獨立主格結構完美總結(附習題)07827

1、獨立主格結構的用法說明與注意點一、有關獨立主格結構的基本概念 獨立主格結構是一個名詞或代詞（作為邏輯主語），加上一個形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等在句中作狀語。它有以下三個特點：1. 獨立主格結構的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同，它獨立存在。2. 名詞或代詞與后面的形容詞、副詞、介詞短語、分詞、不定式等存在邏輯上的主謂關系。3. 獨立主格結構一般用逗號與主句分開，但與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。二、獨立主格結構的常見形式獨立主格類型1：名詞（代詞）+現(xiàn)在分詞The question being settled, we went home. 問題解決之后，我們就回家了。We shall pla

2、y the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設天氣好，我們就進行比賽。The monitor being ill, wed better put the meeting off. 班長病了，我們最好還是延期開會吧。 獨立主格類型2：名詞（代詞）+過去分詞The job finished, we went home. 工作結束后我們就回家了。The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公車已經走了，我們必須走路回家。More time given, we should have do

3、ne the job much better. 如果給我們更多的時間，我們會把工作做得更好。 獨立主格類型3：名詞（代詞）+不定式Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。 獨立主格類型4：名詞（代詞）+介詞短語The soldiers dashed in, rifle in han

4、d. 士兵們端著槍沖了進來。A girl came in, book in hand. 一個少女進來了，手里拿著書。He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等著，眼睛望著她的背影。 獨立主格類型5：名詞（代詞）+形容詞或副詞He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排，嘴半開著。She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣領

5、已解掉，頭低了下來，拿好鋼筆，準備開始寫一封長信。 獨立主格類型6：There being +名詞（代詞）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒有別的事可做，我們就回家了。There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 沒有再要討論的事了，我宣布散會。 獨立主格類型7：It being +名詞（代詞）It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故，政府機關都休息

6、。It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都關門了。說明：獨立主格結構有時可在其前加上介詞with。如：Dont sleep with the windows open. 別開著窗睡覺。He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低著頭站在老師面前。He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿著一本書走了進來。He f

7、ell asleep with the lamp burning. 他沒熄燈就睡著了。I wont be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 因為媽媽有病，我無法去度假。He sat there with his eyes closed. 他閉目坐在那兒。All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整個下午他都鎖著門在房里工作。I cant go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗這些衣服，我無法出去了.三、英語獨立主格結構的用法獨立主格

8、結構主要表示謂語動詞發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件或伴隨情況等，相當于一個狀語從句或并列句。1. 用作時間狀語The work done (=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我們就回家了。2. 用作條件狀語Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天氣允許的話，他們將在明天組織一次海濱小游。3. 用作原因狀語An important lecture to be given tomorrow

9、(=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因為明天要發(fā)表一個重要的演講，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。4. 用作伴隨狀語He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，兩手交叉枕在腦后。5. 表示補充說明A hunter came in, his face red wit

10、h cold (=and his face was red with cold). 一個獵人走了進來，他的臉凍得通紅。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：獨立主格結構表示時間、條件或原因時，相當于一個狀語從句，一般放在句首，表示原因時還可放在句末；表伴隨狀況或補充說明時，相當于一個并列句，通常放于句末。 四、使用獨立主格結構的幾點注意1. 當狀語從句的主語與主句的主語不是指同一個對象時，可用獨立主格結構取代狀語從句，但不再保留連詞。如：After class was over

11、(=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下課后，學生很快離開了課室。2. 在下列兩種情況下，獨立主格結構中的being（或having been）不能省略：(1) 獨立主格的邏輯主語是代詞時。如:It being Sunday, we went to church.因為是星期天，我們去了做禮拜。(2) 在There being名詞的結構中。如：3. 在“名詞（或代詞）介詞短語”構成的獨立主格結構中，一般不用形容詞性物主代詞和冠詞。如： Miss Smith entered the classr

12、oom, book in hand.史密斯先生走進了課室，手里拿著一本書。比較with的復合結構：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.4. 獨立主格結構沒有所有格形式。如：The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主編來了，我們開始開會。比較動名詞復合結構：The chief-editors arriving made us very surprised.5. 獨立主格結構作時間或原因狀語時，可用完成時，表示該動作發(fā)生在謂語之前。如：The listeners

