專業(yè)英語(yǔ)-multimedia

1、Specialized English on TelecommunicationYang XiaoqingUnit 18 MultimediavKey terms:vtransmission that combine media of communication (text and graphics and sound etc.)vMultimediava user interface based on graphics (icons and pictures and menus) instead of text; uses a mouse as well as a keyboard as a

2、n input device vGUI vGraphics User Interfacev圖形用戶接口 vCD-I vCompact disc interactive v交互式緊湊光盤系統(tǒng) vJPEG vJoint photographic experts group vMPEG vMoving picture experts group vMIDI vMusical Instrument Data Interfacev樂(lè)器數(shù)字接口 vBitmapv位圖vSVG vScalable Vector Graphics v可縮放的矢量圖形vGIFvGraphics Interchange Forma

3、tv圖形交換格式vRGB v三原色模式vCMYK v印刷色彩模式 (cyan青，magenta品紅，yellow黃，black黑)vHypertextv超文本vcomputer software that recognizes numbers and letters of the alphabet which are written on paper, so that information from paper documents can be scanned into a computer vOCR voptical character recognitionv光學(xué)字符識(shí)別 vMDBMS

4、vMultimedia database management system v多媒體數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng) vPervasivev擴(kuò)大的，滲透的vWhimsical v古怪的，反復(fù)無(wú)常的vPinv釘住vNuancev微小的差別（色彩等）vPerspectivev透視，角度，遠(yuǎn)景vConveyv運(yùn)輸，傳遞，轉(zhuǎn)換vCounterpartv伙伴，副本，對(duì)應(yīng)物vArtifactv人工制品vVideo-clipv錄像剪輯vAudio recordingv唱片vJuxtaposev并置，并列vInnovativev創(chuàng)新的，富有革命精神的vIngredientv成分，要素vSyntheticv合成的，綜合性的vE

5、xtractv抽取，分離vindicator consisting of a movable spot of light (an icon) on a visual display; moving it allows the user to point to commands or screen positions vCursorv光標(biāo)，游標(biāo)，指針vAnnotatev給.注解vDQDBvDistributed queue dual busv分布式隊(duì)列雙總線vDeployv采用，推廣應(yīng)用vPredominancev優(yōu)勢(shì)，顯著vPrecursorv先驅(qū)，前任vVoicegradev音頻級(jí)vComp

6、uter mediated communicationsv計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信van event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another vAccompanimentv伴隨物，附屬物vConsensusv意見(jiàn)一致vVODvVideo-on-demandv視頻點(diǎn)播vDeadlinev截止時(shí)間vConstrainv限制，約束vDeviatev偏離vPreferencev選擇，喜歡vDominantv主要的，控制的vBy contrastv相反，對(duì)比起來(lái)vPass on v傳遞，切換vLena

7、image (512*512) vBmp 24bit 769kvJPG 41kvGIF 138kvTIFF 897 vPNG 672vBmp monochrome 33kPassage B CharacteristicsvMultimedia is one the most innovative ways of using a telecommunications network to achieve effective communications (1) between people and (2) for access to information.v多媒體是在（1）人與人之間（2）獲取

8、信息中，用通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)獲得有效的通信的最重大的變革方式vThis chapter describes the essential ingredients of multimedia and gives a wide variety of examples of applications in a wide range of industrial settings.v這章描述了多媒體的基本組成，并且給出了在廣泛工業(yè)環(huán)境中應(yīng)用的許多例子。vFour key ingredientsv四個(gè)關(guān)鍵組成vMultimedia communication is defined here as the combin

9、ation of four key ingredients:v多媒體通信被定義為下面四個(gè)方面的組合vTwo or more of the five media of communication (audio, data, fax, image, and video);v具有通信的五種媒體中2個(gè)或者2個(gè)以上的媒體。vInteractive capabilities between the communication parties;v通信方之間的交互能力vCommunications with human users.v人類用戶參與的通信vMultimedia systems involve c

10、ommunications with human users as senders or receivers of information, or both.v多媒體系統(tǒng)涉及到參與通信的人作為發(fā)信者或者收信者或者兩者都是。vBy contrast, single medium systems, such as data and fax, can involve inter-machine communications with no human user present while the communication is underway. v對(duì)比而言，單一媒體系統(tǒng)，例如，在通信過(guò)程中，數(shù)據(jù)

11、，傳真，涉及到機(jī)器之間的通信，但沒(méi)人參與。vIt is the human element that benefits from more than one medium of communication, and also from the interactive capabilities of multimedia systems.v從人的角度來(lái)看，是受益于多種媒體的通信的，也受益于多媒體系統(tǒng)之間的交互能力。vSynchronization. Multimedia systems require two types of synchronization between the differ

12、ent media.v同步性，多媒體系統(tǒng)需要不同媒體之間通信具有兩種類型的同步。vContinuous synchronization is required for audio/video, for instance, to coordinate lip movement with speech.v在視頻和音頻中要求連續(xù)性同步，例如，演講時(shí)對(duì)嘴唇的協(xié)調(diào)控制。vSynthetic synchronization is required by the designer of the system to organize the presentation of material in the de

