蘇教版牛津高二英語語法總結(jié)

1、牛津高中英語模塊五第一單元一 動詞不定式：帶to的動詞不定式帶to-的動詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu)是to+動詞原形，如，to do, to work.它可以單獨使用，也可以組成動詞不定式短語。如：I was determined to be cheerful.1帶to-的動詞不定式可以做：1）句子的主語如：To find a best friend is difficult. = It is difficult to find a best friend.2）句子的賓語如：I need to sleep for eight hours every night.1） 賓語不足語如：I asked him t

2、o come over.2） 定語如：I have a very important meeting to attend.3） 同位語如：His intention was to cheer me up.4） 狀語如：My dad arranged some swimming lessons to surprise me.2帶to-的動詞不定式有進(jìn)行時態(tài)和完成時態(tài)如：Things seem to be getting better.John pretended not to have seen me.二 動詞不定式：不帶to的動詞不定式1可用于不帶to的動詞不定式的動詞有：1）let make

3、 have（有時候）如：I let her borrow my book.She made me promise to write every day.The teacher often has his students read aloud in class.2)感官動詞：feel hear see watch如：I saw her talk to her new friends.3）would rather had better why not如：I would rather go swimming.You had better tidy your bedroomWhy not visit

4、 your cousin in Japan?注：感官動詞后可以接v-ing如：I saw her talk to her new friend. (見證談話的整個過程)I saw her talking to her new friend. (見證談話正在發(fā)生，但不一定見證整個談話過程)2當(dāng)有and, or, except, but, than, rather than, 連接兩個動詞不定式時，后一個不定式往往省略to。如：She told me to be cheerful and look on the bright side.Do you want to go shopping or w

5、atch a film?We had nothing to do but watch TV?I decided to write rather than phone.三 V-ing 作名詞1V-ing可以充當(dāng)名詞用。可以被用做：1）做主語（指一般性的動作）如：Swimming is good for your health.2）做賓語（指一般性的動作）如：I love swimming in the sea during the summer.3) 介詞之后如：I keep fit by swimming every day.4）物主代詞之后如：Her swimming has improve

6、d since she started training every day.注：如果所談?wù)摰娜吮容^明確，那么物主代詞可以省略。如：Thank you for coming.5）組成復(fù)合名詞如：There is a shoe in the swimming pool.2以下動詞后面接v-ingAdmit dislike imagine delay consider mind understand avoid enjoy practice miss finish keep suggest3以下常用詞組后面接v-ingWould you mind cannot help look forward

7、to feel like cannot stand it is no use/good put off keep on如：Would you mind helping me with my homework?I cannot help wondering why she does not like me.I look forward to seeing you at the party.I dont feel like doing anything now.She cannot stand seeing that boy.I think it is no use crying about yo

8、ur exam results now.I had to put off shopping for a while.He kept on asking me for my phone number.4以下動詞后面可以接v-ing或to do，意思上幾乎沒有區(qū)別。Continue prefer begin hate like start5一些動詞后面既可以接v-ing，也可以接to do，但意義和用法上有區(qū)別。在使用時要確保形式的正確。如，forget regret remember mean try go onforget+ to do (事情還沒做)如：He forgot to close

9、the door when he left.Forget+ doing (事情已經(jīng)做了)如：Ill never forget winning my first gold medal.第二單元一 V-ing 充當(dāng)形容詞或副詞1v-ing可作：1）定語v-ing 可以放在名詞前，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。如：This will have a lasting effect.有時候會把一個副詞放在v-ing前。如：That was an extremely interesting speech.v-ing 可以和副詞或名詞構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如：The fast-growing economy has cause

10、d environmental problems.A wood-burning stove is environmentally friendly.v-ing 可以放在名詞后，像定語從句一樣修飾名詞，v-ing還可以被改成定語從句。如：people running these factories are very concerned about the environment.=People who run these factories are very concerned about the environment.2）表語如：This destruction is frightening

11、.1） 賓語補足語如：We all found his argument convincing and interesting.2v-ing可放在stand, sit, lie 的后面，表示動作同時發(fā)生。如：They stood talking to each other.=They stood when they were talking to each other.3v-ing有完成時態(tài)，如，having worked如：Having worked side by side with many environmentalists, I know that a healthy environ

