英語語法圖解(老師)

1、英語重點(diǎn)語法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一名詞（結(jié)合book 1 第18頁-20頁和38-40 頁復(fù)習(xí)）I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國名地名人名，團(tuán)體機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)： 1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es?，F(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變

2、-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry

3、-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouth

4、s, month-months, path-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)p

5、eople, police, cattle, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智

6、力), greens(青菜), ruins(廢墟)7表示“某國人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives

7、, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格（在句中表示所有關(guān)系 ）： 所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：單數(shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有

8、格加s或者Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞通常省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspaper, five weeks

9、holiday 2表示自然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye v

10、iew, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長定語時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed二形容詞和副詞（ 結(jié)合book 1第62-67頁復(fù)習(xí)）I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body

11、, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only person awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語一般后置a m

12、an difficult to get on with2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長短形狀新舊溫度顏色國籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblackyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7

13、名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問副詞how, wher

14、e, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級：形容詞和副詞的比較等級分為原級，比較級和最高級。比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級比較時(shí)常常用 asas以及not

15、so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級來表達(dá)最高級的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示

16、倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級和比較級。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect。 三冠詞（分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞, 結(jié)合book 1第88 頁復(fù)習(xí)）I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA pl

17、ane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon

18、a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說話雙

19、方都了解的或上文提到過的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于樂器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級最高級前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, th

20、e French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, e

21、very等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife an

22、d fork, day and night8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals. 四代詞（ 結(jié)合book 1第113頁復(fù)習(xí)：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herse

23、lf, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both,

24、 neither/ eitherII. 不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give

25、 me some money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是

26、三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語。none作主語或賓語，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How mu

27、ch water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another: 1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two stu

28、dents in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all和both, neith

29、er和either all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none. All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher.五介詞I. 介詞分類：1簡單介詞about, across, after, against, amon

30、g, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論), including6形容

31、詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的since, fromsince 指從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in, on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過

32、”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwith表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與

33、into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置六動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)與語態(tài)：I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)（ 結(jié)合book 1第6-11課課后語法復(fù)習(xí)）：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下：現(xiàn)在時(shí)過去時(shí)將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askingshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askeds

34、hould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2.一般將來時(shí)的表達(dá)方式：將來時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonigh

35、t.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.5be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對方意見Were to meet at the scho

36、ol gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.時(shí)態(tài)練習(xí)題1) Our team _every match so far this year, but we still have three more games to play.A) was winning B) has won C) had won D) wins2) He _for three years. A)has joined th

37、e army B) has been in the armyC) has been serving in the army D) joined the army3) The growth of part-time and flexible working patterns, and of training and retraining schemes, _more women to take advantage of employment opportunities. A) have allowed B) allow C) allowing D) allows4) The company _a

38、 rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened yet. A) is promised B) is promising C) has been promising D) promised5) No sooner had he sat down than the telephone_. A) rings B) was ringing C) rang D) hand rung6) Mr. James _a city bus for over twenty-five years before retirement. A) is driving B

39、) drove C) has driven D) drives7) I _a radio talk on Shakespeare when my uncle came home and started shouting at the top of his voice. A) was hearing B) heard C) was listening to D) listened to8) He _novels, whenever his wife goes shopping. A) is reading B) reads C) has read D) has been reading9)I a

40、m not sure whether tomorrow he _the meeting or not, as he has not been here lately. A) attend B) attends C)will attend D) attended10) I _that she will pass the final examination. A) expect B) have expected C) had expected D) was expected11) They thought it _fun to take the car. A) can be B) would be

41、 C) will be D) has been12) She reminded me that Bangkok _the capital of Thailand. A)is B)was C)had been D)have been1現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別A) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作雖然在過去業(yè)已發(fā)生，但必須與現(xiàn)在相關(guān)；一般過去時(shí)所表示的動(dòng)作僅表明 在過去某一時(shí)間發(fā)生，與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)。例如：1）I have seen the film（與現(xiàn)在相關(guān)，現(xiàn)已知道電影內(nèi)容）。我已看過這部電影。2）I saw a film yesterday（與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)，只是昨天做的一件事。）我昨天看了一部電影。B)

42、兩種時(shí)態(tài)需用的時(shí)間狀語亦有所不同。現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語必須與現(xiàn)在相關(guān)，而一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語與現(xiàn)在無關(guān)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有：since，ever since，so far，up to now，already， yet，in the past few years，for a long time，from then on等。一般過去時(shí)常用的時(shí)間狀語有：three years ago，in 1960，in the past，just now， yesterday，last nightweek，when he was six years old等。2. 怎樣區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí) (關(guān)

