自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)-第四章資料講解

1、自考英語(yǔ)詞匯學(xué)-第四章4.1 Affixation 詞綴法 l Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created in this way are derived from old forms. The words formed in this way are called derivativ

2、es. 詞綴法可定義為通詞綴法可定義為通過(guò)給詞干加結(jié)構(gòu)詞詞綴或派生詞綴構(gòu)成新詞的過(guò)給詞干加結(jié)構(gòu)詞詞綴或派生詞綴構(gòu)成新詞的一種構(gòu)詞方法。用這種方法構(gòu)成的詞叫派生構(gòu)一種構(gòu)詞方法。用這種方法構(gòu)成的詞叫派生構(gòu)詞詞 。4.1.1 Prefixation前綴法lPrefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. 前綴法是在詞干上加上前綴構(gòu)詞的一種方前綴法是在詞干上加上前綴構(gòu)詞的一種方法。法。lPrefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but

3、 only modify its meaning. 前綴一般不改變?cè)~干的詞類，前綴一般不改變?cè)~干的詞類，只對(duì)詞干的意義進(jìn)行修飾。只對(duì)詞干的意義進(jìn)行修飾。 lAccordingly, we shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis into nine groups: Negative prefixes, Reversative prefixes, Pejorative prefixes, Prefixes of degree or size, Prefixes of orientation and attitude, Locative prefixe

4、s, Prefixes of time and order, Number prefixes, Miscellaneous prefixes. -因此我們可以從語(yǔ)義的角度把前綴分為因此我們可以從語(yǔ)義的角度把前綴分為 9 類：表示類：表示否定否定意義的前綴，表示意義的前綴，表示逆向逆向意義的前綴，表示意義的前綴，表示貶義貶義的前綴，的前綴，表示表示程度、大小程度、大小等意義的前綴，表示等意義的前綴，表示傾向和態(tài)度傾向和態(tài)度等意等意 義的前綴，表示義的前綴，表示方位方位意義的前綴，表示意義的前綴，表示時(shí)間和順序時(shí)間和順序等意等意義的前綴，表示義的前綴，表示數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)字的前綴，其他種類意義的前綴。的前綴

5、，其他種類意義的前綴。 4.1.2 Suffixation后綴法lSuffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.后綴法是在詞干后綴法是在詞干加上后綴來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞。加上后綴來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞。 lSuffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word c

6、lass. 后綴的只有很小語(yǔ)義作用，其主要功能是改變后綴的只有很小語(yǔ)義作用，其主要功能是改變?cè)~干的語(yǔ)法功能。換句話說(shuō)，他們主要是改變?cè)~干的語(yǔ)法功能。換句話說(shuō)，他們主要是改變?cè)~性詞性。1.Noun suffixes 名詞后綴l1) Denominal nouns:由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞由名詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞 a. Concrete,具體名詞具體名詞 b. Abstract. 抽象名詞抽象名詞 l2) Deverbal nouns:由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞由動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)化來(lái)的名詞 a. The following suffixes combine with verb stems to create largely n

7、ouns denoting people, -ant，-ee，-ent，-er（-or） 下面這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上構(gòu)成新詞，主要表示人下面這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上構(gòu)成新詞，主要表示人. b. Suffixes of this group added to verb stems to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action, result, process, state, etc：-al，-age，-ance，-ation，-ence，-ing，-ment。 下面這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上，主要構(gòu)成抽象下面這組后綴加在動(dòng)詞詞干上，主要構(gòu)成抽象名

8、詞，表示動(dòng)作、結(jié)果、過(guò)程、狀態(tài)等名詞，表示動(dòng)作、結(jié)果、過(guò)程、狀態(tài)等 l3) De-adjective nouns 由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞由形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞. -ity, -ness, l4) Noun and adjective suffixes 名詞和形容詞名詞和形容詞后綴后綴 -ese,-an,-ist 有一小部分后綴加在表示人或者國(guó)家名的詞干有一小部分后綴加在表示人或者國(guó)家名的詞干上，既構(gòu)成名詞又構(gòu)成形容詞：上，既構(gòu)成名詞又構(gòu)成形容詞：2.Adjective suffixes 形容詞后綴l1) Denominal suffixes：-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,

9、-y 加在名詞后的形容詞后綴加在名詞后的形容詞后綴 l2) Deverbal suffixes:-able（-ible），），-ive（-ative，-sive） 加在動(dòng)詞后的形容詞后綴加在動(dòng)詞后的形容詞后綴 3.Adverb suffixes: 副詞后綴 -ly, -ward(s), -wise4.Verb suffixes：動(dòng)詞后綴：動(dòng)詞后綴 -ate, -en, -(i)fy, -ize(ise), 4.2 Compounding復(fù)合法復(fù)合法lCompounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by jo