12、ment and stable economy should be possible at the same time.二V-ing 短語v-ing短語可以單獨使用，后面也可以接賓語或狀語。如：They sat there smiling.They sat there smiling at each other.1v-ing短語可以表示：1）時間如：Asking around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly. =When

13、I ask around, I find many people willing to pay slightly higher prices for things that are environmentally friendly.Having observed the problem for many years, he announced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time. = After he observed the problem for many years, he announ

14、ced that we are now facing the biggest environmental problem of our time.2）原因如：We are making bigger holes in the nets, hoping to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown. = We are making bigger holes in the nets, because we hope to avoid catching fish that are not fully grown.3）結(jié)果如：The factory k

15、eeps releasing smoke, making the air dirty. = The factory keeps releasing smoke. As a result, the air is made dirty.4)條件如：Preparing fully, we can achieve great things. = If we prepare fully, we can achieve great things.2連詞+v-ing 也可以來表示時間。常用的連詞有：when whenever while once until如：We have to take environ

16、mental protection into consideration when developing the economy.3v-ing 從句的邏輯主語通常和主句的主語一致。如：He traveled on the plane like this, keeping the tortoise in a blanket. = When he traveled on the plane like this, he kept the tortoise hidden in a blanket.4否定形式是： not+v-ing如：He sat there, not knowing what to

17、say.第三單元一 V-ed形式v-ed在句中可以充當(dāng)形容詞和副詞的用法。1v-ed可以被用作：1）定語v-ed放在名詞的前面，像形容詞一樣修飾名詞。V-ed可以改成定語從句。如：If I had the chance, I would have a cloned baby.= if I had the chance, I would have a baby who is cloned.大部分名詞前的v-ed表達(dá)被動的含義。但有些v-ed 表達(dá)過去的含義，如，escaped retired fallen。比較下面的短語：表被動：the highly praised scientist ( Th

18、e scientist has been highly praised.)表過去：the retired scientist (The scientist has retired.)有時候可以把副詞放在v-ed之前。如：well-trained teachersv-ed 可以和副詞或名詞連用構(gòu)成復(fù)合詞。如：underdeveloped region handmade furniturev-ed可以像定語從句一樣放在名詞后修飾名詞。如：I think the scientific advances mentioned in your article are interesting.= I thi

19、nk the scientific advances that are mentioned in your article are interesting.2）表語如：My grandfather was delighted to hear I passed my exams.3）賓語補足語如：After the robbery, they found the front windows broken.2v-ed可以接在動詞后面表示動作同時發(fā)生。如：stand sit lie如：She lay trapped under the building for three days. (She la

20、y there and was trapped.)二 V-ed短語v-ed短語可以是v-ed單獨使用，也可以后面接賓語和/或狀語。如：She left the restaurant, disappointed.She left the restaurant, disappointed with the bad service.1表被動的v-ed短語可以表示：1）時間如：The scientist has copied a human cell, assisted by recent advances in medical science. = The scientist has copied

21、a human cell, and at that time was assisted by recent advances in medical science.2）原因如：Shocked by the article, the woman wrote a letter to the newspaper. = The woman wrote a letter to the newspaper because she was shocked by the article.3) 條件如：Treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split in

22、to several parts.= If it is treated with electricity, the cell tissue will split into several parts.2v-ed形式有一個邏輯主語。在上述例子中，邏輯主語都是主句的主語。如：the scientist who was assisted by recent advances in medical sciencethe woman who was shocked by the articlethe cell tissue which is treated with electricity所有這些主語都

23、跟主句的主語一致。三 V-ed和V-ing 都可以做形容詞1v-ing形式用來描述某人或某物給人造成某種感覺，在意義上通常是主動的。如：I noticed an amazing difference.Some people find it exciting that they could make copies of themselves in the future.2v-ed形式用來表達(dá)我們對某人或某事的感覺，在意義上通常是被動的，因為它表示我們被一個動作所影響。如：I was surprised to learn that they had copied a human cell.The

