麻醉專業(yè)英語(共57頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)麻醉專業(yè)英語 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)Chapter 1 Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Balance1. The clinical manifestations of volume depletion are low blood pressure, narrow pulse pressure, tachycardia, poor skin turgor, and dry mucous membranes. The history may suggest the reason for volume

2、depletion.翻譯： 血容量不足的臨床表現包括低血壓，脈壓狹窄，心動過緩，輕度皮膚水腫以及粘膜干燥。 病史的詢問可能提示病因。2. Combined water and electrolyte depletion may occur from gastrointestinal losses due to nasogastric suction, enteric fistulas, enterostomies, or diarrhea. Other causes are excessive diuretic therapy, adrenal insufficiency, profuse s

3、weating, burns, and body fluid sequestration following trauma or surgery.翻譯： 水合并電解質的不足可以由腸道的丟失引起，其中包括鼻飼管的引流， 腸瘺，腸造口術以及腹瀉。 其他原因還包括，過度的利尿藥治療，腎上腺功能不足，過度出汗，燒傷，以及創(chuàng)傷和手術造成的體液丟失。3. Antidiuretic hormone, released during anesthesia and surgical stress, promotes water conservation by the kidneys. Renal vasocon

4、striction and increased aldosterone activity reduce sodium excretion.翻譯：麻醉期間以及手術刺激時分泌的抗利尿激素會加強腎臟的保水能力。同時，腎血管的收縮和醛固酮的活動增強也會減少鈉的分泌。4. Hyponatremia in severe hyperglycemia results from the osmotic effects of the elevated glucose concentration, which draws water from the intracellular apace to dilute EC

5、F sodium.翻譯：高糖血癥時的低鈉血癥是由升高的血糖濃度的滲透作用造成的，也精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)就是說，過高的血糖濃度會迅速地將細胞內的水轉移到血漿中對鈉進行稀釋。5. With extracellular acidosis, a large proportion of the excess hydrogen is buffered intracellularly by an exchange of intracellular K+ for extracellular H+, this movement of K+ may produce dangerous hyp

6、erkalemia.翻譯：在胞外酸中毒時，很大一部分的胞外氫離子會和胞內的鉀離子進行交換，以此來對過多的氫離子進行緩沖，鉀離子的這種運動可能會導致危險的高鉀血癥。6. The electrocardiographic changes are the most helpful indicators of the severity of hyperkalemia. Early changes include peaking of the T waves, widening of the QRS complex and depression of the ST segment.翻譯：心電描記圖上的變

7、化是評估高鉀嚴重程度的最靈敏指標。早期的變化包括 T 波高尖，QRS 波的增寬以及 ST 段的下移。7. The clinical manifestation of hypokalemia relate to neuromuscular function: Decreased muscle contractility and muscle cell potential develop, and in extreme cases death may result from paralysis of muscles of respiration.翻譯：低鉀血癥的臨床癥狀涉及神經肌肉的功能，包括：肌

8、肉的收縮能力減弱，肌細胞的電位升高，在極少數病例中還會由于呼吸肌的癱瘓導致死亡。8. Acute respirtory acidosis occurs when respiration suddenly becomes inadequate, CO2 accumulates in the blood and hydrogenion concentration increases. This occurs most often in acute airway obstruction, aspiration, respiratory arrest, certain pulmonary infect

9、ions, and pulmonary edema with impaired gas exchange.翻譯：急性呼吸性酸中毒的病因包括：突然的呼吸不足，血中 CO2 的堆積精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)以及氫離子濃度的升高。這種酸中毒最常見于急性呼吸道梗阻，誤吸，呼吸暫停，某些肺部感染以及肺水腫時合并換氣不足等情況。9. Metabolic acidosis is caused by increased production of hydrogen ion from metabolic or other causes from excessive bicarbonate los

10、ses. In either case, the plasma bicarbonate concentration is decreased, producing an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.翻譯：代謝性酸中毒的病因包括：代謝產生的氫離子增多或者是，其他原因造成的碳酸氫鹽丟失過多。兩種情況下均是碳酸氫鹽的濃度降低，從而導致氫離子的濃度升高。10.Volume deficit is best estimated of the basis of acute changes in weight or from clinical estimate