10、ining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.復(fù)合法，也稱作復(fù)合法，也稱作 composition,是指由兩是指由兩個(gè)或者更多的詞干相結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的新詞，此種方式形成個(gè)或者更多的詞干相結(jié)合而構(gòu)成的新詞，此種方式形成的詞的詞 被稱為復(fù)合詞。被稱為復(fù)合詞。lSo a compound is a lexical unit consisting of more than one stem and functioning both grammatically and semantically as a sing

11、le word. 所以，復(fù)合詞是所以，復(fù)合詞是“由多于一個(gè)以上的詞干組成的，而且語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)義功能由多于一個(gè)以上的詞干組成的，而且語(yǔ)法和語(yǔ)義功能為單個(gè)詞的詞匯單位為單個(gè)詞的詞匯單位”lCompounds are written in various ways: solid, hyphenated or open. Sometimes the same compound may appear in three different forms. lAs open compounds are the same in form as free phrases, what is the dividing l

12、ine between them?4.2.1characteristicsof Compound復(fù)合詞的特點(diǎn)復(fù)合詞的特點(diǎn)lCompounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects: 不同于自由詞組，復(fù)合詞有以下三個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)：不同于自由詞組，復(fù)合詞有以下三個(gè)方面的特點(diǎn)： 1). Phonetic features In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second eleme

13、nt is generally stressed if there is only one stress. In cases of two stresses, the compound has the primary stress on the first element and the secondary stress, if any, on the second whereas the opposite is true of free phrases. 1 ）語(yǔ)音特點(diǎn)語(yǔ)音特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合詞中的重音通常在第一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分上，而在名詞。復(fù)合詞中的重音通常在第一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分上，而在名詞詞組中重音一般在第二

14、個(gè)詞上（如果詞組中重音一般在第二個(gè)詞上（如果 該詞只有一個(gè)重音），如果有該詞只有一個(gè)重音），如果有兩個(gè)重音，復(fù)合詞的主要重音在第一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分上，次重音在第二兩個(gè)重音，復(fù)合詞的主要重音在第一個(gè)構(gòu)詞成分上，次重音在第二個(gè)重音，而個(gè)重音，而 在自由詞組中重音讀法則相反在自由詞組中重音讀法則相反lhot house lnounla heated building, typically largely of glass, for rearing plants out of season or in a climate colder than is natural for them溫室l(figurati

15、ve)an environment that encourages the rapid growth or development of someone or something, especially in a stifling or intense way(喻)溫室（鼓勵(lì)人或物快速生長(zhǎng)或發(fā)展的環(huán)境，尤指沉悶地或強(qiáng)烈地）las modifierthe hothouse atmosphere of the college大學(xué)的溫室氣氛。lfathead lnounl(informal)a stupid person(非正式)蠢人，傻瓜lgreen roomlNoun lbackstage ro

16、om in a theater where performers rest or have visitors演員休息室lHowever, sometimes two compounds have similar construction, but one may have a compound accent, and the other may have a phrase accent.l Besides, it is also common for both components of a compound to have level stress.lash blonde (亦作 ash b

17、lond)lAdjective l(of a person or their hair) very pale blonde(人，頭發(fā)）淡金色的lnounlmass nouna very pale blonde colour淡金色lcount nouna person with hair of such a colour頭發(fā)淡金色的人lbottle green lnounlmass noundark green深綠色l2). Semantic features Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every c

18、ompound should express a single idea just as one word. 語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)語(yǔ)義特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合詞在語(yǔ)義統(tǒng)一性上與自由詞組存在差。復(fù)合詞在語(yǔ)義統(tǒng)一性上與自由詞組存在差異。每個(gè)復(fù)合詞應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)單一的觀念，就如同異。每個(gè)復(fù)合詞應(yīng)表達(dá)一個(gè)單一的觀念，就如同 一個(gè)一個(gè)單詞一樣。單詞一樣。 a green hand red meat hot dog lThe lexical meaning of the components of a compound can be closely joined together to create a compound with a

19、 meaning which one can easily recognize, le.g. backdoor (a door at the back of a house or other building; lworkday is a day for work.lThe meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts. le.g. dog days means “the hottest days of the year-in July and August” ；lflatfoot refers