43、鍵在于對現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本概念是否理解)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)是一兼有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)二者基本特點(diǎn)的時(shí)態(tài)。由于它有現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它可以表示某一動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。由于它有現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的特點(diǎn)，所以它也可以表示某一動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性、臨時(shí)性、重復(fù)性、生動(dòng)性乃至感情色彩。簡單的比較如下：（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)皆可表示動(dòng)作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果，但前者所表示的結(jié)果是直接的，而后者所表示的則是最后的結(jié)果。如： We have heen cleaning the classroom（a） We have cleaned the classroom（b） （a）句可譯為“我們打掃教室來著?！逼渲?/p>

44、接結(jié)果可能是：我們身上都是灰。（b）句可以譯為“我們把教 室打掃過了?！逼浣Y(jié)果是：現(xiàn)在教室很清潔，可以用了。又，（a）句表示教室剛剛打掃過，（b）句則可能表示教室是昨天打掃的。（2）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)有延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒有。如：They have been widening the road（a） They have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他們在加寬馬路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思則是已完工了。有時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)有延續(xù)性（如一些屬于持續(xù)體的動(dòng)詞），但無臨時(shí)性質(zhì)。如：Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978（a

45、） Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979（b）（a）句有“史密斯先生在倫敦久居”的含義，（b）句則沒有。（3）但現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)并不總是具有臨時(shí)的性質(zhì)，如：My mother has been teaching English for twenty years（a） My mother has taught English for twenty years.（b）（a）句在此并無臨時(shí)性質(zhì)，但較口語化。（b）句則較為正式。又，（a）句表示動(dòng)作現(xiàn)在仍在繼續(xù)并將延續(xù)下去，（b）句的動(dòng)作是否延續(xù)下去，須由上下文決定，但在一般情況下都是延續(xù)下去的。（4）現(xiàn)在完成

46、進(jìn)行時(shí)往往表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)則常常不帶重復(fù)性。如：Have you been meeting her lately？（a） Have you met her lately？（b）（a）句有“經(jīng)常相會”之意，（b）句則沒有。（b）句如與often，every day等時(shí)間狀語連用，當(dāng)然也表示動(dòng)作在重復(fù)。（5）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)比較生動(dòng)，有時(shí)含有明顯的感情色彩，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往只說明一個(gè)事實(shí)，一種影響或結(jié)果，平鋪直敘，沒有什么感情色彩可言。如：What have you been doing？（a） What have you done？（b） （a）句表示驚異。（b）句只是一個(gè)問題。I ha

47、ve been wanting to meet you for long（a） I have long wanted to meet you（b）（a）句比（b）句更親切，更有禮貌。3現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)和將來完成時(shí)的區(qū)別現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示截止到現(xiàn)在所完成的動(dòng)作，過去完成時(shí)表示截止到過去某一時(shí)間所完成的動(dòng)作，而將來完成時(shí)則表示截止到將來某一時(shí)間所完成的動(dòng)作。例如：1）By the end of last month，they had finished the work到上月底他們已完成這項(xiàng)工作。2）By the end of next month，they will have finished

48、the work到下月底他們將完成這項(xiàng)工作。3）I suppose they have finished the work by now我想他們現(xiàn)在已完成這項(xiàng)工作。4瞬間動(dòng)詞不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用， 常見的瞬間動(dòng)詞有arrive，begin，die，join， graduate，leave，reach，start等，這些動(dòng)詞都不能與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。例如：誤：His wife has died for three years（die為瞬間動(dòng)詞）正：His wife has been dead for three years（be dead表示狀態(tài)。）他的妻子已去世3年。5表示狀態(tài)的

49、動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)， 如常見的表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞有have，hate，know，like， dislike，love，possess，prefer，understand等，這些動(dòng)詞一般不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。動(dòng)詞be一般也不用于進(jìn)行時(shí)。6在時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來的動(dòng)作，用過去時(shí)表示過去將來的動(dòng)作。例如：When he comes I shall have a talk with him等他來時(shí)，我找他談一談。應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的是，這一規(guī)則只適用于時(shí)間狀語從句和條件狀語從句。倘若是名詞從句，則不受此限制，我們不能籠統(tǒng)地認(rèn)為when從句都不能用將來時(shí)。例如：I dont know when h

50、e will come我不知道他什么時(shí)候來。when從句在這一例句中是名詞從句（賓語從句），而不是時(shí)間狀語從句或條件狀語從句，因此仍需用將來時(shí)。II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)（ 結(jié)合book 1第12課課后語法復(fù)習(xí)）：常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成（以invite為例）常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)構(gòu)成（以invite為例）1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)6過去進(jìn)行時(shí)2一般過去時(shí)7現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)3一般將來時(shí)8過去完成時(shí)4過去將來時(shí)9將來完成時(shí)5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的注意事項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，如： Trees should not be planted in summer.短語動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)

51、be，如： The boy was made fun of by his classmates.going to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如：Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act. The clo

52、thes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.翻譯：1.這淋浴感覺好極了_ 2.這咖啡味道好極了_ 3. 那魚臭了 _ 4. 尼龍內(nèi)衣很好洗 _下面詞或短語沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：（比如一些表狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞，等等）leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中