11、s, the clinician should remember that deficits less than 5% of body water will not be detectable and that loss of 15% of body water will be associated with srvere circulatory compromise.翻譯： 評估容量不足的兩項最好的指標：一. 有體重急劇變化的根據； 二. 根據臨床評估。臨床醫(yī)生要始終記?。翰蛔?5%的水分丟失不能被監(jiān)測出，而15%的水分缺失將會造成嚴重的循環(huán)障礙。 Chapter 2 Intravenous

12、 Anesthesia11.A widely accepted theory of anesthetic action is that both iv and inhalational anesthetics exert their primary sedative and hypnotic effects through an interaction with the inhibitory g-aminobutyric acid(GABA) neurotransmitter system.翻譯：關于麻醉藥的作用機制，目前被廣泛接受的理論是：無論是靜脈還精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專

13、業(yè)是吸入性麻醉藥，都是通過和抑制性的 GABA 中樞傳遞系統(tǒng)相互作用來發(fā)揮它們主要的鎮(zhèn)靜和催眠效應。12.Benzodiazepines bind to specific receptor sites that are part of the GABAa receptor complex. The binding of benzodiazepines to their receptor site increases the efficiency of the coupling between the GABA receptor and the chloride ion channal. The

14、 degree of modulation of the GABA-receptor function is limited, which explains the “celling effect” produced by benzodiazepines with respect to CNS depression.翻譯：苯二氮卓類與 GABAa 受體復合物上相應的結合位點相結合，提高了GABA 受體和氯離子通道偶聯的效率。而 GABA 受體的調節(jié)能力是有限的，這就解釋了為什么苯二氮卓類對中樞神經系統(tǒng)的抑制作用會產生“封頂效應” 。13.Ketamine produces a function

15、al dissociation between the thalamocortical and limbic system, a state that has been termed “dissociative” anesthesia. Ketamine depresses neuronal function in the cerebral cortex and thalamus, while simultaneously activating the limbic system.翻譯：氯胺酮會產生一種被稱為“分離麻醉”的狀態(tài)，也就是丘腦皮質和邊緣系統(tǒng)的功能分離。氯胺酮會在抑制大腦皮層和丘腦神

16、經元功能的同時激活邊緣系統(tǒng)。14.When a drug infusion is administered without a loading dose, 3-5 times the t1/2BETA value may be required to reach a “steady-state” plasma concentration. The steady-state concentration obtained during an anesthetic infusion depends on the rate of drug administration and its clearanc

17、e rate.翻譯：當某種藥物在給藥時沒有給予負荷劑量，則它將需要 3 到 5 倍的消精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)除半衰期才能達到血漿穩(wěn)態(tài)濃度。麻醉期間能達到的穩(wěn)態(tài)濃度取決于給藥速度和藥物的消除速率。15.The context-sensitive half-time is defined as the time necessary for the effect-compartment concentration to decrease by 50% in relation to the duration of the infusion. The context-sensitiv

18、e half-time becomes particularly important in determining recovery after variable-length infusion of sedative-hypnotic drugs.翻譯：情境相關半衰期是指輸藥時程不同時效應室的濃度下降一半所需的相應時間。這種半衰期在決定某些可變時程的鎮(zhèn)靜催眠藥輸注后的恢復顯得尤為重要。16.When steady-state plasma concentrations are achieved, it can be presumed that the plasma concentration

19、 is in equilibrium with the effect-site concentration. Under these circumstances, it is possible to describe the relationship between drug and effect using a concentration-effect curve.翻譯：當血漿中的藥物濃度達到穩(wěn)態(tài)濃度時，可以認為效應處的濃度和血漿中的藥物濃度已經達到了平衡，在這種情況下，用濃度-效應曲線描述藥物劑量和效應的關系成為可能。17.Barbiturates cause dose-dependent

20、 respiratory depression. However, bronchospasm or laryngospasm following induction with thiopental is usually the result of airway manipulation in “l(fā)ightly” anesthetized patients.翻譯：巴比妥類會引起劑量依賴性的呼吸抑制作用。但是，硫噴妥鈉誘導后產生的支氣管痙攣和喉痙攣卻通常是由淺麻醉過程中的氣道操作引起的。18.Propofol is rapidly and extensively metabolized to in

