機械畢業(yè)設(shè)計英文外文翻譯324煤礦業(yè)帶式輸送機幾種軟起動方式的比較

1、A Comparis on of Soft Start Mecha ni sms for Mi ning BeltCon veyors煤礦業(yè)帶式輸送機幾種軟起動方式的比較（中英文對照）網(wǎng)自空 el L. Nave, P.E.統(tǒng)一公司1800年華盛頓路匹茲堡,PA 15241帶式運送機是采礦工業(yè)運輸大 批原料的重要方法。從傳送帶驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)到傳送帶紋理結(jié)構(gòu)啟動力矩的應(yīng) 用和控制影響著運送機的性能，壽命和可靠性。本文考查了不同啟動方 法在煤礦工業(yè)帶式運送機中的應(yīng)用。簡介運行帶式運送機的動力必須由驅(qū)動滑輪產(chǎn)生，通過滑輪和傳送帶之 間的摩擦力來傳遞。為了傳遞能量，傳送帶上面的張力在接近滑輪部分 和離開滑輪

2、部分必定存在著差別。這種差別在穩(wěn)定運行、啟動和停止時 刻都是真實存在的。傳統(tǒng)傳送帶結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計，都是根據(jù)穩(wěn)定運行情況下 傳送帶的受力情況。因為設(shè)計過程中沒有詳盡研究傳送帶啟動和停止階 段的受力情況，所有的安全措施都集中在穩(wěn)定運行階段（Harriso n1987）。本文主要集中講述傳送機啟動和加速階段的特性。傳送帶設(shè)計 者在設(shè)計時必須考慮控制啟動階段的加速狀況，以免使傳送帶和傳送機 驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生過大的張力和動力（Suttees，1986）。大加速度產(chǎn)生的 動力會給傳送帶的紋理、傳送帶結(jié)合處、驅(qū)動滑輪、軸承、減速器以及 耦合器帶來負面影響。毫無控制的加速度產(chǎn)生的動力能夠引起帶式傳送 機系統(tǒng)產(chǎn)生諸多不

3、良問題，比如上下曲線運動、過度傳送帶提升運動、 滑輪和傳送帶打滑、運輸原料的溢出和傳送帶結(jié)構(gòu)。傳送帶的設(shè)計需要 面對兩個問題：第一，傳送帶驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)必須能夠產(chǎn)生啟動帶式傳送機的 最小轉(zhuǎn)動力矩；第二，控制加速度產(chǎn)生動力在安全界限內(nèi)。可以通過驅(qū) 動力矩控制設(shè)備來完成，控制設(shè)備可以是電子手段也可以是機械手段， 也可以是兩者的組合（CEM 1979）。本文主要闡述輸送機的開始和加速的過程。 傳送帶設(shè)計師必須控制 開始加速度防止過度張緊在傳送帶織品和力量在皮帶傳動系統(tǒng)強加速度力量可能有害地影響傳送帶織品，傳送帶接合，驅(qū)動皮帶輪，更加 無所事事的滑輪，軸，軸承，速度還原劑，并且聯(lián)結(jié)。未管制的加速度 力量可能

4、造成皮帶輸送機有垂直的曲線的系統(tǒng)性能問題，傳送帶緊線器 運動，驅(qū)動皮帶輪摩擦損失，材料溢出，并且做成花彩傳送帶織品。傳 送帶設(shè)計員與二個問題被面對，皮帶傳動系統(tǒng)必須導(dǎo)致極小的扭矩足 夠強有力開始傳動機，和控制了這樣加速度強制是在安全限額內(nèi)。光滑 開始傳動機可能由對驅(qū)動器扭矩控制設(shè)備的用途，或機械或電子，或 組合的二完成(CEM 1979)。軟起動結(jié)構(gòu)評估標準什么是最佳的皮帶輸送機驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)？答案取決于許多變量。最佳的系統(tǒng) 是一個為開始，運行，和終止提供可接受的控制在合理的費用和以及 高可靠性。皮帶傳動系統(tǒng)為本文我們考慮的設(shè)計方案，皮帶輸送機被電 子頭等搬家工人幾乎總驅(qū)動。傳送帶驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)將包括多個

