初中英語 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 仁愛版

1、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 接觸一：肯定句式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的肯定句式是“have（has）過去分詞”。如： we have just finished our homework she has gone home 注意：1）該句式中的have或has是助動(dòng)詞，has用于第三人稱單數(shù)，其它人稱一律用have。2）該句式中have（has）和過去分詞之間可用just插入。3）把該句式譯成漢語時(shí)，往往用“已經(jīng)”、“剛剛”、“過”或“了”等。 接觸二：疑問句式現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句式是把助動(dòng)詞have或has提到主語之前。如： have you read this story book yet？特殊疑問句及反意疑問句結(jié)構(gòu)

2、如下： what have you done with my bike? you've read this story book, haven't you?注意：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句往往在句末加yet。2）把現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的一般疑問句譯成漢語時(shí)，往往譯成“過嗎？”、“已經(jīng)了嗎？”等。3）其肯定回答用“yes，have（has）”，否定回答用“no，haven't（hasn't）”，有時(shí)用“no，not yet”或“no，never”。接觸三：否定句式：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句式是“haven't（hasn't）過去分詞”。如： we haven

3、9;t studied unit 2 yet the train hasn't stopped yet注意：1）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的否定句句末往往加yet。2）否定句常譯為“還沒有”等?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)（一）i. 用所給動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。 1. i_never_（speak）to a foreigner 2. _tom_（return）the library book？ yes，he has    when_he_（return）it？ half an hour ago ii. 按要求轉(zhuǎn)換下列各句，每空一詞。 1. he has found nothing in the

4、 room（改為一般疑問句）      _he found_in the  room？ 2. i have already finished the work（改為否定句）   i_finished the work_. 3. she has got a notebook （對(duì)劃線部分提問）     _ _she got？ 4. they've never learned japanese,_ _（改為反意疑問句） 接觸四：用法之一：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去發(fā)生或完成的某一動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果。如

5、： have you read that story？你讀過那個(gè)故事嗎？（“讀”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響是：是否知道故事的內(nèi)容。） i have bought two apples 我買了兩個(gè)蘋果。 （“買”這一動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的結(jié)果是：擁有兩個(gè)蘋果。） 在學(xué)習(xí)這一概念的同時(shí)，還應(yīng)注意常與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)連用的幾個(gè)副詞：already，just，ever，yet，never等。already，just多用于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多用于疑問句和否定句中。如： i have already finished my homework我已經(jīng)做完家庭作業(yè)了。 he has

6、 just had his meal他剛吃過飯。 have you ever sung this english song？你曾唱過這首英文歌嗎？ they haven't started yet他們還沒有動(dòng)身。 we have never heard of it我們從來沒有聽說過這件事。接觸五：用法之二 :表示過去已經(jīng)開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。 注：這一用法即現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法因?yàn)楸硎镜氖浅掷m(xù)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，所以使用的動(dòng)詞通常是延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞：be, stay, study, wait, keep, have 等；使用的時(shí)間狀語通常由for或since 引導(dǎo)，但二者后接的詞有所不

7、同： for后常跟一個(gè)時(shí)間段，指某個(gè)動(dòng)作到現(xiàn)在為止已持續(xù)了多長時(shí)間，如for three years, for half an hour等。 since 作介詞，后面可以接一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)，如since 1980，也可以接“一段時(shí)間+ago”,如: since three years ago, since two months ago等。since 還可用作連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)過去時(shí)態(tài)的時(shí)間狀語從句。如：we have known each other since we went to college. 非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能直接和for 或since 連用，但我們可以找一個(gè)相應(yīng)的延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞或動(dòng)詞短語來替換這些

8、非延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞，如:comebe, come tobe in / at, go out be out, leavebe away, begin / startbe on, stop be over，buy have, borrow keep, openbe open, closebe closed, joinbe a member of, diebe dead, catch a coldhave a cold, get to knowknow, become a teacher be a teacher, fall asleepbe asleep, fall ill be ill等。 句型it

9、is the first （second, third.) time that.的that從句中，謂語動(dòng)詞須用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，表示到說話時(shí)為止動(dòng)作發(fā)生過幾次。如：it is the first time that i have been here. 接觸六：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的用法比較現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響；一般過去時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在過去。試比較：the plane has arrived . 飛機(jī)已經(jīng)來了。（說明現(xiàn)在的情況：飛機(jī)在這兒。）the plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飛機(jī)是一刻鐘以前抵達(dá)的。（強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間在

10、過去。）接觸七：have been in, have been to 與have gone to 的用法1. have(has) been in 意為“已經(jīng)在某地呆了多長時(shí)間”，常與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用。如： mr. brown has been in shanghai for three days. 布朗先生來上海已經(jīng)有三天了。 they have been in canada for five years. 他們到加拿大有五年了。2. have(has) been to意為“曾經(jīng)去過某地”，表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在那里了?？膳cjust, ever, never等連用。如： i've ju