21、active, water-soluble 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)sulfate and glucuronic acid metabolites, which are eliminated by the kidneys. Propofols clearance rate(1.5-2.2 L/Min) exceeds hepatic blood flow, suggesting that an extrahepatic route of elimination(lung) also contributes to its clearance.翻譯：丙泊酚被迅速而廣泛地代謝為沒有

22、活性的，水溶性的硫酸鹽和葡萄醛酸等產物，這些代謝產物都由腎臟清除。 丙泊酚的清除率（1.5-2.2L/min）超過了肝臟的血流量，這就提示了還存在另外一條肝外清除途徑（即肺的清除） 。19.All benzodiazepines have anxiolytic, amnestic, sedative, hypnotic,anticonvulsant, and spinally mediated muscle relaxant properties. Benzodiazepines differ in potency and efficacy with regard to their disti

23、nctive pharmacologic properties.翻譯：所有的苯二氮卓類藥物均具有抗焦慮，致遺忘，鎮(zhèn)靜，催眠，抗驚厥，以及由脊髓介導的肌松作用等特性，此類藥物的效價強度和效能會由于各自不同的藥理特性而各不相同。20.Etomidate is associated with a high incidence of postoperative nausea and emesis when used in combination with opioids for short outpatient procedure. In addition, the increased mortali

24、ty in critically ill patients sedated with an etomidate infusion has been attibuted to its inhibitory effect on cortisol synthesis.翻譯：當和阿片類聯合用于門診病人的短小手術時，依托咪酯的術后惡心和嘔吐發(fā)病率會較高。此外，在那些用依托咪酯輸注進行鎮(zhèn)靜的危重病人中顯示的高死亡率已經被歸咎為它對糖皮質激素合成的抑制作用。21.Katemine produces dose-dependent CNS depression leading to a so-called di

25、ssociative anesthetic state characterized by profound analgesia and amnesia, even 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)though patients may be conscious and maintain protective reflexes.翻譯：氯胺酮產生的劑量依賴性的中樞神經系統(tǒng)的抑制作用會產生一種被稱為分離麻醉的狀態(tài)，這種狀態(tài)的特征是：即使病人的意識清醒并且保持保護性反射，但是他們的痛覺和記憶卻是完全缺失的。22.An important consideration in the use of

26、 katemine anesthesia relates to the high incidence of psychomimetic reaction(namely, hallucination, nightmares, altered short-term memory and cognition) during the early recovery period.翻譯：使用氯胺酮麻醉時需要著重考慮術后恢復早期擬精神癥狀的高發(fā)病率，這些癥狀包括幻覺，噩夢，以及短期的記憶和認知改變。23.Morphine produces its major theraputic as well as ad

27、verse effects in the central nervous system( brain and spinal cord) and the gastrointestinal system, but other system are also affected. CNS effects include analgesia, sedation, changes in affect, respiratory depression, nausea and vomitting, pruritus, and changes in pupil size.翻譯：嗎啡主要是在神經系統(tǒng)（腦和脊髓）和胃

28、腸道系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮它的治療作用和副作用，但同時其他系統(tǒng)也會受累。中樞神經系統(tǒng)效應包括痛覺缺失，鎮(zhèn)靜，呼吸抑制，惡心嘔吐，瘙癢以及瞳孔大小的改變。24.Patients who are critically ill(e.g. patients with severe trauma or cardiac disease) can be expected to have high sympathetic tone, and thus may experience hypertention in response to doses of morphine which would not normally p

29、roduce hemodynamic instability.翻譯：有嚴重創(chuàng)傷或心臟病的危重病人通常交感神經的緊張度都比較高，精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)所以這些病人可能會由于嗎啡的劑量而出現高血壓，而通常情況下嗎啡是不會引起血流動力狀態(tài)的不穩(wěn)定的。25.Nausea and vomitting are among the most distressing side effects of morphine and its derivatives. The incidence of opioid-induced nausea appears to be similar irresp

30、ective of the route of administration. Morphine causes dose-dependent nausea and vomitting, but the physiology and neuropharmacology of opioid-induced nausea and vomitting are complex.翻譯：惡心嘔吐是嗎啡和它的衍生物的最痛苦的副作用之一。阿片類誘導產生的惡心不會因給藥途徑的不同而發(fā)生改變。嗎啡會誘發(fā)一種劑量依賴性的惡心嘔吐，但是阿片類誘發(fā)的惡心嘔吐的具體生理和神經藥理機制則比較復雜。26.High doses o

