你是李華，在一所中學讀書。最近收到美國朋友Smith先生的來信：他三年前參觀過你校。聽說現(xiàn)在變化很大，希望了解有