理工科學(xué)術(shù)英語摘要(完整版)Word版

1、Text1 How do computer hackers “get inside”a computer Abstract： Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term “hacker”, “cracker” and “getting inside” the computers and describes the procedure in

2、 detail. The term “unauthorized user” (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The fi

3、rst step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched wit

4、hout any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including u

5、pdating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked. 摘要： 計(jì)算機(jī)漏洞經(jīng)常被黑客破解使用。每臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)的安全性都在承受挑戰(zhàn)。本文首先重新定義了術(shù)語“電腦狂人”、“黑客”和“進(jìn)入計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)部”，并詳細(xì)描述了該過程。而術(shù)語“未授權(quán)用戶”（UU）能更好的定

6、義“侵入者”。已知和未知的漏洞會(huì)不經(jīng)意的被人利用，不管這些漏洞是低安全性密碼保護(hù)，還是電腦持續(xù)開機(jī)，亦或是在辦公室與其他訪客的直接接觸。“未授權(quán)用戶”利用技術(shù)漏洞的第一步即是確定目標(biāo)系統(tǒng)的明細(xì)規(guī)范是什么。有兩種攻擊方式，一種是針對(duì)超文本傳輸協(xié)議（HTTP）固有的功能，另一種是預(yù)先設(shè)定好程序?qū)μ囟ㄒ资芄魧?duì)象進(jìn)行攻擊，沒有任何具體目標(biāo)。黑客行動(dòng)的多變性，警告用戶不管是薄弱的還是強(qiáng)大的系統(tǒng)，都應(yīng)當(dāng)選擇正確的方式來自我保護(hù)，不要輕易將授權(quán)給其他人。最后，文章列出了避免安全漏洞的解決方案，包括更新補(bǔ)丁、使用復(fù)雜的密碼、只從可靠的網(wǎng)站或服務(wù)中獲取信息、及時(shí)更新殺毒軟件和備份，以保護(hù)計(jì)算機(jī)中的數(shù)據(jù)不被黑客

7、攻擊。Text 3 Advantages of Cloud computing Abstract： Cloud of computing is allowing you to use services that include infrastructure applications ,and storage space for a nominal fee. It should be able to quickly allot and relieve resources whenever required by clients and cater to the needs of clients

8、without having to involve clients into management of the service and have real- time backup to offer maximum up time clients. The type of cloud services includes software as a service ,platform as a service ,infrastructure as a service .The advantages of cloud computing under green computing include

9、 reducing the consumption of electricity while also reducing emissions that damage the environment ,saving the environment while also saving on the expenses incurred due to a demand for expansion ,and allowing you to let you employees telecommute. Then ,here is a summary about the advantages of clou

10、d computing: remote accessibility , easy expansion ,security and environmentally friendly. Keys words : advantage 、cloud computing service、 green computing 摘要： 云計(jì)算是可以讓你使用基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和應(yīng)用程序，并且為象征性的收費(fèi)提供存儲(chǔ)空間的服務(wù)。它可以很快分配和釋放資源，無論客戶何時(shí)請(qǐng)求，能夠迎合客戶的需求，而不需要讓客戶參與服務(wù)的管理；而且它有實(shí)時(shí)的備份，為客戶提供最大的正常運(yùn)行時(shí)間。云服務(wù)的類型包括軟件即服務(wù)模型、平臺(tái)即服務(wù)模型、基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)架即

11、服務(wù)模型。綠色背景下云計(jì)算的好處是降低了電力消耗，同時(shí)也降低了有害環(huán)境的排放量；挽救了環(huán)境，也節(jié)約了由于擴(kuò)大的需求而帶來的費(fèi)用；允許你的員工遠(yuǎn)程上班。然后，得出云計(jì)算有以下幾項(xiàng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)：遠(yuǎn)程利用、很容易擴(kuò)展、安全、環(huán)境友好。關(guān)鍵字：優(yōu)勢(shì)、云計(jì)算、服務(wù)、綠色計(jì)算Text5 Can You Compete with A.I. for the Next Job? Abstract: With the development of social and technology, Artificial intelligence may replace human jobs in the future. The

12、re are a lot of news that reported artificial intelligence has play a important role in our life. For decades. People wrote about how machines replace humans. It will be better or ill. But all expected did not come. Around the time of the Revolution. Most of Americans worked in the farm. They farmed