13、sires manner (e.g., the sequencing of video clips with data and graphics).v在設(shè)計(jì)的系統(tǒng)中各元素按照自己想要的方式出現(xiàn)必須采用綜合同步。例如，具有數(shù)據(jù)和圖像的視頻剪輯的順序。vVideoconferencing is a typical example of multimedia, combining two media (audio and video), interaction, human users, and synchronization.v視頻會(huì)議是多媒體的一個(gè)典型例子，包含兩個(gè)媒體，音頻和視頻，交互，人，同

14、步系統(tǒng)。vBy contrast, broadcast television allows no backward channel for the information receiver to interact with the information provider, and it is therefore not regarded as a multimedia communication.v對(duì)比而言，廣播電視容許沒(méi)有用于信息接收者與信息發(fā)送者進(jìn)行交互的反向通道，因此不能認(rèn)為是多媒體通信。vThe types of interaction in multimedia systems a

15、re as follows:v多媒體系統(tǒng)中交互類型包括下面幾種：vSearch and browse. These correspond to database access functions for extracting the required multimedia information from storage.v搜尋和瀏覽。這些是同從存儲(chǔ)媒體中獲得需要的多媒體信息的相應(yīng)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)接入功能相對(duì)應(yīng)。vInteractive “buttons”. A frame of information (i.e., a screen or portion of a screen) may conta

16、in buttons that can be selected (e.g., using a cursor) to control the presentation of information, and to pass on to another frame.v交互按鈕。幀信息可能包括被選擇的按鈕，這個(gè)按鈕用來(lái)控制提供的信息和傳遞給另外一個(gè)幀。vExamples of “buttons” are lists of options, menu selections, and portions of the displayed information that can be selected t

17、o obtain additional information on that subject. v例如按鈕可以是選項(xiàng)，菜單選擇，和在被選擇的目標(biāo)上顯示出附加信息vWindowing. One frame of information overlaps a background frame, and the size of frames can be changed by the user so as to view portions of several frames simultaneously.v窗口技術(shù)，一個(gè)幀的信息同背景幀交疊，為了能同時(shí)看到幾個(gè)幀信息，幀的尺寸能被用戶改變。vFas

18、t forward, rewind, pause, and skip. “tape recorder” commands to control the sequence and speed of presentation of information can be used, not just with audio and video information but also to control a sequence of frames of data, fax, and image.v快進(jìn)，回倒，暫停和跳過(guò)。使用控制被使用信息的展示速度和順序的磁帶錄音機(jī)的功能鍵，不僅可以控制音頻和視頻，還

19、有數(shù)據(jù)，傳真和圖像幀的順序。vConversational interaction. When a human user is present at each end of the communication channel, a wide range of conversational interactions are possible, including audio discussion, displaying data and images in shared screens, and pointing to, editing and annotating the contents o

20、f the shared screen.v會(huì)話交互。當(dāng)人們出現(xiàn)在每個(gè)通信信道末端，很大范圍的會(huì)話交互是可能的，包括音頻討論，數(shù)據(jù)和圖像顯示的屏幕共享，和對(duì)共享屏幕的定位，編輯和評(píng)注。vEnabling technologiesv支撐技術(shù)vMultimedia communication has come about as a result of the development of a number of technological capabilities.v由于大多數(shù)技術(shù)能力的發(fā)展，多媒體通信已經(jīng)發(fā)生了變化。vThese capabilities are described in the

21、following subsections.v下面的部分中將對(duì)這些技術(shù)能力進(jìn)行描述vFast-packet networks. The high bandwidth, burst nature of multimedia communications makes it particularly suited to fast-packet telecommunication capabilities such as those provided by ATM and DQDB. v快速分組網(wǎng)絡(luò)。高帶寬，多媒體通信爆發(fā)式發(fā)展的特性使得諸如ATM和DQDB等快速分組網(wǎng)絡(luò)特別適合于它們。vUntil

22、these networks are widely deployed, multimedia communications can be based on circuit capabilities at a range of bandwidths and lower bandwidth packet capabilities. Such as X.25 and frame relays.v在這些網(wǎng)絡(luò)廣泛使用以前，多媒體通信可建立在一定帶寬范圍的電路和較低帶寬的分組功能的基礎(chǔ)上，例如X。25和幀中繼。vHigh capacity storage systems. The predominance

23、 of storage intensive media, such as audio, video, and high resolution image in multimedia communications requires high capacity storage systems, such as optical disks.v高容量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)。密集型存儲(chǔ)煤質(zhì)的優(yōu)勢(shì)，例如音頻、視頻和高分辨率圖像在多媒體通信中都需要高容量存儲(chǔ)系統(tǒng)，例如光碟。vPowerful processing capability. The encoding/decoding of a variety of medi

24、a plus the synchronization of their presentation to the user require powerful processors.v強(qiáng)有力的處理能力。不同媒體的編碼和解碼，加上將它們展示給用戶時(shí)的同步要求都需要強(qiáng)有力的處理器。vCompression coding. The development of coding techniques for audio, image, and video has enabled multimedia communications to be compressed into available bandwid

