考研英語(yǔ)閱讀題源之經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精選文章之四

1、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家讀譯參考 考研英語(yǔ)閱讀題源之經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)人精選文章TEXT 4A question of standards一個(gè)關(guān)乎標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的問(wèn)題Feb 9th 2006From The Economist Global Agenda More suggestions of bad behaviour by tobacco companies. Maybe 也許,煙草公司對(duì)那些不良行為應(yīng)多提點(diǎn)建議 ANOTHER round has just been fought in the battle between tobacco companies and those who regard them as spaw

2、n of the devil. In a paper just published in the Lancet, with the provocative title “Secret science: tobacco industry research on smoking behaviour and cigarette toxicity”, David Hammond, of *Waterloo University1 in Canada and Neil Collishaw and Cynthia Callard, two members of Physicians for a Smoke

3、-Free Canada, a lobby group, criticise the behaviour of British American Tobacco (BAT. They say the firm considered manipulating some of its products in order to (1 make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom while they actually delivered high tar and nicotine levels to smokers.煙草公司與那些視其為“魔鬼之子”的人之間

4、剛剛又進(jìn)行了新一輪的交鋒。新近出版的柳葉刀刊登了 一篇題目頗具煽動(dòng)性的論文秘密科研煙草業(yè)開展對(duì)吸煙行為和香煙毒性的研究 ,作者是加拿大沃 特魯大學(xué)的戴維哈蒙德以及加拿大一個(gè)名為 “無(wú)煙加拿大醫(yī)師” 游說(shuō)團(tuán)的兩名成員尼爾科里肖和辛西婭 加拉德。他們對(duì)英美煙草公司的行為提出了批評(píng),稱該公司擬對(duì)某些煙草產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行處理,企圖讓監(jiān)督部 門誤以為其焦油含量低,而實(shí)際上這些產(chǎn)品仍會(huì)使得煙民吸收高濃度的焦油和尼古丁。It was and is no secret, as BAT points out, that people smoke low-tar cigarettes differently from h

5、igh-tar ones. The reason is that they want a decent dose of the nicotine which tobacco smoke contains. They therefore *pull2 a larger volume of air through the cigarette when they *draw on3 a low-tar rather than a high-tar variety. (2 The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug

6、.正如英美煙草公司所指出, 人們吸低焦油含量香煙的感覺(jué)不同于高焦油含量香煙, 這在過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在都不是 什么秘密。 這是因?yàn)樗麄冃枰獰煵葜泻羞m量尼古丁, 抽低焦油品種的香煙時(shí)所吸入的空氣含量也因此比 抽高焦油品種的香煙時(shí)高, (譯者注:也就是說(shuō),尼古丁含量過(guò)高,煙就很難吸,不容易抽得動(dòng)。 而這高 出來(lái)的空氣含量也彌補(bǔ)了癮性物質(zhì)(尼古丁的不足。But a burning cigarette is a complex thing, and that extra volume has some unexpected consequences. In particular, a bigger draw

7、is generally a faster draw. (3 That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco, rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette. This, in turn, means more smoke per unit volume, and thus more tar and nicotine. The nature of the nicotine may change, too, with more o

8、f it being in a form that is easy for the body to absorb.不過(guò), 一支點(diǎn)燃的卷煙可是一個(gè)復(fù)雜的玩意兒, 并且空氣量增加也會(huì)帶來(lái)意想不到的結(jié)果, 特別是當(dāng)我們 大口吸煙時(shí)往往會(huì)很快抽完一支煙, 此時(shí)所吸入的空氣更多來(lái)自于燃燒的煙草而非卷煙紙側(cè)。 因而, 這就 意味著每多吸一口空氣, 就會(huì)多吸一口焦油和尼古丁。 多數(shù)尼古丁都以一種易被人體吸收的形式存在, 因 此尼古丁的性質(zhì)也可能發(fā)生改變。經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家讀譯參考According to Dr Hammond and his colleagues, a series of studies conduc

9、ted by BAT's researchers between 1972 and 1994 quantified much of this. The standardised way of analysing cigarette smoke, as *laid down4 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO, which regulates everything from computer code to greenhouse gases, uses a machine to make 35-milli

10、litre puffs, drawn for two seconds once a minute. The firm's researchers, by contrast, found that real smokers draw 50-70ml per puff, and do so twice a minute. (4 Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal sett