13、 to keep themselves alive. With the development of traffic. Farming increasingly became a cash business. But as the agricultural industry grew, there are fewer and fewer workers who worked at farming and ranching. Today agricultural provides fewer than two million jobs. Because of automation happene

14、d. It bring better plows, planting and sowing machines. Agricultural become more and more scientific. The farmers children found new kinds of jobs in the city, they do not like stay on the farm. The early water-and-steam-powered factories also displace millions of craftsmen, because machine-handing

15、factory workers made the goods better than the goods made by craftsmen. So that the number of factory jobs growing rapidly at that time. The automation of farming, craft work and manufacturing made products. Among them, food become cheaper and cheaper, so people can save money from food, then spend

16、money on other expensive goods. Will A.I. machines take over the best occupations? The author is optimist and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs. 摘要: 隨著社會(huì)和科技的發(fā)展，人工智能可能在未來取代人類工作。有很多的新聞報(bào)道，人工智能已經(jīng)在我們的生活中起重要的作用。幾十年來。人們寫了如何用機(jī)器代替人工作。這將會(huì)帶來好處還是壞處，但都沒有實(shí)現(xiàn)。在美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期。大多數(shù)的美國(guó)人在農(nóng)場(chǎng)工作。他們靠耕種維持自己的生活。隨著

17、交通的發(fā)展。農(nóng)業(yè)越來越走向市場(chǎng)。但是，隨著農(nóng)業(yè)工廠化的崛起，越來越少的人在農(nóng)場(chǎng)牧場(chǎng)工作。今天的農(nóng)業(yè)提供了少于二百萬的工作。由于農(nóng)業(yè)自動(dòng)化的發(fā)展。它帶來更好的犁，種植、播種機(jī)。農(nóng)業(yè)變得越來越科學(xué)。但是農(nóng)民們的孩子更愿意在城市找工作，他們不喜歡呆在農(nóng)場(chǎng)。早期的水和蒸汽動(dòng)力工廠也取代成千上萬的工匠，因?yàn)闄C(jī)械制造廠工人制造的商品比手工制作的商品更好。所以工廠的就業(yè)率迅速增加。農(nóng)業(yè)自動(dòng)化，工藝和制造業(yè)生產(chǎn)的商品。其中，食物變得越來越便宜，所以人們可以從買食物中節(jié)省金錢，然后有足夠的錢去消費(fèi)那些昂貴的物品。人工智能機(jī)器將來會(huì)不會(huì)接管最好的職業(yè)？作者是樂觀主義者，可能不會(huì)同意機(jī)器將代替人類的工作。test6

18、: Game theoryAbstractGame theory Game theory is the science of strategy and was pioneered by Princeton mathematician John Von Neumann. In the early years the emphasis was on games of pure conflict. Other games were considered in a cooperative form. Games are different from decisions made in a neutra

19、l environment. The essence of a game is the interdependence of player strategies. There are two distinct typesof strategic interdependence:sequential and simultaneous. The logical circle is squared using a concept of equilibrium developed by the Princeton mathemat cian John Nash. Nashs notion of equ

20、ilibrium remains an incomplete solution to the problem of circular reasoning in simultaneous-move games. Some games have many such equilibrium while others have none. And this notion has some flaws. In spite of it,the concept has proved extremely useful in analyzing many strategic interactions. Ther

21、e are some examples of strategic interaction illustrate some of the fundmentals of game the ry:the prisonersdilemma,mixing moves and strategic moves. Recent advances in game theory have succeeded in describing and prescribing appropriate strategies in several situations of conflict and cooperation.

22、But the theory is far away from complete,and in many ways the design of successful strategy remains an art.博弈論是戰(zhàn)略的科學(xué)性和首創(chuàng)了由普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰馮諾伊曼。在最初幾年的重點(diǎn)是純沖突的游戲。其他比賽被認(rèn)為是一種合作形式。游戲不同于在一個(gè)中立的環(huán)境中做出的決定。游戲的本質(zhì)是玩家策略的相互依存。有兩種不同類型的戰(zhàn)略相互依存的：順序和同步。邏輯循環(huán)是利用均衡的概念是由普林斯頓數(shù)學(xué)家約翰納什開發(fā)的平方。納什均衡的概念對(duì)于同時(shí)進(jìn)行的循環(huán)論證問題仍然是一個(gè)不完整的解決方案。有些游戲有很多這樣的