11、st been to the post office. 我剛才去郵局了。 have you ever been to hangzhou? 你曾經(jīng)去過杭州嗎？ mary has never been to the great wall. 瑪麗從未去過長城。3. have(has) been to 后面可接次數(shù)，表示去過某地幾次。如： i've been to beijing three times. 我去過北京三次。 they have been to that village several times. 他們?nèi)ミ^那個(gè)村莊好幾次了。4. have(has) gone to 意為“到某地

12、去了”，表示到了某地或正在去某地的途中?？傊?，說話時(shí)該人不在現(xiàn)場，一般不用第一、第二人稱代詞作句子的主語。如： where is tom? 湯姆在哪里？ he has gone to the bookshop.他到書店去了?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)鞏固練習(xí)（二）下列各句均有一處錯(cuò)誤，請(qǐng)指出并改正。 1. so far we learned about six hundred english words 2. i've been in australia twice.3. have you had your lunch？ no yet 接觸八：常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語 除了我們講過的already,

13、 yet, still，just, ever, never, since短語和 for短語外，還有許多時(shí)間狀語常用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，我們要留心將它們和一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語區(qū)分開來： 1. lately, recently是完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語；just now 有a moment ago 之意，是過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語。如： have you heard from your family lately/recently? did you see joan just now? 2. in the past few years 意思是“過去幾年來”，常用于完成時(shí)中；in the past意思是“在過去”，常用于

14、過去時(shí)中。 如： great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. where did you work in the past? 3. ever since then與from then on / after that 都有“打那以后”之意，但前者常用于完成時(shí)，而后兩者常用于過去時(shí)。如： she's lived here ever since then. i didn't hear of jim from then on/after that. 4. before 通常用于完成時(shí)；.ago

15、通常用于過去時(shí)。如： i have never been to japan before. she went to japan two years ago. 5. so far“到目前為止”， these days“這些天來”也是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常見的時(shí)間狀語。如： so far, no man has travelled farther than the moon. what have you done these days?接觸八：過去分詞有規(guī)則與不規(guī)則兩種。規(guī)則的變化形式與動(dòng)詞的過去式一樣。不規(guī)則就需要記憶了不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞a. 原型：過去式和過去分詞完全不同drink-drank-

16、drunk ring-rang-rung swim-swam-swum sing-sang-sung sink-sank-sunk blow-blew-blown grow-grew-grown know-knew-knownfly-flew-flown take-took-taken shake-shook-shaken drive-drove-drivenwrite-wrote-written rise-rose-risen ride-rode-ridde n speak-spoke-spoken steal-stole-stolen break-broke-broken wake-wok

17、e-woken freeze-froze-frozen forget-forgot-forgotten choose-chose-chosen draw-drew-drawn eat-ate-eaten fall-fell-fallen give-gave-given hide-hid-hidden do-did-done see-saw-seenb. 過去式與過去分詞完全相同bright-brought-brought think-thought-thought fight-fought-foughtbuy-bought-bought catch-caught-caught sell-sol

18、d-soldtell-told-told say-said-said pay-paid-paid send-sent-sent lend-lent-lent spend-spent-spentburn-burnt-burnt learn-learnt-learnt mean-meant-meant feel-felt-felt smell-smelt-smelt sleep-slept-slept sweep-slept-slept leave-left-left build-built-built lose-lost-lost get-got-got meet-met-metsit-sat-

19、sat shoot-shot-shot lead-led-led spit-spat-spat have-had-had hold-held-heldmake-made-made stand-stood-stood hear-heard-heard find-found-found dig-dug-dug shine-shone-shoneunderstand-understood-understood win-won-won c.原型與過去分詞相同come-came-come run-ran-run become-became-becomed.原形與過去式和過去分詞完全相同cast-cast

20、-cast cut-cut-cut put-put-put let-let-let set-set-set hit-hit-hit 第二種形式理解 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)常被稱為“與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去”，因此它不能與明確的過去時(shí)間狀語連用?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的用法1） 表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)著眼于過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果或影響。這是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“已完成”用法，表示動(dòng)作或過程發(fā)生在說話之前就已完成，并與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系。這種聯(lián)系實(shí)際上就是“過去的動(dòng)作”對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或產(chǎn)生的結(jié)果。i have bought a pen. 我買了一支筆。   (結(jié)果：i have a pen now.)