5、要素包括 電子原動力、電子馬達起始者以控制系統(tǒng)，馬達聯(lián)結(jié)、速度還原劑、低 速聯(lián)結(jié)、皮帶傳動滑輪、和滑輪閘(Cur 1986)。它重要,傳送帶設(shè)計 員審查各個系統(tǒng)要素的適用性對特殊申請。為本文的目的，我們假設(shè)，所有驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)要素設(shè)置礦的新鮮空氣 ，非允許，面積,全國電子編碼， 條款500防爆，礦的表面的面積。皮帶傳動要素歸因于范圍。某些驅(qū) 動器要素是可利用和實用的用不同的范圍。 為這論述，我們假設(shè)那皮帶 傳動系統(tǒng)范圍從分數(shù)馬力對千位的多個馬力。小驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)經(jīng)常是在50馬力以下。中型系統(tǒng)范圍從 50到1000馬力。大型系統(tǒng)可能被考慮在 1000馬力之上。范圍分部入這些組是整個地任意的。必須被保重抵抗

6、誘惑對超出馬達或在馬達之下傳送帶飛行提高標準化。驅(qū)動器結(jié)果在粗劣的效率和在高扭矩的潛在，當(dāng)驅(qū)動器能導(dǎo)致破壞性超速在再生，或 過度加熱以變短的馬達壽命。扭矩控制。傳送帶設(shè)計員設(shè)法限制開始的 扭矩到?jīng)]有比150%運行中。限額在應(yīng)用的開始的扭矩經(jīng)常是傳送帶胴體肉、傳送帶接合、滑輪絕熱材料，軸偏折評級。在更大的傳送帶和傳 送帶以優(yōu)化大小的要素,扭矩限額110%至125%是公用。除扭矩限額 之外，傳送帶起始者必需限制會舒展圍繞和會導(dǎo)致旅行的波浪的扭矩 增量。一個理想的開始的控制系統(tǒng)會適用于資格整個傳送帶的扭矩傳送 帶休息由問題的脫離決定，或運動，然后扭矩相等與傳送帶的運動需 求以負荷加上恒定的扭矩從休息

7、加速系統(tǒng)要素的慣性對最終奔跑速度。 這使系統(tǒng)臨時強制和傳送帶舒展。不同的驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)陳列變化的能力控制 扭矩的申請對傳送帶休息和以不同的速度。并且，傳動機陳列裝載二個 極端。一條空傳送帶正常存在最小的必需的扭矩為脫離和加速度，當(dāng)一 條充分地被裝載的傳送帶存在最高的必需的扭矩。開采驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)必須是 能稱應(yīng)用的扭矩從一個 2/1比率為一個水平的簡單傳送帶安排，對一 個10/1范圍為一個傾斜、復(fù)雜傳送帶配置文件。熱量評級在開始和運行期間，各個驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)也許消散廢熱。廢熱也許被解放 在電子馬達、電子控制、，聯(lián)結(jié)、速度還原劑，或傳送帶制動系統(tǒng)。各 個起始時間熱量負荷依靠相當(dāng)數(shù)量傳送帶負荷和起始時間的期限。設(shè)計員

8、必須履行被重復(fù)的起始時間的申請需求在運行傳動機以后在全負荷。 典型的開采傳送帶開始的責(zé)任變化從 3到10個起始時間每時數(shù)等隔， 或2到4個起始時間在連續(xù)。被重復(fù)的開始也許要求減稅或系統(tǒng)要素。 有一個直接關(guān)系在熱量評級為被重復(fù)的起始時間和費用之間。可變速 度。一些皮帶傳動系統(tǒng)是適當(dāng)?shù)臑榭刂崎_始的扭矩和速度，但只運行以 恒定的速度。一些傳送帶申請會要求一個驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)能運行延長的期間以 較不比最高速度。這是有用的當(dāng)驅(qū)動器負荷必須與其它驅(qū)動器被共享，傳送帶被使用當(dāng)處理飼養(yǎng)者為被表達的物料的費率控制，傳送帶速度 被優(yōu)選為貨車使用費費率，傳送帶被使用以慢速運輸人工或材料，或傳 送帶運行緩慢的檢驗或移動速度為

