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1、非謂語動詞非謂語動詞非謂語動詞(非謂語動詞(不定式、動名詞、分詞不定式、動名詞、分詞)不是真正意義上的謂語動詞,在句中都不能)不是真正意義上的謂語動詞,在句中都不能單獨作謂語。但都具有動詞的某些特點,可以有自己的賓語或狀語,構(gòu)成非謂語動單獨作謂語。但都具有動詞的某些特點,可以有自己的賓語或狀語,構(gòu)成非謂語動詞短語。詞短語。都不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制(即無人稱和數(shù)的變化),但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的都不受主語人稱和數(shù)的限制(即無人稱和數(shù)的變化),但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化變化。 Example: He ask me did it.() He ask me to do it.() Lily likes sing.(
2、) Lily likes singing.() She punished by her father. () She was punished by her father. () 掌握非謂語動詞的關(guān)鍵在于掌握非謂語動詞的關(guān)鍵在于:弄清三大非謂語動詞各種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、每種結(jié)弄清三大非謂語動詞各種不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、每種結(jié)構(gòu)所表達的時間概念及其主被動關(guān)系;弄清楚三大非謂語動詞各自所作的句子成構(gòu)所表達的時間概念及其主被動關(guān)系;弄清楚三大非謂語動詞各自所作的句子成分;不同的非謂語動詞作同一句子成分時的區(qū)別;三大非謂語動詞的其他特殊用法。分;不同的非謂語動詞作同一句子成分時的區(qū)別;三大非謂語動詞的其他特殊
3、用法。(一)不定式(一)不定式結(jié)構(gòu)形式及每種結(jié)構(gòu)所表達的時間概念及其主被動關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)形式及每種結(jié)構(gòu)所表達的時間概念及其主被動關(guān)系名稱名稱語態(tài)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)形式時間概念及主被動關(guān)系時間概念及主被動關(guān)系舉例舉例一般式一般式主動(not)to do發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之后或同時發(fā)生的主動動作1. I want to be a teacher. 2. I saw him go out. 被動(not) to be done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之后或同時發(fā)生的被動動作The teacher wanted the materials to be typed soon.進行式進行式主動(not) to be
4、 doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的動作He happened to be working when the boss came in.完成式完成式主動(not) to have done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的主動動作1. I happened to have come across your brother. 2. We planned to have met each other at ten. 被動(not) to have been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作1. Im glad to have been invited to visit your factory
5、. 2. He expects to have been told the truth yesterday.完成進完成進行式行式主動(not) to have been doing在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前一直在進行著的動作It is a great pleasure to have been working with you.A. 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,或表示的動作通常與主要謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。是在它之后發(fā)生。 Example: He appears to be very happy. 他看起來好像很高興。(同時發(fā)
6、生) To catch the train, wed better hurry to the station by taxi. 為了趕上火車,我們最好趕緊乘出租車去車站。 (to catch the train發(fā)生在hurry to the station之后)B. 不定式的進行式不定式的進行式表示正在進行的動作。表示正在進行的動作。Example: It happened to be raining when I got there. 我到達那里的時候,天碰巧在下雨。 C. 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生。表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生。 Example:
7、 Im sorry to have lost your key. 我很抱歉把你的鑰匙弄丟了。D. 不定式的完成進行式不定式的完成進行式表示的動作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進行著。表示的動作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進行著。Example: He was said to have been living in London for twenty years. 據(jù)說他在倫敦一直住了20年。 比較:比較:不定式的時態(tài)意義。不定式的時態(tài)意義。Example: He is said to be studying abroad. 據(jù)說他正在國外讀書。 (不定式的進行式表示動作正在進行) He is said to
8、 have studied abroad. 據(jù)說他在國外學習過。 (不定式的完成式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束)E. 不定式的被動形式不定式的被動形式當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式表示的動作的當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式表示的動作的承受者承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據(jù)其與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后時,不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據(jù)其與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,有關(guān)系,有一般式一般式和和完成式完成式兩種。兩種。1一般式一般式tobedoneExample: These are the books to be given out to the students. 這些是要發(fā)給