21、the temperature has increased by 10. 溫度上升了10攝氏度。     (結(jié)果：it is quite hot now.)air pollution has taken the lives of many people. 空氣污染已經(jīng)奪去了很多人的生命。     (結(jié)果：air pollution is very serious now.)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)“已完成”用法連用的時(shí)間狀語不確定的過去時(shí)間狀語：already, yet, before, recently, lately等。i

22、've seen the film before. 我以前看過這部電影。have you been there lately? 近來你去過那里嗎？包含現(xiàn)在時(shí)間在內(nèi)的時(shí)間狀語：now, just, today, this morning, this week, this year等。i have just finished the letter now.  我現(xiàn)在剛寫完信。you have just missed the bus. 你剛好錯(cuò)過公共汽車。has he done much work today? 他今天做了很多工作嗎？2)表示經(jīng)歷的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):調(diào)過去某一時(shí)刻到說話時(shí)

23、這段時(shí)間中的經(jīng)歷。have you ever been to the great wall? 你去過長城嗎？i have visited beijing at least ten times 北京我至少訪問過十次了。she has never spent a holiday at the seaside. 她從未到海濱度過假。3)表示延續(xù)的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):這一用法就是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的用法是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的“未完成”用法，表示一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過去某時(shí)開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能要繼續(xù)下去。he has loved fishing for a long time. 他愛好釣魚為時(shí)已久。  &

24、#160; (他現(xiàn)在仍愛好釣魚)i have lived here for more than thirty years. 我已在這兒住了三十多年了。     (也許還會(huì)繼續(xù)住下去)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)"未完成"用法連用的時(shí)間狀語與其連用的往往是指一段時(shí)間的狀語以具體表示某一動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。since + 具體時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從何時(shí)開始。since then, he has developed another bad habit.自那以后他養(yǎng)成了另一個(gè)壞習(xí)慣。he hasn't been home since he

25、 graduated. 他畢業(yè)后就沒回過家。for + 一段時(shí)間，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)了多久。we have worked here for ages. 我們?cè)谶@里工作很久了。there has been no rain here for nearly two months. 這里已經(jīng)近兩個(gè)月沒有下雨了。until now, up till now, so far, up to the moment，到目前為止。i have not seen him so far. 到目前為止我沒見過他。up to the present, everything has been ok. 到目前為止一切正常。i

26、n/during the past/last five years, 在剛剛過去的5年里。he has been away from school during the last two weeks.in the past few years they have finished several projects. all the while, all day 一直，一整天。she has been busy all day. 她忙了一整天。 過去的兩個(gè)星期里他沒在學(xué)?！，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)的比較兩者都可表示過去發(fā)生過的動(dòng)作，但前者表示的是過去的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響， 而后者則只是表示過去有這一

27、動(dòng)作的事實(shí)。he locked the door. 他鎖過門 (但現(xiàn)在門是開是鎖不清楚。)he has locked the door.   他把門鎖上了。 (現(xiàn)在門是鎖著的。)who turned on the light? 誰開的燈？     (著眼開燈的動(dòng)作，不管現(xiàn)在燈是開是關(guān)。)who has turned on the light? 誰把燈打開了？     (著眼開燈的結(jié)果，即現(xiàn)在燈還亮著。) 兩者都可表示過去開始并延續(xù)了一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示該動(dòng)作仍在繼續(xù)，而一般過

28、去時(shí)則說明該動(dòng)作現(xiàn)已終止。he has lived in beijing for four years.他在北京住了四年了。     (現(xiàn)在仍住那兒。)he lived in beijing for four years.他曾在北京住了四年。     (現(xiàn)在不住那兒了。)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)present perfect continuous tense一、 基本概念 1 定義：表示動(dòng)作從過去某一時(shí)間開始，一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能還要繼續(xù)下去。 常和all this time, this week, this month,

29、all night, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for引導(dǎo)的狀語連用。2 構(gòu)成：have/has + been + 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞（v-ing）3基本句型： 肯定式 疑問式 簡略回答 1) i have been working. have you been working? yes, i/we have. no, i/we haven´t. 2) he/she/it has been working. has he/she/it been working? yes, he/she/it has. no, he/she/it hasn&#

30、180;t. 3) we/you/they have been working. have they been working? yes, they have. no, they haven´t. 注： 現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)基本上沒有否定結(jié)構(gòu)二、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別 在與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(for,since短語)連用時(shí)，兩種時(shí)態(tài)可以互換使用i have been studying english for over two years= i have studying english for over two years但在口語中傾向于用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。在不用表示一段時(shí)間的狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不可以隨便互換使用：（1）現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)更強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)往往沒有。試比較： they have been widening the road（a） they have widened the road（b）（a）句的意思是他們?cè)诩訉採R路，但尚未完工。（b）句的意思則是已完工了。 （2）在不用時(shí)間狀語的情況下，現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)表示動(dòng)作仍在進(jìn)行。而現(xiàn)