23、均衡，而另一些則沒有。而且這個(gè)概念有一些缺陷。盡管它的概念已被證明在分析許多戰(zhàn)略互動(dòng)非常有用。有戰(zhàn)略互動(dòng)的一些例子說明了一些博弈論的基本原理：囚徒困境，混合動(dòng)作和戰(zhàn)略舉措。在博弈論的最新進(jìn)展已經(jīng)成功地描述和規(guī)定適當(dāng)?shù)牟呗栽跊_突與合作的幾種情況。但理論是遠(yuǎn)未完成的，而且在成功策略很多方面的設(shè)計(jì)仍然是一門藝術(shù)。Text 8 How Nanotechnology WorksAbstract: At the begin of this article, it states that there are unprecedented multidisciplinary convergence scient

24、ists dedicated to the study of a world so small that we cant see iteven with a light microscope and tells us the important of nanotechnology. Then in order to understand the unusual world of nanotechnology, we need to get an idea of the units of measure involved. The long of one nanometer is so smal

25、l. When we measure the atomic scale, we can find that its still small compare to the nanometer. But in a lecture called “Small Wonders: The World of Nano science”, Nobel Prize winner Dr.Horst Stormer said that the nanoscale is more interesting than the atomic scale because the nanoscale is the first

26、 point where we can assemble somethingits not until we start putting atoms together that we can make anything useful.Then the article states that some predictions of nanotechnology such as the use of the rule of quantum mechanics, nanorobot. It nanotechnology in future.文章開頭說明了不同領(lǐng)域在研究細(xì)小事物的科學(xué)家都在關(guān)注納米世界

27、一個(gè)連精致的顯微鏡都無法觀察的世界，從而為后文講述納米技術(shù)做鋪墊。第二段后講述了納米作為長(zhǎng)度單位的意義，說明了納米是非常細(xì)微的刻度，比如原子水平就是以納米為單位的。作者還引用了小小的奇觀：納米科學(xué)世界的講座中諾貝爾得主Horst Starmor所說，納米水平比原子水平更有趣，從而使文章過度到納米技術(shù)的猜想，比如說量子力學(xué)、納米機(jī)器人。這都表明了納米技術(shù)在未來具有極大的研究?jī)r(jià)值。Test9: Global Warming and Its EffectsAbstract:Global warming has been a global issue for many years now.Howeve

28、r, the most prominent effect of global warming exists in the climate change over the past years. It causes the oceans warmer, the intensity of hurricanes amplifies in power and devastation. Another area affected by global warming is the animal kingdom and nature.The number of animals has been decrea

29、sing and the various disease has spread to new regions across the globe. A third type of evidence of global warming can be found in plants. The leading cause of global warming is the ongoing burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Although carbon dioxide largely h

30、arms the environment, the other greenhouse gases have a large impact in the atmosphere. Throughout the world, various nations have been joining to help prevent or slow the process of global warming. The issue of global warming affects nature, people, and the economy. Scientists directly link disease

31、 to global warming. When people are trying to get others involved in the cause, a common problem that arises is the lack of motivation. In conclusion, the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. And the mitigation of global warming, we should do from ourselves, from the

32、 little things around.全球變暖以及它的影響摘要：現(xiàn)在全球變暖已經(jīng)成為多年來的全球問題，然而，過去幾年來全球變暖最突出的影響體現(xiàn)在氣候變化上，它導(dǎo)致海洋變得更暖、颶風(fēng)的強(qiáng)度和力量更強(qiáng)、冰川融化等等。全球變暖影響的另一個(gè)領(lǐng)域是動(dòng)物王國(guó)和自然，它導(dǎo)致動(dòng)物的數(shù)量急劇減少、疾病的傳播更加廣。全球變暖的第三類證據(jù)可以在植物中找到。全球變暖的主要原因是不斷地燃燒化石燃料，這種燃燒會(huì)向大氣中釋放二氧化碳。不僅僅是二氧化碳，其它的溫室氣體也對(duì)大氣有很大影響。在全世界，不同國(guó)家一直在努力防止或減緩全球變暖的過程。這個(gè)問題影響到自然、人和經(jīng)濟(jì)?？茖W(xué)家們直接把疾病和全球變暖聯(lián)系起來，當(dāng)人們努力讓

33、其他人參與到這項(xiàng)事業(yè)中，出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)共同問題是缺乏動(dòng)力?？傊?，世界需要付出更大的努力以防止全球變暖。減緩全球變暖，我們應(yīng)該從自己做起，從身邊的小事做起。Text 11 Risks of Nuclear PowerAbstract： The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation.The radiation mainly comes form the radioactive material.They can penetrate deep inside the huma