25、th.v壓縮編碼。音頻，圖像，視頻編碼技術(shù)的發(fā)展已經(jīng)使得多媒體通信能被壓縮在有限的帶寬內(nèi)。vThis enabled many multimedia systems to be developed before the availability of broadband networks. Broadband communications results in improved quality and lower end-to-end delay.v這些技術(shù)使得在寬帶網(wǎng)絡(luò)可用之前，許多多媒體系統(tǒng)可用。寬帶通信導(dǎo)致了通信質(zhì)量的改善和端對(duì)端延時(shí)的減少。vHypertext. Hypertext i

26、s a precursor to multimedia that was developed several years before the technology necessary for multimedia becoming available today.v超文本。超文本是多媒體的先驅(qū)，在多媒體所需技術(shù)發(fā)展之前，超文本已經(jīng)使用多年了。vWindowing. Windowing software gives an interface in which the user can interact with several files or software processes using

27、 a single screen.v窗口化。窗口軟件提供了一個(gè)用戶能在一個(gè)屏幕對(duì)幾個(gè)文件和軟件進(jìn)程進(jìn)行交互的界面。vIt was originally developed in a single medium situation-namely, image-and was rapidly extended to cater for motion video.v它最初在單一媒體中發(fā)展起來(lái)的，如圖像，并且迅速的擴(kuò)展到了可以適用于移動(dòng)視頻。vIt greatly enhances the interactive capabilities of many multimedia systems toda

28、y.v今天，許多多媒體系統(tǒng)的交互能力已經(jīng)給大大的增強(qiáng)了。vBusiness advantages of multimedia communicationsv多媒體通信在商業(yè)中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。vThere is a strong latent demand for multimedia communications as evidenced by:v商業(yè)中對(duì)多媒體通信存在強(qiáng)烈的潛在需求，證據(jù)如下：vThe use of videoconferencing to display a technical drawing or other object of discussion as well as the

29、 head and shoulders of the discussant.v視頻會(huì)議的使用可以顯示繪畫技術(shù)和其他的討論對(duì)象以及參加討論者的頭和肩膀。vThis is essentially the use of motion video to provide a still-image capability.v用移動(dòng)視頻來(lái)提供靜止的圖像的是一個(gè)基本的能力。vThe use of fax and data communication equipment during the course of a videoconferencing;v在視頻會(huì)議期間使用傳真和數(shù)字設(shè)備。vThe use of

30、modems that allow voice and data communications over one voice-grade line. v調(diào)制解調(diào)器的使用容許聲音和數(shù)據(jù)通信都在音頻級(jí)線路上完成。vThese examples imply a demand for interactive combinations of all five communications media: audio, data, image, fax, and video.v這些例子暗示了對(duì)5種通信媒體：聲音，數(shù)據(jù)，圖像，傳真和視頻的復(fù)合交互的需求。vThe business effectiveness

31、of multimedia communications can be estimated from the effectiveness of earlier forms of computer mediated communications (CMC) in which users of CMC, and research into its benefits, is more established than for multimedia since it has been used since the mid-1970s.v由于從70年代中期計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信已經(jīng)被使用，因此多媒體通信在商業(yè)中

32、的效用比多媒體本身更加明確，這可以從早期的計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信中的用戶中得到評(píng)估，并且可以研究多媒體通信的好處。vThe effectiveness of CMC has been analyzed in business group decision-making situations and in educational settings as an instructional tool.v計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信的效用在商業(yè)團(tuán)體決策中已經(jīng)被分析，并且在教育環(huán)境中已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)有用的工具。vGroup decision making v團(tuán)體決策vStudies have shown the there ar

33、e advantages to CMC in group decision-making situations compared to face-to-face meetings.v許多研究已經(jīng)顯示了計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信在團(tuán)體決策中比面對(duì)面會(huì)議中的優(yōu)勢(shì)。vTable 6.1 gives a comparison between computer-mediated communications and face-to-face meetings.v表6.1給出了計(jì)算機(jī)中介通信和面對(duì)面會(huì)議的比較情況。vThe result in table.6.1 can be summarized by the st

34、atement that computer mediation allows for (1) more opinions to be given by more group members and (2) willingness to change opinion in order to come to a quality decision.v表6.1結(jié)果中總結(jié)和比較如下： （1）計(jì)算機(jī)通信能容許更多的團(tuán)體成員發(fā)表更多的意見(jiàn)。（2）為了獲得高質(zhì)量 的結(jié)論，參與人員能更加自由積極的改變意見(jiàn)。vFact-to-face meetings can result in poorer decisions

35、, resulting from the bandwagon effect of dominant personalities.v面對(duì)面的會(huì)議形式將導(dǎo)致較差的決議，主要是因?yàn)橛烧加兄鲗?dǎo)的人決定的流行效應(yīng)。vThese advantages of CMC can be expected to apply with greater force in the case of multimedia communications, where the computer-mediated element has more impact on the human senses than in the data/text-based situations. v由于計(jì)算