9、學生的書。2完成式完成式tohavebeendoneExample: The novel is said to have been translated into many languages. 據(jù)說這部小說已被譯成多種語言。 F. 不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由由not或或never加不定式構(gòu)成。加不定式構(gòu)成。 Example: We decided not to go out because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好,我們決定不出去。 注意:謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義注意:謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義 Example: I did no
10、t promise to wake him up. 我沒有答應叫醒他。 I promised not to wake him up. 我答應了不叫醒他。不定式的句法功能不定式的句法功能 不定式具有名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞的特性,在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、不定式具有名詞、動詞、形容詞和副詞的特性,在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語;定語、狀語和賓語補足語;(1). (1). 主語主語 SubjectSubjectExample: To get enough sleep at night is important.在很多情況下,特別是在口語中,常采用先行在很多情況下,特別是在
11、口語中,常采用先行itit代替主語,而把不定式后置:代替主語,而把不定式后置:It is important to get enough sleep at night這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子這種后置不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)也適用于某些謂語動詞不是系動詞的句子 It made us very angry to hear him talk like that.Example: To hear him talk like that made us very angry It is adj. (for sb) to do sth.Example: It is not hard fo
12、r one to do a bit of good. It was difficult for me to do the work.某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時,常在不定式之前加上某些形容詞在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中作表語時,常在不定式之前加上“of+名詞詞組名詞詞組”來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況來說明不定式所指的是誰的情況Example: Its kind of you to think so much of us. Its very nice of you to be so considerate.It is + a pleasure/an honor/a pity to do.Example: It
13、 is a pleasure for me to help you. It takes sb +time to do.Example: It took us five hours to get there.(2).表語表語PredicativeExample: My job today is to water all the flowers in the garden. 1主語和表語都是不定式(其含義往往一是條件,一是結(jié)果)主語和表語都是不定式(其含義往往一是條件,一是結(jié)果)Example: To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the peopl
14、e. To do that would be to cut the foot to fit the shoe.2主語是以主語是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, mistake, plan, proposal, job, suggestion等為中心詞的名詞詞組,或以等為中心詞的名詞詞組,或以what 引導的名詞性從句表示,后面的不定引導的名詞性從句表示,后面的不定式說明其內(nèi)容式說明其內(nèi)容Example: My idea is to climb the mountain from the north. Your mistake was not to write
15、 that letter. My suggestion is to start work at once. What I would suggest is to start work at once. :在某些句型中,當主語部分有動作動詞在某些句型中,當主語部分有動作動詞時,作表語的不定式可以省略符號時,作表語的不定式可以省略符號“”Example: All we have to do is push the button. The only thing I can do now is go on by myself. All I could do was send him a telegra
16、m. (3)賓語賓語ObjectExample: These days everyone wants to get rich fast1“動詞動詞+帶帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。這類動詞常見的有:。這類動詞常見的有:afford, agree, arrange, ask, choose, decide, demand, desire, expect, hope, learn, manage, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, like, hate, prefer, continue, try, start, forget, mean
17、, intend, begin,等,等, Example: Ive arranged to meet him at ten oclock. I didnt expect to find you here.2“動詞動詞+疑問詞疑問詞+帶帶to的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。(這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句)。(這種不定式結(jié)構(gòu)接近一個名詞從句)。這類動詞常見的有:這類動詞常見的有:tell, advise, show, teach, find out, decide, discuss, learn, forget, inquire, know, explain, remember, see, unde
18、rstand, wonder等。等。Example: I dont know what to do I havent decided whether to sell it or not. We must find out where to put it.注注:如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補語,則應使用先行如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)有自己的補語,則應使用先行it,把不定式后置,把不定式后置, Example: I find it difficult to understand him. We thought it wrong not to help her. They found it impos