34、n body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny.But the rate of the latter is far less than the former. Reactor accidents is also one of the risk of nuclear power.But the nuclear power plant design stra

35、tegy for preventing accidents ,back-up system and mitigating their potential effects is “defence in depth”, so they happenprobability is exceedingly small. If they all fails,very high radiation doses can destroy body functions and lead to death within 60 days.The radioactive waste products from the

36、nuclear industry must be isolated from contact with people for very long time periods. The bulk of the radioactivity is contained in the spent fuel, which is quite small in volume and therefore easily handled with great care. At other radiation problems，for example, exploitation of materials and tra

37、nsport of radioactive materials also produce radiation.The effects of routine releases of radioactivity from nuclear plants depend somewhat on how the spent fuel is handled.摘要： 核電的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)主要來自輻射對(duì)健康的危害，這些輻射主要來自于放 射性材料。他們可以穿透人體深處,破壞生物細(xì)胞,從而引發(fā)癌癥；如 果他們破壞生殖細(xì)胞,可能導(dǎo)致遺傳疾病。但是后者發(fā)生的概率遠(yuǎn)小 于前者。核反應(yīng)堆事故也是核電的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)之一，由于具有縱深防御的策

38、略，它們發(fā)生的幾率非常小。但是一旦發(fā)生，非常高的輻射劑量可以 摧毀身體功能和在 60 天內(nèi)導(dǎo)致死亡。核工業(yè)的放射性廢物必須與人 隔離很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，放射性的大部分包含在乏燃料，而且體積小，因此非 常容易處理。在其它輻射問題上，如在核材料的開采和放射性物質(zhì)的 運(yùn)輸處理時(shí)也會(huì)產(chǎn)生輻射。 但放射性物質(zhì)從核電站釋放的對(duì)人類健康 的影響在某種程度上取決于它的處理方式。Text15轉(zhuǎn)基因食物“能夠養(yǎng)活世界嗎”Genetically modified food caused a fierce debate in the modern society, especially in long agrarian tra

39、dition and vocal green lobbies in the country。In fact, genetically modified food has become very much a part of our lives, the transgenic biological technology can not only improve the total agricultural output increased by 25%, and help the losses prevent the crops after the harvest,but also can im

40、prove the nutritional value of the food, to alleviate malnutrition problem in the world, the use of biological technology can also improve farming productivity in places where food shortages are caused by crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses, bacteria or fungi.Althou

41、gh it has so much potential, biological technology can not solve all the problems, biotech cannot overcome the challenge of distributing food in developing countries, many transgenic products may be too expensive not where it is most needed.Now More and more biotech research is being carried out in

42、developing countries.But to increase the impact of genetic research on the food production of those countries, there is a need for better collaboration between government agencieskeywords : Genetically modified food、Agricultural、Biotechnology developing countries、food、 hunger.轉(zhuǎn)基因食品在現(xiàn)代社會(huì)引起了一場(chǎng)激烈的爭(zhēng)論，特別

43、是在有悠久的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)傳統(tǒng)和主張環(huán)保的游說集團(tuán)的國(guó)家里。事實(shí)上，轉(zhuǎn)基因食品已經(jīng)成為我們生活重要的一部分，轉(zhuǎn)基因利用生物技術(shù)不僅可以提高把農(nóng)業(yè)總產(chǎn)量提高25，幫助防止作物收割后遭受損失，而且可以提高食物的營(yíng)養(yǎng)價(jià)值，緩解世界的營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良問題，利用生物技術(shù)還可以幫助提高因蟲害、干旱、土壤貧瘠和作物病毒、細(xì)菌或真菌導(dǎo)致作物減產(chǎn)而出現(xiàn)食物匱乏的地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)率。盡管具有這么多潛力，生物技術(shù)還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能解決全部問題，生物技術(shù)也無法克服在發(fā)展中國(guó)家分配糧食的難題，許多的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品，通常過于昂貴無法到達(dá)最需要的地方，現(xiàn)在發(fā)展中國(guó)家正在進(jìn)行越來越多的生物技術(shù)研究。但是，為擴(kuò)大遺傳學(xué)研究對(duì)這些國(guó)家的糧食生產(chǎn)的影響，政府各部門(包括當(dāng)?shù)卣块T和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的政府部門)與私營(yíng)生物技術(shù)公司之間需要更好的合作。Text18 大麻Marijuana