31、f fentanyl significantly blunt the “stress response” (e.g. hemodynamic and hormonal responses to surgical stimuli) while producing only minimal cardiovascular depression.翻譯：大劑量的芬太尼會顯著抑制應激反應，例如對手術刺激所產生的血流動力學反應和激素反應都會受到抑制而只會產生最輕微的心血管系統(tǒng)的抑制。Chapter 3 Inhalational Anesthetic Agents27.MAC is the minimum a

32、lveolar concentration of an anesthetic at 1 atmosphere absolute that prevents movement of 50% of the population to a standard stimulus. It has gained widespread acceptance as an index of anesthetic potency as it is 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)measured.翻譯：MAC 是指在一個標準大氣壓下，能阻止 50%受試對象對一個標準刺激的體動反應的肺泡內麻醉藥的最小濃度，

33、在被測量證實后，它作為一種衡量麻醉藥的效價強度的指標已被廣泛接受。28.Halothane causes a dose-dependent decrease in mucociliary function which may persist for several hours after anesthesia. This may contribute to postoperative sputum retention.翻譯：氟烷會對粘液纖毛的功能產生一種劑量依賴性的抑制作用，而這種作用可能會一直持續(xù)到術后幾個小時，這樣就可能導致術后的痰液滯留。29.The second type of hep

34、atic dysfunction is extremely uncommon and takes the form of severe jaundice, progressing to fulminating hepatic necrosis. The mortality of this condition is quite high and varies between 30-70%. The incidence of type 2 is extremely low.翻譯：第二種類型的肝功能障礙極其罕見，通常是以嚴重黃疸的形式出現并發(fā)展為暴發(fā)性肝壞死。一旦發(fā)生上述情況，則死亡率相當高，波動于

35、 30-70%之間。但是 2 型的發(fā)病率極低。30.Enfulurane anesthesia is associated with a much smaller incidence of arrhythmias than halothane and much less sensitization of the myocardium to catecholamines, either endogenous or exogenous. 翻譯：使用恩氟烷麻醉時出現心律失常的幾率比氟烷時要低得多，且心肌對兒茶酚胺的敏感性，無論是內源性的還是外源性的，也要低得多。31.Isoflurane is th

36、e least(with exception of desflurane )soluble of the modern 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)inhalational agents and thus alveolar concentrations equilibrate more rapidly. However, the rate of induction is limited by the pungency of the vapor.翻譯：異氟烷在目前使用的吸入麻醉藥中是最不易溶解的（地氟烷除外） ，這樣它的肺泡濃度可以更快達到平衡。但是，誘導的速度卻是要受到氣體的刺激

37、性的限制的。32.Nitrous oxide is a weak anesthetic whose MAC is 105%. Its used usually in combination with other agents。 Because of the low solubility, a change in alveolar ventilation has less effect on the rate of uptake than occurs with the more soluble agents such as halothane and ether.翻譯：一氧化二氮（即笑氣）是一

38、種低效麻醉劑，它的 MAC 達到了105%，通常和其他藥物聯合使用。由于一氧化二氮的溶解度較低，所以和那些比它溶解度大的藥物如氟烷，乙醚相比，肺泡通氣量的改變對它的攝取率影響更小。 Chapter 4 Monitoring During Anesthesia33.Maintenance of perfusion of vital organs is one of the principal tasks of the anesthetist during surgery. Adequate perfusion is dependent on adequate venous return to t

39、he heart, cardiac performance and arterial pressure. Adequacy of cardiac output and circulating blood volume may be inferred indirectly from observation of the variables: peripheral pulse, arterial oxygen saturation, peripheral perfusion, urine production, arterial prssure.翻譯：保持重要器官的灌流是麻醉醫(yī)生在術中的主要職責之

40、一，而充足的精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)灌流則依賴于足夠的靜脈回心血量，心臟的性能和動脈血壓。心輸出量和循環(huán)血量是否充足則可以通過對以下指標的觀測間接反映，包括：外周脈搏，動脈氧飽和度，外周灌流，尿量以及動脈血壓。34.Advantages: Pulse oximeters are simple to use, non-invasive and require no warm-up. They provide an overall assessment of the integrity of all the systems involved in delivering oxyge