11、lements that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in the United States.據(jù)哈蒙德醫(yī)生及其同事們稱, 英美煙草公司的研究員已于 1972年到 1994年間通過(guò)一系列研究對(duì)上述大部 分問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了定量檢測(cè)。卷煙煙塵分析的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方法,是由國(guó)際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化組織(ISO ,該組織可對(duì)包括計(jì)算機(jī) 代碼和溫室氣體在內(nèi)的所有問(wèn)題作出規(guī)定制定的,此法利用一臺(tái)機(jī)器噴發(fā)出 35毫升的煙霧,受試者每 分鐘吸一次、每次持續(xù) 2秒即可吸完。以此為對(duì)照,英

12、美公司研究員發(fā)現(xiàn),真正的煙民每分鐘 2次即可吸 完 50至 70毫升煙霧。 哈蒙德醫(yī)生是從煙草業(yè)提供的大量文獻(xiàn)中得出這一結(jié)論的。 過(guò)去幾年煙草業(yè)與美國(guó) 當(dāng)局一直僵持不下,遂簽署了各類法律協(xié)議。作為其中的一項(xiàng)內(nèi)容,煙草業(yè)被迫拱手交出這些文獻(xiàn)。Dr Hammond suggests, however, the firm went beyond merely investigating how people smoked. A series of internal documents from the late 1970s and early 1980s shows that BAT at leas

13、t thought about applying this knowledge to cigarette design. A research report from 1979 puts it thus: “There are three major design features which can be used either individually or in combination to manipulate delivery levels; filtration, paper permeability, and filter-tip ventilation.” A conferen

14、ce paper from 1983 says, “The challenge would be to reduce the mainstream nicotine determined by standard smoking-machine measurement while increasing the amount that would actually be absorbed by the smoker” . Another conference paper, from 1984, says: “ (5 We should strive to achieve this effect w

15、ithout appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table. Ideally it should appear to be no different from a normal cigarette.It should also be capable of delivering up to 100% more than its machine delivery.”不過(guò)哈蒙德醫(yī)生表示,英美公司所調(diào)查的不僅僅人們的吸煙方式。英美公司上世紀(jì) 70年代末、 80年代初 的一系列內(nèi)部文獻(xiàn)表明,該公司至少曾考慮過(guò)將這一知識(shí)用于卷煙設(shè)計(jì)。

16、 1979年的一份研究報(bào)告上這樣 說(shuō)道:“可分別或聯(lián)合應(yīng)用與設(shè)計(jì)有關(guān)的三個(gè)要素, 即過(guò)濾、 煙卷包裝紙的通透性以及過(guò)濾嘴的通氣效果, 來(lái)控制焦油和尼古丁的釋放水平。 ” 1983年一份會(huì)議論文也提到, “關(guān)鍵在于,要在提高吸煙者尼古丁實(shí) 際吸收量的同時(shí),減少可被標(biāo)準(zhǔn)檢測(cè)方法測(cè)定到的含量。 ” 1984年另一份會(huì)議論文說(shuō):“我們應(yīng)當(dāng)努力達(dá) 到這一效果并能在檢測(cè)中蒙混過(guò)關(guān)。理想化的結(jié)果是,這種香煙看上去應(yīng)與一般香煙無(wú)任何差異 并 且釋放的尼古丁及焦油量要比機(jī)器釋放的高出 100%。 ”None of the documents discovered by the three researchers

17、 shows that BAT actually did redesign its cigarettes in this way, and the firm denies that it did. However, BAT's own data show that some of its cigarettes delivered far more nicotine and tar to machines which had the characteristics of real smokers than to those which ran on ISO standards. In t

18、he most extreme example, in a test carried out in 1987, the “real smoking” machine drew 86% more nicotine and 114% more tar from Player's Extra Light than the ISO machine detected, although smoke intake was only 27% higher.三名研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)的文獻(xiàn)中沒(méi)有一篇表明英美公司確曾采用這種方法對(duì)其生產(chǎn)的卷煙進(jìn)行了改良, 而且該 公司也矢口否認(rèn)這么干過(guò)。英美公司內(nèi)部資料顯示,其生

19、產(chǎn)的某些卷煙向機(jī)器(具有實(shí)際吸煙者特征釋 放的尼古丁和焦油量遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出 ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。最為極端的例子是,在 1987年進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中, “真吸煙”機(jī) 器從 Player's Extra Light牌卷煙中吸收的尼古丁和焦油量比 ISO 儀器實(shí)際檢測(cè)到的量分別高出 86%和 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家讀譯參考 114%,而煙霧攝入量?jī)H高 27%。(6 Regardless of how this bcolor=#0000FF*came about5, the irony is that low-tar brands may have ended up causing more health problem