19、sible to get everything ready in time.注注:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語不定式結(jié)構(gòu)一般不可作介詞賓語,只有在個別場合只有在個別場合,即在含有否定意義即在含有否定意義的帶有介詞的帶有介詞except 或或but (=except)的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用的結(jié)構(gòu)中才能這樣用 Example: He seldom comes except to look at my pictures.注注:不定式符號的省略問題不定式符號的省略問題 Example: The child did nothing except weep. He will do anything for y
20、ou except lend you money. They could do nothing but wait for the doctors to arrive.(4).賓補賓補Complement Example: Dont force yourself to write when you have nothing to say1只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補足語的動詞:只能用不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語補足語的動詞:表示表示“希望希望”“”“愿望愿望”等心理狀態(tài)的動詞,如:等心理狀態(tài)的動詞,如:wish, desire, expect, love, prefer, encourage, trust等。等
21、。 Example: What do you desire me to do? The director preferred her to act the old lady.含有含有“讓讓”“”“允許允許”“”“促使促使”“”“致使致使”等祈使意義的動詞,如:等祈使意義的動詞,如:let, allow, permit, decide, mean, lead, bring, put, hurry, cause,等。等。 Example: We mustnt let this happen again. His father put him to mind the sheep.帶有帶有“請求請求”
22、“”“懇求懇求”等感情色彩的動詞,如:等感情色彩的動詞,如:ask, desire, invite, beg, request, worry等。等。Example: He begged me not to tell his father about it. She was always worrying her father to take her to Paris.含有含有“建議建議”“”“勸告勸告”等意義的動詞,如:等意義的動詞,如:advise, persuade, call on, urge等。等。Example: He urged us to accept the compromis
23、e. The dentist advised me to have the bad tooth pulled out.含有含有“命令命令”“”“強迫強迫”“”“禁止禁止”等意義的動詞,如:等意義的動詞,如:order, command, require, charge, tell, make, oblige, force, drive, forbid, warn等。等。Example: He required us to keep it a secret. The doctor ordered him to stay in bed for a few days. I warn you not
24、to do that again.注注:有些動詞用有些動詞用不定式不定式與用與用現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞作賓語補足語,所表達的意義是有差別的。作賓語補足語,所表達的意義是有差別的。一般說來,一般說來,用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成(即全過程)用不定式表示一次性動作或動作的完成(即全過程);而;而用現(xiàn)在分詞用現(xiàn)在分詞則表示動作正在進行,則表示動作正在進行,即:謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動即:謂語動詞所表示的動作發(fā)生時,現(xiàn)在分詞所表示的動作正在進行。作正在進行。Example: Example: Did you see anyone enter the house? He saw h
25、is father talking with his teacher.I once heard him sing this song. She heard Mr. White singing in the next room.注注:使用不定式作賓語補足語時,在有些動詞后面,不定式符號使用不定式作賓語補足語時,在有些動詞后面,不定式符號to應當省略。應當省略。下列動詞用不定式作賓語補足語時,必須省去不定式符號下列動詞用不定式作賓語補足語時,必須省去不定式符號to:let,make,have,see,watch,notice,lookat,observe,hear,listentoExample:
26、 He observed someone open the door. I watched them get into the car. Did you notice him leave the room?help一詞在使用不定式作賓語補足語時,可以帶一詞在使用不定式作賓語補足語時,可以帶to,也可以不帶,也可以不帶to。Example: Do you often help your mother (to) do the housework?使用不定式作賓語補足語的句子,改為使用不定式作賓語補足語的句子,改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)被動結(jié)構(gòu)以后,賓語補足語就成了主以后,賓語補足語就成了主語補足語,這時,語補足
27、語,這時,“to”不可以省略不可以省略。Example: The boss made them work from morning till night. They were made to work from morning till night.(5).定語定語AttributiveExample: The topics to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is concerned about the Olympics 2008.1不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后,不定式作定語通常只能放在被修飾的名詞之后,Example: He is not
28、a man to bow before difficulties. Have you anything to declare? She usually has a lot of meetings to attend in the evening. I want to get something to read during the vocation.2能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞,轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞,轉(zhuǎn)化成名詞時往往也能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作定語,Example: I dont wish to quarrel with you. I have no wis
29、h to quarrel with you. They will attempt to cross the river tonight. They will make another attempt to cross the river tonight. She promised not to do that again. She made a promise not to do that again.3.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞,有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)與所修飾的名詞,有時意義上有著主謂關(guān)系或動賓關(guān)系,Example: He has a large family to s