20、to a policeman; lblue blood means “aristocratic descent or birth”(貴族出身； 貴族身份） lblue revolution lBlue - (informal)(of a film, joke, or story) with sexual or pornographic contentlblue film lblue stocking - talented woman Semantically, compounds can be said to have a meaning which may be related to but

21、 cannot always be inferred from the meaning of its component parts. lMr. Smith doesnt want to make his son an ambulance chaser(專門靠慫恿交通事故受傷者打官司來(lái)拉生意賺錢的律師).lHe likes American Beauty(月月紅).lThese youths are full of animal spirits(活力).l She is an apple polisher(馬屁精).lMr.Potter was a baby-kisser(到處拉票者) whe

22、n he ran for the presidency.lI detest his grandmother because she is a backseat driver(多管閑事). lIs there bad blood(仇恨) between the two villages?lThe girl who is wearing a ball-dress is Mr. Whites daughter.lI wont be deceived by her banana oil.lThat sick person has got a Bath chair.lHe is a benchman.l

23、Jerry became a bench warmer last winter.lRobert was the best man at the wedding. lHe coined money with many best-sellers.lPearl is Lukes better half.lJustin is a big gun.lThe girl who is wearing a ball-dress(舞會(huì)服裝) is Mr. Whites daughter.lI wont be deceived by her banana oil(花言巧語(yǔ)).lThat sick person h

24、as got a Bath chair(巴斯輪椅).lHe is a benchman(收音機(jī)和電視機(jī)的修理工).lJerry became a bench warmer(候補(bǔ)球員) last winter.lRobert was the best man(伴郎) at the wedding. lHe coined money with many best-sellers(暢銷書).lPearl is Lukes better half(妻子).lJustin is a big gun(有影響的人物).lMr. Murrel has got a big head.lDo you know M

25、iss potter has got a big mouth?lMr Hyde will become a big wheel in the automobile company.lGordon is a swimming big-timer.lI never expect shes a birdbrain.lThe child was in his birthday suit and ran about the yard. lMr. Murrel has got a big head(自高自大).lDo you know Miss potter has got a big mouth(很多嘴

26、)?lMr Hyde will become a big wheel(紅人) in the automobile company.lGordon is a swimming big-timer(明星).lI never expect shes a birdbrain(笨蛋).lThe child was in his birthday suit(一絲不掛) and ran about the yard. lShe likes black coffee.lThey said the black dog was over David.lHow many head of black game did

27、 you shoot?lBenson is the black sheep of the company.lThe black widow is very poisonous.lThe blue baby nestled in Annies arms.lMr. Wu has blue blood in his veins.lDont see blue films.lAlice is a blue stocking.lShe likes black coffee(不加牛奶或奶油的咖啡).lThey said the black dog(沮喪) was over David.lHow many h

28、ead of black game(黑琴雞) did you shoot?lBenson is the black sheep(害群之馬) of the company.lThe black widow(黑寡婦蜘蛛) is very poisonous.lThe blue baby(患先天性心臟病的嬰兒) nestled in Annies arms.lMr. Wu has blue blood(貴族血統(tǒng)) in his veins.lDont see blue films(黃色電影).lAlice is a blue stocking(才女).4.4.2 Formation of Compo

29、undslCompounding can take place within any of the word classes.lMost compounds consist of only two stems but are formed on a rich variety of patterns and the internal grammatical relationships wjtrhin the words are considerably complex.lThere are many compounds which contain more than two stems.In f

30、act, these are free phrases or idioms but are joined together by hyphens to form a single unit, for example, stay-at-home, forget-me-not (a low-growing plant of the borage family, which typically has blue flowers and is a popular ornamental勿忘（我）草), dog-in-the-manger (inclined to prevent others from

31、having or using things that one does not need oneself占馬槽的狗；占著茅坑不拉屎. )lCompounds are very often used because of their brevity and vividness.3) Grammatical features lA compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence, for example, a verb, a noun, or an adjective. lIn adjective-noun compo

32、unds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes. 語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法特點(diǎn)。復(fù)合詞在語(yǔ)法上獨(dú)立作成分，例如，動(dòng)詞，名詞或形容復(fù)合詞在語(yǔ)法上獨(dú)立作成分，例如，動(dòng)詞，名詞或形容詞。詞。但在在形容詞但在在形容詞- -名詞類復(fù)合詞中，名詞類復(fù)合詞中， 其形容詞部分不能有其形容詞部分不能有詞尾變化。如復(fù)合詞：詞尾變化。如復(fù)合詞：fine artfine art（精細(xì)工藝），（精細(xì)工藝）， 自自由詞組由詞組 finer artfiner art（更精細(xì)的藝術(shù)）（更精細(xì)的藝術(shù)）4.3 Conversion 轉(zhuǎn)類法l Conversion i