13、 having taken their seats, the concert began.聽眾坐好后，音樂會開始了。Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.由于湯姆一再遲到，他的老板非常失望。獨立主格結構中的非謂語動詞用法 獨立主格結構的基本形式是“名詞或代詞+形容詞（副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞等）”。本文主要歸納“名詞或代詞+非謂語動詞”這一結構的用法。1. 名詞或代詞+不定式其中的不定式通常表示尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動作。如：Nobody to come tomorrow, we wil

14、l have to put off the meeting till next week. 如果明天沒有人來，我們將把會議推遲到下周。 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來幫助他，他一定會成功的。We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我們分了工，他擦窗戶，我掃地。2. 名詞或代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞其中的現(xiàn)在分詞通常表示動作正在進行（或當時正在進行）。如：She ran up to me, her hair flying in

15、 the wind. 她向我跑來，秀發(fā)在風中飄揚著。We explored the caves, Peter acting as a guide. 由彼得作向導，我們探查了那些洞穴。We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努力，一個人干兩個人的活。注：有時現(xiàn)在分詞不表示進行，而表示一般情況。如：Their room was on the third floor, its window overlooking the sports ground. 他們的房間在三層樓上，窗戶俯視著操場。3. 名詞或代詞+過去分詞其中的過去分

16、詞通常表示被動意義。如：Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都來幫忙，約翰也不例外。All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 積蓄全部用完了，我們就開始找工作。This done, they next set to clean the room. 做完這件事之后，他們接下來就開始清理房間。She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝視著，雙手叉在胸前?！粳F(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】11. I send you 100 dollars today, the rest

17、_ in a year.A. follows B. followed C. to follow D. being followed 2. All things _, I think we ought to give the job to George. A. considered  B. considering C. to consider D. being considered3. The river _ in the night, the crossing was impossible. A. to rise B. rose C. having risen D. being ri

18、sen4. More time _, we should have done the job much better. A. to give B. give C. being given D. given5. We shall play the match tomorrow, weather _. (from )A. permits B. permitting C. to permit D. permitted6. The monitor _ ill, wed better put the meeting off. A. being B. to be C. been D. to have be

19、en7. An important lecture _ given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. A. to be B. being C. been D. to have been8. He was lying on the grass, his hands _ under his head.A. to cross B. crossed C. crossing D. to be crossing9. Tom _ late over and over, his boss was very disappoin

20、ted.A. having been  B. been C. to be D. to being10. Other things _ equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. A. being B. to be C. been D. having been 【參考答案】15 CACDB 610 AABAA【現(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】21. A new technique _, the yields as a whole increased by 20 percent. A)working out C) having been

21、 worked out B) having worked out D)to have been worked out 2. All things _, the planned trip will have to be called off. A) considered B) be considered C) considering D) having considered 3. All flights _ because of the snowstorm, many passengers could do nothing but take the train. A) had been canc

22、eled B) have been canceled C) were canceled D) having been canceled 4. So many directors _, the board meeting had to be put off. A) were absent B) been absent C) had been absent D) being absent 5. All the tasks _ ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week. A) been fulfilled B) having be

23、en fulfilled C) were fulfilled D) had been fulfilled 6. All flights _ because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. A) having been canceled C) having canceled B) had been canceled D) were canceled 7.The speech _, a lively discussion started. A) being delivered B) was delivered C) b

24、e delivered D) having been delivered 8. Silver is the best conductor of electricity, copper _ it closely. A)followed B) following C) to follow D)being following 9. _, a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A) Other things

25、 being equal C) To be equal to other things B) Were other things equal D) Other things to be equal10. The sale usually takes place outside the house, with the audience _ on benches，chairs or boxes.A) having seated B) seating C) seated D) having been seated 11. _ the temperature falling so rapidly, w

26、e couldn't go on with the experiment.A) Since B) For C) As D) With 12. _ in the United States, St. Louis has now become the 24th largest city. A) being the fourth biggest city B) It was once the fourth biggest city C) Once the fourth biggest city D) The fourth biggest city it was 答案：CDBDB AABACD

27、C【現(xiàn)學現(xiàn)用】31. The meeting_ over, we all left the room. （上海1987） A. is B. to be C. being D. would be 2. European football is played in 80 countries, it_ the most popular sport in the world. （NMET1998）A. making B. makes C. made D. to make 3. _such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean

28、up the river. （NMET2001） A. Having suffered B. Suffering C. To suffer D. Suffered 4. The fish_ bad, the children left much of it . A. tasted, untouched B. tasting, untouched C. tasting, untouching D. tasted, untouching 5._ from what you say, he ought to succeed. A. Judged B. Judging C. When you judg