30、upport (= that he must support).注:注:處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下,如果不定式是不及物動詞,它后面應加上必要的介詞,處于動賓關(guān)系的情況下,如果不定式是不及物動詞,它后面應加上必要的介詞,Example: She has a lot of things to attend to. The nurse has five children to look after. Lets first find a room to put the things in.4.有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系,可以在不定式之前加上有時為了明確不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯關(guān)系,可以在不定式之前加上for+
31、名詞詞組名詞詞組。Example: Heres a book for you to read. He gave orders for the visitors to be shown in. (6)狀語狀語Adverbial不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等,表示不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可以作狀語,修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞等,表示目的、原因、結(jié)果、目的、原因、結(jié)果、條件條件等。等。1表示目的:表示目的:Example: He bought a bicycle to go to town more quickly. He went home to see his mother. 為了強調(diào)表示目的的不
32、定式結(jié)構(gòu),特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞為了強調(diào)表示目的的不定式結(jié)構(gòu),特別是在不定式結(jié)構(gòu)前有否定詞not時,時,通??梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒柾ǔ?梢栽诓欢ㄊ椒杢o之前加上之前加上in order或或so asExample: He came here in order to see Charlie. He shouted and waved so as to be noticed. 表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標志之一。但是,表示目的的不定式可以置于句首,這也是區(qū)別于其他功能的標志之一。但是,置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上置于句首表示目的的不定式之前可以加上in orde
33、r,但卻不可以加上,但卻不可以加上so asExample: To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.In order to draw maps properly, you need a special pen.2.表示結(jié)果:表示結(jié)果:Example: What have I said to make you so angry?不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型:不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果更常見于下列句型:so as to Example: Would you be so kind as to lend me your bicycle? such (
34、) as to Example: Im not such a fool as to believe that. enough to Example: The boy is old enough to go to school. too to Example: His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.注意:注意:下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果,也無否定含義下列句子中的不表示結(jié)果,也無否定含義Example: I shall be only too pleased to get home. (= I shall be very pleased
35、 to get home.)onlytoo(adv.)極極;非常非常;太太;很很3.表示原因:表示原因: Example: She wept to hear the news. I pretend to be happy to know him. He laughed to see such fun. She seemed surprised to meet us.不定式的用法不定式的用法 不定式與疑問詞連用不定式與疑問詞連用who,which,when,how,what,whom,whether等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充等連用,在句中起名詞作用,可充當主語、表語、賓語等。當主語、表語、賓
36、語等。 Example: I dont know whether to accept the invitation or not. 我不知道是否要接受邀請。我不知道是否要接受邀請。 How to solve the problem is very important. 如何解決這個問題很重要。如何解決這個問題很重要。 My question is when to start.我的問題是什么時候開始。我的問題是什么時候開始。 關(guān)于省略關(guān)于省略兩個并列的不定式由兩個并列的不定式由and或或or連接時,省略后面的不定式中的連接時,省略后面的不定式中的to。 Example: I want to fi
37、nish my homework and go home. Im really puzzled what to think or say. 注:當兩者表示對比關(guān)系時,注:當兩者表示對比關(guān)系時,to不省略不省略 Example: To be or not to be, this is a question. 句中含有動詞句中含有動詞do時時,but,except,besides等后面的等后面的to可省略。即可省略。即“前有前有do,后省,后省to”。 Example: He didnt do anything but complain.whynot,hadbetter,wouldrather,c
38、antbut等后省等后省to。Example: You had better complete the work before next week.注:注:為了避免重復,作賓語或補語的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時,為了避免重復,作賓語或補語的不定式再次出現(xiàn)時,to后的內(nèi)容常承前省略后的內(nèi)容常承前省略(只保留只保留to即可即可)。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動詞。但如果承前省略的不定式有助動詞have或或be的任何形式,后應的任何形式,后應該保留原形該保留原形be或或have。 Example: Would you like to attend the party? Yes, Id like to. woul
39、d you like to be a teacher? Yes, Id like to be. You came late this morning. You ought to have finished your homework. I know I ought to have. 固定句型固定句型:hadbetter+(not)dosth.最好(不)做某事最好(不)做某事Example: You had better finish you work right now. Why(not)dosth?為什么(不)做某事?為什么(不)做某事?Example: Why not join them?