41、n to the tissues: oxygen supply to the patients; oxygen uptake by the lungs; oxygen delivery to the tissues via the circulatory system.翻譯：優(yōu)點：脈搏血氧測量操作簡單，無創(chuàng)且不需要預熱時間，對向組織供氧的各系統(tǒng)的完整性，這項指標則可以提供比較全面的評估。35.Measurement of CVP is useful in situations similar to those warranting direct measurement of arterial

42、pressure. The surface marking of the right atrium, is the true zero reference point. The normal range of values is 0-6cm H2O in the spontaneously breathing patients. Measurement of CVP is a valuable aid to blood and fluid replacement.翻譯：和在那些需要測量動脈血壓相似的情況下一樣，中心靜脈壓的測量也很有意義。右心房的表層標志才是真正的零基準線。CVP 的正常值在自

43、主呼吸的病人是 0-6cmH2O，其測量對血液和體液的補充是一項很有價值的輔助措施。36.Whichever route is chosen, meticulous attention to antisepsis is necessary. The tip of the catheter should lie above the level of the pericardium to minimize the risk of erosion through the wall of right atrium.翻譯：無論采取哪種途徑，都要格外重視消毒的重要性。導管的尖端不應精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉

44、上專心-專注-專業(yè)超過心包膜水平，這樣才能盡可能減小導管磨蝕右心房壁的危險性。37.Losses of up to 10% of blood volume are tolerated well and may be replaced by an approprite volume of crystalloid solution. Blood loss in excess of 15% of blood volume during surgery should be replaced by blood.翻譯：10%以內的血容量丟失可以被機體很好地代償，且這部分缺失可以由適量的晶體液補充。但如果術

45、中血容量的丟失高達 15%，此時則需要對病人進行補血。38.Estimation of fluid losses includes measurement of blood loss on swabs and drapes, fluid collection in suction jars and an allowance for evaporative loss. Fluid input and output must be measured as accurately as possible in babies and children. 翻譯：對液體丟失的評估包括：對棉簽，圍巾上血量丟失

46、的測量，吸引器中的液體收集量，同時還要考慮到蒸發(fā)的丟失量。在嬰幼兒和兒童病人的手術中，液體的輸入和輸出要盡可能精確。 Chapter 5 Respiratory Physiology39.The principal purpose of the respiratory system is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and respired gas. It has secondary roles in the control of acid base balance, the metabolism of

47、 hormones and the removal of compounds and particulate matter, taking advantages of its position as the only organ which receives the entire cardiac output.翻譯： 呼吸系統(tǒng)的主要功能是進行血液和吸入氣體中的氧氣和二氧化碳的交換。同時由于它有利的生理解剖位置，作為可以接受全部心輸出量的唯一器精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)官，還發(fā)揮著調節(jié)酸堿代謝的平衡，激素的代謝以及化合物和一些微粒的清除等次要生理作用。40.The lung su

48、rface area is about the size of a tennis court, and so this point of intersection with the external environment is huge. This is both an advantage and a disadvantage.翻譯：肺的表面積大約有一個網球場大小，因此這個和外環(huán)境相聯系的場所就顯得相當巨大， 而這樣既有利也有弊。41.Therefore, the lungs are also a site of defense. The defense system exists at t

49、wo levels. The first is to deal with inhaled particles. Depending upon their size, particles are either swept out of the airways entrapped in mucous or digested by macrophage.翻譯：如此說來，肺同時也扮演著機體防線的作用，它的防御作用體現在兩個水平。第一個是對吸入的顆粒的處理：由于顆粒大小的不同，那些黏附在黏膜表面的顆粒會被直接清除出呼吸道，而有些則被巨噬細胞吞噬。42.The lungs are a reservior

50、of blood that can be mobilized during times of reduced volume. Approxiamtely 20% of the total blood volume resides in the pulmonary vasculature normally, but this volume can increase or decrease depending upon the output of the left ventricle.翻譯：肺臟扮演著儲血庫的角色，而其中的血液在機體循環(huán)血量減少時可以被調動出來。通常情況下，機體大約 20%的總血容

