新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程筆記考試必備(共17頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上Chapter one Introduction 一、定義 1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. 2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)General Linguistics The study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics. 3.語(yǔ)言language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for hum

2、an communication. 語(yǔ)言是人類用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。 4.識(shí)別特征Design Features It refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多產(chǎn)性 Duality雙重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化傳遞 arb

3、itrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duali

4、ty Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned t

5、he details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species. 5.語(yǔ)言能力Competence Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performance

6、Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. 語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。 7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historical development of language over a period

7、 of time. 8.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. 9.語(yǔ)言langue The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. 10.言語(yǔ)parole The realization of langue in actual use. 11.規(guī)定性Prescriptive It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to

8、 tell people what they should say and what should not say. 12.描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. 二、知識(shí)點(diǎn) 1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried out in a certain social environment by human beings. 語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類

9、在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。 提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征design features 3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies that linguistics studies not any particular language. Language一詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。 最先引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家注意的是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音。 三、問答題 1.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study? Phonetics-its de

10、fined as the study of the phonic medium of language, its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages. Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall. Morphology-Its a branch of a grammar whi

11、ch studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Syntax-it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language. Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction. Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words. S

12、ociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society. Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the working of the mind. Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning. 2.why do we say language is arbitrary? Langu

13、age is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, its only our taci

14、t agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance. A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose by any other name would smell as sweet. 3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Modern linguist

15、ics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。 traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究高級(jí)書面語(yǔ)。 4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? why Modern linguist

16、ics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view. 現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。 5.which enjoys priority in moder

17、n linguistics, speech or writings? Speech enjoys for the following reasons: Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution. A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than in writing. speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language. 6.how is Saussures distinction betwe

18、en langue and parole similar to Chomskys ? Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious study Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of l

19、anguage, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual. 6.the distinction between langue and parole? langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation. 1/ What is

20、 linguistics?什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. It studies not any particular language, but languages in general. 2/ The scope of linguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are u

21、sed in linguistic communication, is called phonetics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to f

22、orm sentences is called syntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語(yǔ)義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語(yǔ)用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics. （社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of m

23、ind is called psycho-linguistics. （心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)） The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generally known as applied linguistics. （應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning, esp

24、ecially the teaching of foreign and second language. Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類語(yǔ)言學(xué)） neurological linguistics, （神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics, （數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）and computational linguistics. （計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） 3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Chapter Two Ph

25、onology一、定義 1.寬式音標(biāo)Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 2.窄式音標(biāo)Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 3.清音Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vib

26、ration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 4.濁音Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 5.元音Vowel The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal

27、tract without obstruction are called vowels. 6.輔音Consonants The sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the air stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants. 7.音位Phoneme The basic unit in phonology, its a collection of distinctive phonetic features. 8.音位變體Alloph

28、ones Different phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 9.音素phone A phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning, its a speech sound we use when speaking a language. 10.最小對(duì)立對(duì)Minimal pair When two different forms

29、 are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 11.超切分特征Suprasegmental The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are called suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental fe

30、atures include stress ,intonation and tone. 12.互補(bǔ)分布complementary distribution P35 Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementary distribution. 13.語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音媒介Phonic medium of language The limited range of sounds which are meaningful in human communication and are of interest to lingui

31、stic studies are the phonic medium of language. 在人類交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究來(lái)說(shuō)舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語(yǔ)音媒介。 14.爆破音stops When a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive. they areb p t d

32、 k g 二、知識(shí)點(diǎn) 1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have been over5,000languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not had written form. 2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing. 3.Phonetic 組成 Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)longest establish

33、ed, mostly developed Auditory phonetics 聽覺語(yǔ)音學(xué) Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué) 4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of Speech Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 Oral . 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream found here Nasal 鼻腔 5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties of articulation than any

34、other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raised towards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as is used in Arabic and French. 6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results in the pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hard palate and the

35、front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstruction created between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge results in the soundstandd. 7.nasal consonants: m / n / 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment. 10.Sequential rules例子 If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of

36、 a word, the combination should obey the following three rules: the first phoneme must be /s/ the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/ the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w 11.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Rising tone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone三、問答題 1.what are

37、the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound? Articulatory describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ. Auditory-studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic iden

38、tity is only a theoretical ideal. Acoustic-studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way sound travel from the speaker to the hearer. 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語(yǔ)音，以及這些語(yǔ)音為何有所不同。 聽覺語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語(yǔ)音同一只是理論上的理想。 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語(yǔ)音從說(shuō)話者到聽話者之間的傳播方式。 2.how are the English consonants classified?

39、 By place of articulation and By manner of articulation 3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandi,p andph,a phonetician or a philologist? why? 語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語(yǔ)音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個(gè)更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么? Phonetics descr

40、iption of all speech sounds and their find differences. Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning. A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning. 4.whats a phone?

41、 how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme? Phonea speech sound ,a phonetic unit. Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. Allophones-actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts. 5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal

42、set? why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對(duì)立組在一種語(yǔ)言中非常重要? Minimal pairtwo sound combinations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position. 除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個(gè)語(yǔ)音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)音組合. Minimal seta group of sound combinations with the above

43、 feature. 一組具有上述特征的語(yǔ)音組合. By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its phonemes. 通過(guò)分析一種語(yǔ)言的最小對(duì)立對(duì)或最小對(duì)立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位. 6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ? Broad transcriptionone letter symbol for one sou

44、nd. Narrow transcriptiondiacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds. 7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule. 有序規(guī)則Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化規(guī)則Assimilation

45、 rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略規(guī)則Deletion rule Its a phonological rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.Chapter Three Morphology一、定

46、義 1.詞素Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. 2.自由詞素Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 3.黏著詞素Bound morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themsel

47、ves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. 4.詞根Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 5.詞綴Affix The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morph

48、eme. 6.曲折詞綴inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case. 7.派生詞綴Derivational affixes The manifestation of relation between stems and affixes through the addition of derivational affixes. 8.詞干St

49、em A stem is the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself. 9.形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)則Morphological rules They are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. 10.前綴Prefix Prefixes modify the me

50、aning of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word, exceptions are the prefixes be- and en(m)- 11.后綴Suffix Suffixes are added to the end of stems, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 3.In using the morphological

51、rules, we must guard against Over-generalization. 二、知識(shí)點(diǎn) Inflectional morphology 1.Morphology Derivational morphology Free morphemes Morphemes Root Bound morphemes Inflectional affixes Affixes Prefix Derivational affixes 2.some words maybe said to contain a root morpheme. Suffix 4.Compound features:

52、orthographically, a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its compon

53、ent Chapter 5 Semantics 一、定義 1.命名論The naming theory The naming theory, one of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also a very primitive one was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words,the words used in a language a

54、re taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. 2.意念論The conceptualist view It holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to; rather ,in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of conc

55、epts in the mind. 3.語(yǔ)境論Conceptualism Its based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. her are two kinds of context: the situational and the linguistic context. 4.行為主義論Behaviorism It refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language for

56、m as the” situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”. this theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response. 5.意義Sense Its concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. Its the collection of all the features of the linguistic form, its abstract and de-contextualized. 6.所指意義Reference It means what a linguistic form refers to