40、 prefer+n./doingA+to+n./doingB比比更更做某事做某事Example: I prefer watching TV to surfing on line. prefer+todoAratherthan(to)doB寧愿做寧愿做也不愿做也不愿做Example: I prefer to stay at home rather than go outside. wouldrather(not)dosth.寧愿(不)做某事寧愿(不)做某事Example: I would rather stay at home wouldratherdoAthan(do)B寧愿做寧愿做也不愿做也
41、不愿做Example: I would rather see a movie than watch TV. wouldrather+句子(過去式)(句子(過去式)(虛擬語氣)虛擬語氣)表達一種意愿表達一種意愿Example: I would rather you came tomorrow.注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法:注意以下幾種情況不定式的用法: 在在thefirst,thesecond,thelast和和theonly之后,只能用之后,只能用todo做定語做定語。Example: He was the last to leave the classroom understand,real
42、ize,know用在用在begin,start,attempt,intend后,只能用后,只能用todo。Example: I began to understand the truth 表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用表示目的的不定式的否定式一般不用nottodo,而用而用inordernottodo或或soasnottodo。Example: Not to be seen, he came into the room through the window () In order not to be seen, he came into the room through the window
43、 () He came into the room through the window so as not to be seen. () soastodo一般不放在句首。一般不放在句首。Example: He get up at five this morning so as to catch the early bus () So as to catch the early bus, he got up at five this morning. ()Exercise: eatgiveupfinishexplaintell1.Myteacherwasmade_ histeachingbec
44、auseofpoorhealth.2.Thesentencewants_oncemore.3.Wefinditimpossibleforthework_ aheadoftime.4.Thepatientwaswarned_ oilyfoodaftertheoperation.5.Imeant_ youaboutit,butIforgottodoso.to give upexplaining/to be explainedto be finishednot to eatto have told 1. -I usually go there by train. -Why not _ by boat
45、 for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to try and go D. try going2.Rather than _ on a crowded bus, he always prefers _ a bicycle. A. ride; ride B. riding; ride C. ride; to ride D. to ride; riding3. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. A. to have studied B.
46、to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying4. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make5. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see
47、 B. to be seen C. seeing D. see6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. why7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. - The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I f
48、orgot _. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off(二)動名詞(二)動名詞名稱名稱語態(tài)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)形式時間概念及主被動關(guān)系時間概念及主被動關(guān)系舉例舉例一般式一般式主動(not)doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的主動動作或無明顯的時間性(可表經(jīng)常)1. Mike is fond of playing football. 2. Would you mind my opening the window?被動(not) being done與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的被動動作或無明顯
49、的時間性(可表經(jīng)常)1. He told his past without being asked2. Being scolded isnt a good thing.完成式完成式主動(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的主動動作They were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.被動(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作I remembered having been taken to Beijing three times.動名詞的句法功能動名詞的句法功能(1
50、)作主語作主語Example: Collecting information is very important to business.注:注:動名詞作主語表示抽象的概念,通常直接置于句首,有時先用動名詞作主語表示抽象的概念,通常直接置于句首,有時先用it作形式作形式主語,把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。主語,把動名詞置于句末。這種用法在習慣句型中常用。句型:句型:It is no use/no good doing sth. Example: It is no use/no good crying over spilt milk.覆水難收。(2)作賓語作賓語Example: T