51、量儲存在肺的血管網內，但是這一儲存量會隨著左心室輸出量的變化而產生相應的增加或減少。43.Air is through into the body through the conducting airway. This begins 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)with the trachea, which divideds into bronchi and subdivides multiple times into bronchioles. The conducting airways warm and humidify the inspired air but not a

52、site of gas exchange.翻譯：空氣是通過傳導氣道進入體內的，這一過程起始于氣管，氣管再分支為支氣管，再經過很多級的分支成為細支氣管。傳導氣道的作用是對吸入氣體進行加熱和濕化，但是沒有氣體交換功能。44.The blood supply of the conducting airways provides the heat and moisture to warm and humidify the inspired air. It also provides for all the nutrient repuirments to lung tissue.翻譯：傳導氣道的血液供應

53、不僅保證了對吸入氣體進行加熱和濕化所需的熱量和濕度，還提供了肺組織所需的營養(yǎng)物質。45.Oxygen diffuses from the terminal bronchioles, through the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs into the alveoli. It then diffuses across the alveolar epithelium, basement membranes, capillary endothelium, plasma and red cell membrane before combining

54、 with hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide diffuses in the reverse direction.翻譯：氧氣的擴散途徑如下：終末細支氣管呼吸性細支氣管肺泡囊肺泡，到達肺泡后再依次穿過肺泡內皮細胞，基底膜，毛細血管內皮細胞等結構進入血漿，最后穿過紅細胞膜與血紅蛋白結合。二氧化碳則按相反的方向擴散。46.Respiration is modified by many other factors, particularly from higher centers in the brain including the cortex. The pattern of r

55、espiration is modulated by 精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)speech and ingestion of food and drink. The anticipation of exercise as well as the activity itself increases respiration.翻譯：呼吸會受到很多其他因素的調節(jié)，特別是來自腦的高級中樞包括大腦皮層的控制。呼吸模式會因說話或攝食水和食物等活動而發(fā)生相應的調整。活動，甚至是對活動的期待也可以增強呼吸。47.If the PaCO2 is kept constant, ?changes e

56、xponentially with PaO2. The response is linear when oxygenation is expressed as oxyhaemoglobin saturation(SaO2). The response is much greater if PaCO2 increases at the same time.翻譯：如果將 PaCO2 的值保持恒定，則？將隨著動脈氧分壓呈指數型變化。當用氧合血紅蛋白的飽和度來表示氧合的情況時，則兩者的關系曲線呈線性變化，當二氧化碳的動脈分壓也同時增加時反應會更顯著。48.The total volume of the

57、 respiratory system(total lung capacity, TLC)when fully expanded by voluntary effort is about 3-6 litres in the average adult and is ralated more to height than weight.翻譯：在一個普通成人，呼吸系統(tǒng)的總容量（即肺總量）可以通過自主努力完全擴張而達到 3-6 升，與體重相比，身高因素對肺總量的影響更大。49.The closing capacity(CC) is that volume of the lung where smal

58、l airways in the dependent parts of the lung begin to collapse during expiration. Normally CC is less than FRC but greater than RV. CC increases with age and FRC is decreased by a number of factors(e.g. increasing age, posture, anesthesia, obesity, etc.) and if CC is greater than FRC, dependent part

59、s of the lung collapse during normal tidal breathing resulting in hypoxaemia.精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)翻譯：在呼氣過程中，肺內相應部位的小氣道開始閉合，那么這部分肺的體積就稱為閉合容量。通常情況下，閉合容量大于殘氣量而小于功能殘氣量。閉合容量會隨年齡增加，而功能殘氣量會受到年齡增長，體位，麻醉，肥胖等一系列因素的影響而減小。如果閉合容量大于功能殘氣量，則肺內相應部位即使在正常的潮氣量呼吸時也會塌陷，從而導致低氧血癥。50.The dead space of the respiratory system

60、 is that part which does not participate in gas exchange. It comprises the anatomical dead space, the upper airway and tracheobronchial tree down to the respiratory bronchioles.翻譯：死腔是指呼吸系統(tǒng)中不參加氣體交換的那部分體積，它包括解剖死腔，上呼吸道以及下至呼吸性細支氣管的氣管支氣管樹。51.The volatile and intravenous anesthetic agents and the opioid a