33、s the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. 轉(zhuǎn)類法是將一種轉(zhuǎn)類法是將一種詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類構(gòu)成新詞的方法。詞類轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞類構(gòu)成新詞的方法。 lSince the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. 既然這些詞在形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)上不變，只在功能既然這些詞在形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)上不變，只在功能上有變化，這一轉(zhuǎn)類過(guò)

34、程也叫做功能轉(zhuǎn)換。上有變化，這一轉(zhuǎn)類過(guò)程也叫做功能轉(zhuǎn)換。l Conversion is generally considered to be a derivational process whereby an item is adapted or converted to a new word class, without the addition of an affix. Hence the name zero-derivation. 一般認(rèn)為，轉(zhuǎn)類法是單詞不添一般認(rèn)為，轉(zhuǎn)類法是單詞不添加詞綴而直接轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)新詞的派生構(gòu)詞的過(guò)程。這一過(guò)程由加詞綴而直接轉(zhuǎn)化為一個(gè)新詞的派生構(gòu)詞的過(guò)程。這一過(guò)程

35、由于不加詞綴，所以又稱零派生。于不加詞綴，所以又稱零派生。l1. Conversion to nounl2. Conversion to verbsAnimal Names Turned into VerbslWhat do the following verbs mean?l1. to ape 2. to ass about 3. to crow over 4. to crab 5. to duck 6. to parrot 7. to peacock 8. to rat 9. to wolf 10. to monkey with 11. to dog 12. to ferret(雪貂) 1

36、3. to hound 14. to toady (蟾蜍)l1. to mimic (盲目模仿)l2. to be mischievous (淘氣的，頑皮的)l3. to express gleeful triumph(歡叫)l4. to decry (譴責(zé))l5. to move quickly down (迅速俯下;迅速低下)l6. to imitate (模仿, 仿效)l7. to show off (炫耀, 賣弄)l8. to break a promise (出賣)l9. to eat quickly and greedily (狼吞虎咽)l10. to play with (瞎胡鬧

37、)l11. to keep close behind (跟蹤, 尾隨)l12. to discover by searching (搜出，發(fā)現(xiàn))l13. to chase (追逐)l14. to flatter (拍馬屁)4.4 Blending 拼綴法l Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or pormanteau word

38、s. 拼綴法是通過(guò)合并兩個(gè)詞的某些部分或拼綴法是通過(guò)合并兩個(gè)詞的某些部分或一個(gè)詞與另外一個(gè)詞的一部分相加起來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞。一個(gè)詞與另外一個(gè)詞的一部分相加起來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞。 以此種方式以此種方式構(gòu)成的詞被稱作為拼綴詞或拼級(jí)詞。構(gòu)成的詞被稱作為拼綴詞或拼級(jí)詞。 lThe overwhelming majority of blends are nouns; very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer.絕大多數(shù)拼綴詞是絕大多數(shù)拼綴詞是名詞名詞;很少為動(dòng)詞，是形容詞的則更是少之又少。很少為動(dòng)詞，是形容詞的則更是少之又少。 lBlends are mostly

39、 used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines. 拼綴詞主要用于科技文章、報(bào)紙雜志文章的寫作。拼綴詞主要用于科技文章、報(bào)紙雜志文章的寫作。 lStructurally divided into four types lBlends are mostly used in writjng related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines. Though many of them have alre

40、ady achieved currency in English, they are still considered by seriousminded people to be slang and informal. Therefore, it is advisable not to use such words too often, particularly in formal writing.4.5 clipping截短法lAnother common way of making a word is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part o

41、ff the original and using what remains instead. This is called clipping. -另一個(gè)常見的構(gòu)詞法時(shí)將原詞的一部另一個(gè)常見的構(gòu)詞法時(shí)將原詞的一部分截去，只用剩下來(lái)的一部分構(gòu)成新詞，這種方法叫截分截去，只用剩下來(lái)的一部分構(gòu)成新詞，這種方法叫截短法。短法。 lFour main types: 1) back clipping; 2)front clippings; 3) front and back clippings; 4) phrase clippings.lClipping often alters spelling and pronunciation. 4.6 Acronymy首字母縮略法lAcronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.首字母拼音法是將社會(huì)組織、特首字母拼音法是將社會(huì)組織、特殊的名詞詞組或技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)的首字母連起來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞的方殊的名詞詞組或技術(shù)術(shù)語(yǔ)的首字母連起來(lái)構(gòu)成新詞的方法。法。l Wo