51、hey havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。 We have to prevent the air from being polluted. 我們必須阻止空氣被污染。 注注:動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語,如上面兩個例句。此外,動名詞作賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語賓語時,若跟有賓語補足語,則常用形式賓語it,Example: We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)取笑他人不好。 作動詞的賓語??山觿用~作賓語
52、的動詞巧記如下:作動詞的賓語??山觿用~作賓語的動詞巧記如下:考慮建議盼原諒考慮建議盼原諒(consider,suggest/advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon)承認推遲沒得想承認推遲沒得想(admit, delay/put off, fancy)避免錯過繼續(xù)練避免錯過繼續(xù)練(avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice)否認完成停止賞否認完成停止賞(deny, finish, stop, enjoy/appreciate)不禁介意準逃亡不禁介意準逃亡(cant help, mind, allow/permit, escap
53、e)不準冒險憑想象不準冒險憑想象(forbid, risk, imagine)下列下列V.+prep.通常用通常用ing形式作賓語形式作賓語,尤其注意介詞尤其注意介詞toinsist on, prevent from, depend on, feel like, be fond of, succeed in, be proud of, excuse for , apologize for, look forward to, object to , be used to, be opposed to, etc.to do 和doing 的區(qū)別:remember to do remember do
54、ingforget to do forget doingstop to do stop doinggo on to do go on doingtry to do try doingregret to do regret doing mean to do mean doingconsider to do consider doing動詞動詞permit,allow,admit,forbid,imagine有不同的用法有不同的用法:V+sbtodosth & V+doingsthExample: The doctor advised me not to go to bed too late. T
55、he doctor advised not going to bed too late. Please permit me to introduce myself to you first Please permit introducing myself to you first.(4)作定語作定語Example: In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs. 在螞蟻王國,蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。 (3)作表語作表語Example: Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎? (5)作同位語
56、作同位語Example: His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged 他收聽收音機新聞節(jié)目的習慣仍未改變。注:注:動名詞表示被動意義動名詞表示被動意義在動詞或詞組在動詞或詞組need,want,require,beworth,deserve,etc.后的動名詞表示被動后的動名詞表示被動意義意義:Example: Your composition needs improving. Your composition needs to be improved. The book is worth reading a
57、second time. The book is worthy to be read/of being read a second time.(三)分詞(三)分詞名稱名稱語態(tài)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)形式結(jié)構(gòu)形式時間概念及主被動關(guān)系時間概念及主被動關(guān)系舉例舉例現(xiàn)現(xiàn) 在在 分分 詞詞一般式一般式主動(not)doing與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的主動動作Singing a song, he was watching TV.被動(not) being done與謂語動作/狀態(tài)同時發(fā)生的被動動作Being punished, he is crying.完成式完成式主動(not) having done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀
58、態(tài)之前的主動動作Having finished the course,we had an exam.被動(not) having been done發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的被動動作Having been warned several times,they became more careful in doing the job.過去過去分詞分詞(not)done1. 可以只表一個被動的動作;2. 可以只表一個完成的動作(即發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的動作);3. 可以同時既表被動又表完成的動作(即發(fā)生在謂語動作/狀態(tài)之前的動作);1. Seen from the hill,the town l
59、ooks nice.(只表被動) 2. The fallen leaves are yellow.(只表完成)3. The returned books looks new.(既表被動又表完成)分詞的句法功能分詞的句法功能 v由于分詞具有由于分詞具有形容詞性和副詞性形容詞性和副詞性,在句子中不能充當具有名詞特征的在句子中不能充當具有名詞特征的主語和賓語主語和賓語. 成份類別主語主語賓語賓語定語定語表語表語補語補語狀語狀語現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞(1)作定語作定語Example: Mike held a burning stick . He is a retired worker.注:注:現(xiàn)在分詞與過去
60、分詞作定語的區(qū)別?現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞作定語的區(qū)別?在時態(tài)上在時態(tài)上:-ing分詞表示分詞表示“進行進行”-ed分詞表示分詞表示“完成完成”在語態(tài)上在語態(tài)上:-ing分詞表示分詞表示“主動主動”-ed分詞表示分詞表示“被動被動”Example: The problem botheringus is the lack of money. These are goods importedfrom Japan.注:注:有些動詞的過去分詞只有完成的含義,沒有被動的含義有些動詞的過去分詞只有完成的含義,沒有被動的含義(2)作表語作表語Example: The glass is broken. The fo
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