24、boy was more frightened than hurt.牛津高中英語模塊六第一單元時態(tài)的概要1：現(xiàn)在時態(tài)現(xiàn)在時態(tài)可以用來談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在的時間，包括一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)，現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)和現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)。1我們用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）現(xiàn)在或一直是正確的事情。如：I am at a comedy show.The sun rises in the east.2）經(jīng)常發(fā)生的事情。如：The Academy Awards show is on television every year.Every time a prop comedian tells a joke, he or she u

25、ses a thing, called a prop.2我們用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生或正在進(jìn)行的動作如：The audience is laughing at the joke.I dont understand why I am not losing weight!2）現(xiàn)在正在被計劃，但在將來發(fā)生的動作。如：The Comedy Club is giving a lecture about stand-up next month.They are going to the Academy Awards show in February.3）重復(fù)發(fā)生的動作，和always一起使用

26、，通常帶有否定的附加含義如：You are always making the same mistakes!Sue is always changing her mind.3我們用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)來談?wù)撨^去和現(xiàn)在是如何聯(lián)系起來的。它用于：1）重復(fù)的經(jīng)歷。如：He has hosted the show eight times.Billy Crystal has been in many films and television show.2）過去發(fā)生的事情，但對現(xiàn)在有影響的事情。如：Doctors have found that people who laugh a lot live longer

27、!Some stand-up comedians have become famous as television and film actors later on in life.3）過去開始，但現(xiàn)在仍在發(fā)生的事情。如：People have always enjoyed laughing.Comedian have always told jokes and performed comic acts.4我們用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時態(tài)來談?wù)搹倪^去開始，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且還有可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行的事情。如：Doctors have been researching that question.The curta

28、ins finally openthe audience have been waiting an hour for the show to start.第二單元時態(tài)的概要2：過去和將來時態(tài)過去時態(tài)用來談?wù)撨^去的事情，包括一般過去時態(tài)，過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)，過去完成時態(tài)等。1我們用一般過去時態(tài)來談?wù)摪l(fā)生在過去并且現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事情。如：Sang Lan was born in Ningbo, China in 1981.2我們用過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)來談?wù)摪l(fā)生在過去，并且持續(xù)了一段時間的事情。如：She knew that in those years she was making her parents pr

29、oud.3我們用過去完成時態(tài)來談?wù)摚?）在過去的過去發(fā)生并且在過去的某一個動作發(fā)生之前就已經(jīng)結(jié)束的事情。如：Instead of crying about what she had lost, Sang Lan thought abut what she could do to get better.2) 在過去的一個動作發(fā)生的同時所發(fā)生的事情。如：By the time she competed in the New York Goodwill Games, she had been a dedicated junior gymnast for eleven years.將來的時態(tài)用來討論將

30、來的事情，包括一般將來時態(tài)，將來進(jìn)行時態(tài)，過去將來時態(tài)等。1我們用一般將來時態(tài)來討論將來將要發(fā)生的事情。如：She will come with us to watch the football match tomorrow.一般將來時態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)：1）will shall （用于提供有關(guān)將來的信息）如：I know I will think about her whenever my life feels unbearable.I shall work hard and learn to become a gymnast.2）be going to+do （用于談?wù)搶淼挠媱澓鸵鈭D）如：Toda

31、y, Im going to talk about how to find happiness.2我們用將來進(jìn)行時態(tài)來談?wù)撌加趯聿⑶乙掷m(xù)一段時間的動作。如：Dr Brain will be talking about success next time.3我們用過去將來時態(tài)來談?wù)撛谶^去的時間被提起的時候發(fā)生在將來的事情。如：Before she went to the Goodwill Games, Sang Lan told her parents she was going to win her event.第三單元非真實條件句非真實條件句闡述的條件或情況是不真實的或是想象的。1我們用

32、非真實條件句來闡述不真實的或想象的一個現(xiàn)在的條件。如：If I got married in the USA, I would expect a present.I could reach the book if I were a bit taller.If I had the chance, I might want to be a translator.2我們用非真實條件句來指代一個想象的過去的動作。如：If you had joined the chat room ten minutes ago, you would have known what we were talking abu

33、t!If the man had pointed with his first finger while he was in Brunei, everyone would have thought that he was very rude.3我們用非真實條件句來談?wù)撓胂蟮膶淼那闆r。如：If I had time tomorrow, I would certainly help you.4非真實條件句的構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在 If was/were/did , would/could/might do過去 If had been/done , would/could/might have done將來