29、ed D. Because you judge 6. Everything_ into consideration, they ought to have another chance. A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking 7.Walter offered us a lift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we didntaccept the offer. A.not being finished B.not having finished C.had not been fi

30、nished D.was not finished 8.There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties (特性). A.has B.had C.to have D.having 9.The old man stood under a big tree, _. A.a pipe in mouth B.with a pipe in mouth C.pipe in mouth D.pipe in his mouth 10.The production _ steadily, the factory needs an ever-

31、increasing supply of raw material. A.has gone up B.is going up C.having gone up D.being gone up 1.C 2.A 3.A 4.A 5.B 6. 7.A，但是最好是not having been finished 8.D 9.C 10.C獨立主格結構鞏固練習11. _ no bus, we had to walk home.  A. There was B. There being C. Because there being D.There were2. _, I'll g

32、o there with you tomorrow afternoon.  A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting3._, we all went home happily.  A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  4. _, we all went swimming in high s

33、pirits.  A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather  5. _, the bus started at once.  A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given  6. She stood there, _ from her ch

34、eeks.  A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 7. _, the leaves are turning green.  A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on  C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on 8. _, I had to buy a new one.  A

35、. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my dictionary lost 9. I used to sleep with the window _.  A. opened B. open C. opening D to open 10. _, the hunter went into the forest.  A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his sh

36、oulder  C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder 11. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year.  A. As B. For C. With D. Through 12. With a lot of work _, I have to sit up tonight.  A. do B. doing C. done D. to do  13. He stood th

37、ere silently, his lips_.  A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling  14. _, her suggestion is of greater value than yours.  A. All things considering B. All things considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered 15. _, we w

38、ill surely succeed.  A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping 答案：1-5BCCAC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 CDABB獨立主格結構鞏固練習21.The thief stood before the policeman,_ admitting what he had done. A.with his drooping head B.drooping his head C.

39、raising his head D.with his head down 2._ ,he can't go out for a walk as usual. A.With so much work to do B.With so much work doing C.With so much work done D.Without so much work to do 3.It's quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _and his eyes _ . A.closed;open B.closed;opened C.

40、closing;open D.closing;opening 4.All things _ ,the plan trip will have to be called off. A.be considered B.considered C.considering D.having considering 5._ ,we have to get down to business right away. A.As there was no time left B.There is no time left C.There being no time left D.There to be no ti

41、me left 6._ yesterday,we went out for a walk. A.As a fine day B.It was a fine day 7.The old man stood there,_ . A.with back against the wall B.with his back against the wall C.with back against wall D.his back against wall 答案: 15 DAABC 67 CB獨立主格結構鞏固練習31. _ no bus, we had to walk home. A. There was B

42、. There being C. Because there being2. _, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon. A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting3. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 4. _, we all wen

43、t swimming in high spirits. A. It being fine weather B. It fine weather C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather 5. _, the bus started at once. A. The signal was given B. The signal giving C. The signal given D. When the signal given A. tears' rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with t

44、ears rolled down D. tears rolling down7. _, the leaves are turning green. A. When spring coming on B. Spring coming on C. Spring came on D. Spring being come on8. _, I had to buy a new one. A. My dictionary losing B. My dictionary having been lost C. My dictionary had been lost D. Because my diction

45、ary lost9. I used to sleep with the window _. A. opened B. open C. opening D to open10. _, the hunter went into the forest. A. A gun on shoulder B. A gun was on his shoulder C. Gun on shoulder D. A gun being on shoulder11. _ production up by 60%, the company has had another excellent year. A. As B.

46、For C. With D. Through12. With a lot of work _, I have to sit up tonight. A. do B. doing C. done D. to do 13. He stood there silently, his lips_. A. trembling B. trembled C. were trembling D. were trembling 14. _, her suggestion is of greater value than yours. A. All things considering B. All things

47、 considered C. All things were considered D. With all things were considered15. _, we will surely succeed. A. The teacher helping us B. The teacher to help us C. The teacher will help us D. With the teacher helping獨立主格結構鞏固練習41. _ no bus, we had to walk home.  A. There was B. There being C.

48、 Because there being D.There were2. _, I'll go there with you tomorrow afternoon.  A. Time permits B. If time permitting C. Time permitting D. Time's permitting3._, we all went home happily.  A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said  4. _, we all went swimming in high spirits.  A. It being fine weather   B. It fine weather  C. It was fine weather D. It being a fine weather  5. _,