20、s than high-tar ones./color/b As one of BAT's medical consultants put it as early as 1978, “ Perhaps the most important determinant of the risk to health or to a particular aspect of health is the extent to which smoke is inhaled by smokers. If so, then deeply inhaled smoke from low-tar-delivery

21、 cigarettes might be more harmful than uninhaled smoke from high-tar cigarettes.” The firm, meanwhile, points out that the ISO test has been regarded as unreliable since 1967, and says its scientists have been part of a panel that is working on a new ISO standard.不管事實(shí)真相是怎樣的, 具有諷刺意味的是, 低焦油卷煙竟然比高焦油卷煙可

22、能更有損于健康。 正如一名 英美公司醫(yī)學(xué)顧問(wèn) 1978年所言, “也許, 吸煙者吸煙時(shí)的深淺度是危及健康或者健康某一特定方面的最重 要決定性因素。 若果真如此, 從低焦油卷煙中深深吸入的煙對(duì)人的危害可能比高焦油卷煙中未被吸入的煙 更大。 ”與此同時(shí),英美公司指出,自 1967年以來(lái), ISO 的試驗(yàn)一直都被認(rèn)為是不可靠的。并且言稱其公 司的科學(xué)家們已加入某評(píng)估委員會(huì),正在研究制定新的 ISO 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。注釋:1Waterloo:在比利時(shí)中部靠近布魯塞爾的城鎮(zhèn), 為拿破侖 1815年 6月 18日遭到?jīng)Q定性失敗的 “滑鐵盧” ; 而在加拿大安達(dá)略省東南部和美國(guó)衣阿華州東北部各有一座城市,一般譯名為“

23、沃特魯” ,以示區(qū)分。 2pull: 深吸 ; 對(duì)煙或飲料大口的吸或喝3draw on: 吸收4lay down: 規(guī)定,制定5come about: 發(fā)生拋磚引玉請(qǐng)對(duì)文中劃線短句給出您的譯法(對(duì)應(yīng)序號(hào) :(1 make them low-tar in the eyes of officialdom(2 The extra volume makes up for the lower concentration of the drug.(3 That pulls a higher proportion of the air inhaled through the burning tobacco,

24、 rather than through the paper sides of the cigarette.(4 Dr Hammonds's conclusion is drawn from the huge body of documents disgorged by the tobacco industry as part of various legal settlements that have taken place in the past few years, mainly as a result of disputes with the authorities in th

25、e United States.(5 We should strive to achieve this effect without appearing to have a cigarette that cheats the league table.(6 Regardless of how this came about, the irony is that low-tar brands may have ended up causing more health problems than high-tar ones.考研英語(yǔ)作文萬(wàn)能模板本人提供超強(qiáng)考研英語(yǔ)萬(wàn)能大作文模板, 極適合英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)差

26、或?qū)?考研英語(yǔ)作文頭疼的同學(xué), 本人今年考上的研究生, 英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)非常差, 要是自己寫可以說(shuō)一個(gè)完整沒(méi)錯(cuò)的句子都寫不出, 但使用此套模板考 得很高卻理想。本 考研英語(yǔ)作文模板,超強(qiáng)!本人已考上研究生,現(xiàn)有考研英語(yǔ)超 強(qiáng)作文萬(wàn)能模板,本套模板含四篇,含蓋了四大類不同形式,本套模 板句型復(fù)雜多變,需填文字極少!而且不論考什么題目都能用!保證 大作文 16+(滿分 20不但能使您做文拿個(gè)高分,而且節(jié)約了大量 時(shí)間做別的題目!此萬(wàn)能模板決對(duì)不同于輔導(dǎo)班的作文,本人也上過(guò) 時(shí)光! ! ! 只有一,絕對(duì)超值了!比 花幾百上個(gè)輔導(dǎo)班卻沒(méi)什么效果不知強(qiáng)多少倍!簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)使用此模板需要你寫的只有兩句話加一個(gè)短 語(yǔ):一句描寫圖畫內(nèi)容, 一句點(diǎn)明圖畫的思想, 還有一個(gè)詞就 是中心詞,使用很方便。買模板一并贈(zèng)送詳細(xì)使用方法說(shuō)明。 大家關(guān)心的關(guān)于考研作文的一些問(wèn)題:1 考研英語(yǔ)跟英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)的差異?   根據(jù)我當(dāng)時(shí)考的經(jīng)驗(yàn),確實(shí)英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)考得很好的最后考研英語(yǔ)成績(jī)卻不如差得,我感覺(jué) 這是因?yàn)樗麄儨?zhǔn)備不充分導(dǎo)致的,英語(yǔ)好的往往認(rèn)為自己英語(yǔ)好,四六級(jí)都考得很好,就一