34、If was/were/did , would/could/might do注：would，could，might經(jīng)?？梢曰Q，但在意思上有一些不同。Would表意圖，計劃；could表能力，可能性；might表可能性非真實條件句還有幾點需要注意：1在書面英語或正式的場合中，我們通常用were來代替條件句中的was.但在日常談話中，was也經(jīng)常用到。如：If he was/were here, he would be able to help us.2在表將來的非真實條件句中，還可以用were to/should如：If I were to fail my Maths test, I woul

35、d have to take it again at the end of the term.If he should come tomorrow, I would talk to him about it.3在非真實條件句中，可以把if省略，把should，were， had放在條件句的前面。如：Should you make a mistake, you should not be embarrassed.Had you told me earlier, I would not have this problem now.Were you to take the train, you wo

36、uld be there much sooner.4在if從句中還可以用到could+ have done 來表示非真實的條件。如：If I could have told you about cultural differences between Italy and the UK, I would have.第四單元非真實條件句：其它情況非真實條件句還有以下其它情況。1當(dāng)主句是有關(guān)現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的事情，而從句是有關(guān)過去發(fā)生的事情，或相反，我們可以用混合的條件句。如：If you had listened to the talk about the UN yesterday, you would

37、know the answer to the question now.If Tang Ning were in town, I would have heard about it.2我們用otherwise, or，及以with，without，but for 開頭的短語來替代if條件句，來表達(dá)隱含的條件的意思。如：With (if I had) more money, I could help more people in need.Without (If we didnt have) the UN Goodwill, Ambassadors, people working on proj

38、ects would not be encouraged.But for the ( If there was no ) help from the UN, those women would not have been able to set up their mind.Im too busy now, otherwise/or (If I werent so busy) I would help you do the work.3我們也可以用even if， as if，as though，if only 來引導(dǎo)非真實條件句。如：I would never go there even if

39、 I were given the chance to.Nicholas is smiling as if he knew nothing about.Mike talks as though he had been to the Great Wall before.If only I were a Goodwill Ambassador!4Wish和would rather后面可以表達(dá)非真實的情況。如：I wish there were no wars in the world.I would rather you hadnt told me about it.牛津高中英語模塊七第一單元一

40、介詞介詞可以放在名詞或名詞短語的前面來表達(dá)時間，地點，行動等等。介詞也可以放在v-ing 的前面。1時間介詞at, in, on, for, by 和since 可以被用來表示時間。At后接點時間，in后接段時間，on后接具體某一天。For用來表示某事延續(xù)了多長時間，by指的是不晚于什么時間（到 為止），since指從過去某個時間到稍晚的某個時間或現(xiàn)在為止。其它表示時間的介詞還有during，after，before，between，from， until等。如：At that time, the record player had to be wound up by hand.Regular

41、 public TV broadcasting first began in 1928.The first record players only played a record for two minutes.By 1967, most TV broadcasts were in color.Since the beginning of 1999, the popularity of MP3 has increased greatly.注：我們經(jīng)常說in the morning/afternoon/evening,但當(dāng)談?wù)摼唧w的早上，下午和晚上時，則要用on，如on Sunday morni

42、ng on the afternoon of 5th June.2地點介詞at，in和on是表示地點的介詞。At后接小地方或一個場合，in后接大地方，on表示在某個東西的表面。其它表示地點的介詞還有above, against, behind, between, by, near, opposite, under 等。如：Ill meet you at the department store.Wang Li is at a media and technology exhibition.Cable TV began in 1948 in the USA, but it took 50year

43、s before 66percent of USA families had it in their homes.This new type of TV can be hung on the wall.3行動介詞介詞to經(jīng)常用來表示行動，意思是“朝著方向”。其它的介詞還有across, along, down, into, off, over, out of, past, round, through, under, up 等。如：The invention of the transistor led to the development of cassette recorders.二 介詞短

44、語介詞可以和動詞，名詞，和形容詞連用構(gòu)成介詞短語。1介詞與動詞連用許多介詞可以跟動詞連用構(gòu)成詞組，如：agree with, look for, look into, head for, stand for.如：Scientists agree with each other that the development of TV will not stop.I am looking for the most recent model. Do you have any in store?The British Association for the Advancement of Science

45、will look into the case.The ship set sail and headed for Shanghai.MD stands for MiniDisc.2介詞與名詞連用介詞可以跟名詞連用，如：in time for, on time, by means of, by accident/mistake, for/on sale, on the market, in that case, up to date如：We thought we would be late, but we were in time for the programme.The products w

46、ere delivered on time.You can connect the CD player to the computer by means of a special jack.Be careful not to press “delete” by accident/mistake!When will the new model be for/on sale?There are several new model on the market.You want a TV linked with the Internet? In that case, get a Web TV!This

47、 technology is quite up to date.注：當(dāng)up to date出現(xiàn)在名詞前時，要用連字符，如：up-to-date products3介詞與形容詞連用一些介詞可以和形容詞連用，如：good at, capable of, fond of, satisfied/happy with如：I am good at science.The program is of capable of calculating our budget for the year.I am fond of watching black-and-white films.Su Mei is sati

48、sfied with her new job.第二單元動詞短語動詞短語是由一個動詞加副詞或介詞構(gòu)成的。動詞+副詞：If you open up any medicine cupboard in the world, there is a high probability that you will find asprin.動詞+介詞：It was over a decade before someone else turned penicillin into the great drug of the 20th century.在使用動詞短語時有一些規(guī)則需要注意：1在動詞短語里，副詞可以放在名

49、詞的前面或后面。如：Fleming tried out this mould on another bacterium.Fleming tried this mould out on another bacterium.注：如果賓語是代詞，只能放在動詞和副詞之間。如：Fleming tried it out on other bacteria.2動詞短語后面不一定要接賓語。如：The fire broke out at midnight.Fleming did not give up.3在有介詞的動詞短語里，介詞的賓語總是放在介詞的后面如：Doctors are looking into th

50、e case for new treatment.Sometimes people ask for medicine that they do not really need.4有時候動詞短語里的副詞后會接一個介詞。如：How can you put up with this for so long?It is not right to look down up those who have AIDS.1 動詞詞組有特殊的含義，如：動詞詞組 含義 例句try out test Dont try the drug out on animals.give up stop doing somethi

51、ng Tell your father to give up.wash up clean plates, bowls, etc. after a meal She is washing up in the kitchen.talk over discuss thoroughly Lets talk the issue over.set up create or start Dr Armstrong set up his own surgery in 2000.look after take care of I spent a whole day looking after my sick do

52、g.turn up arrive They did not turn up until 10 oclock.6許多動詞短語的意思不止一個，如，make out 就有許多不同的意思，以下列舉其它三個意思：1）能夠看見或聽見某事如：It was too dark, and I couldnt make out the words written on the wall.2）理解某事（用于否定句和疑問句中）如：I cant make out what the article says.3) 闡述可能不是正確的事情如：He made out that he was a famous doctor.第三

53、單元系動詞系動詞是連接主語和說明主語是什么樣狀態(tài)的成分的動詞。最常用的系動詞是“to be（be/am/is/are/was/were/been）”如：The information is true and acute.1Appear, seem, prove, keep, stay, remain 是系動詞。如：Now it seems very common for families to spend a lot of time apart.They appear in favor of the Internet.The internet proved of great value to

54、us during our project.You shouldnt keep quiet in a debate.People stayed silent and listened to us, and applauded at the end.For these reasons, I believe the Internet remains a positive tool that helps make our lives better.2感官動詞是系動詞，sound， taste， feel，look，smell如：That sounds wonderful, but some peop

55、le claim that the internet is a waste of time.If you always eat fast food, vegetables may not taste delicious to you.It feels good to sit in front of the TV after a hard days work.When he got up on stage, he looked a little nervous.The air often smells bad in Internet cafes.3暗指變化的詞是系動詞：turn，go，fall，

56、grow，get，become如：Leaves turn green in spring.The boy will go mad if you dont allow him to use the computer.Alisha fell asleep the moment she got into bed.Your son has grown much taller.John gets easily excited when he plays computer games.The amount of false information on the Internet becomes more of a problem every day.1 大多數(shù)情況下，系動詞后面接形容詞。但有時也接名詞或介詞短語。如：I feel it remains important for us either or limit our use of the Internet, or to learn how to sol