9、維護目的。 可變速度皮帶傳動將要求 一個控制系統(tǒng)根據(jù)某一算法調(diào)控操作速度。再生或翻修負荷。一些傳送帶配置文件存在翻修傳送帶系統(tǒng)用品能量對驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的負荷的潛在。沒有所有驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)有能力接受被重新生成的能量從負荷。一些驅(qū)動器可能 接受能量從負荷和退回它到輸電線供其它負荷使用。其它驅(qū)動器接受能 量從負荷和消散它入選定的動態(tài)或機械剎車的要素。一些傳送帶描出切換從開汽車對再生在運算期間。驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)可能接受有些巨大的被重新生 成的能量為申請嗎？驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)控制或必須調(diào)整相當(dāng)數(shù)量減速的強制在 翻修期間嗎？翻修發(fā)生當(dāng)運行和開始？維護和支持系統(tǒng)。各個驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) 將要求定期預(yù)防維護?？商鎿Q的項目會包括馬達畫筆、軸承、閘填充

10、、 散逸電阻器、油，和涼水。如果驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)被設(shè)計和保守地被管理，更低 的重音在可消耗導(dǎo)致更低的維修費用。一些驅(qū)動器要求支持系統(tǒng)譬如流 通的油為潤滑油、冷卻空氣或水，環(huán)境塵土過濾，或計算機儀器工作。 支持系統(tǒng)的維護可能影響驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的可靠性。費用驅(qū)動器設(shè)計員將審查各個驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)的費用。費用合計是第一基建成 本獲取驅(qū)動器，費用安裝和委任驅(qū)動器，費用運行驅(qū)動器，和費用的 總和維護驅(qū)動器。費用使力量運行驅(qū)動器也許廣泛變化用不同的地點。 設(shè)計員努力符合所有系統(tǒng)性能要求在最低的費用合計。經(jīng)常超過一個驅(qū) 動系統(tǒng)也許滿足所有系統(tǒng)性能標準在競爭費用。更喜歡的驅(qū)動器安排是 最簡單，譬如一個唯一馬達驅(qū)動通過一個唯一頂頭滑

11、輪。但是 ，機械, 經(jīng)濟，和功能需求經(jīng)常需要對復(fù)雜驅(qū)動器的用途。傳送帶設(shè)計員必須平 衡對優(yōu)雅的需要反對伴隨復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)的問題。復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)要求額外設(shè)計工程 為成功配置。經(jīng)常被忽略的費用在復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)是培訓(xùn)人事部的費用 ，或停 工期的費用由于不足的培訓(xùn)。軟起動驅(qū)動控制邏輯各個驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)將要求一個控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)控開始的機制。 最共同的類型控制 被使用在更小對中等大小驅(qū)動以簡單的外形被命名 開環(huán)加速度控制 0在開環(huán)，控制系統(tǒng)早先被配置程序化開始的機制以被規(guī)定的方式 ， 通常準時根據(jù)。 在開環(huán)控制，駕駛使用參數(shù)譬如潮流，扭矩，或速度不影響序列操作。這個方法假定，控制設(shè)計師充分地塑造了驅(qū)動系統(tǒng) 表現(xiàn)在傳動機。 為更大或更

12、加復(fù)雜的傳送帶，閉合回路或反饋 控制可以他運用了。 在閉合回路控制，在開始期間，控制系統(tǒng)顯示器 通過傳感器駕駛使用參數(shù)譬如馬達的當(dāng)前層，傳送帶的速度，或力量在傳送帶，并且修改起動程序控制，極限，或優(yōu)選或佩帶了參量。閉合 回路控制系統(tǒng)修改開始的被應(yīng)用的力量在一臺空和充分地被裝載的傳 動機之間。常數(shù)在數(shù)學(xué)模型與被測量的可變物有關(guān)對系統(tǒng)驅(qū)動反應(yīng)被命 名定調(diào)的常數(shù)。 這些常數(shù)必須適當(dāng)?shù)乇徽{(diào)整為成功的應(yīng)用對各臺傳動 機。最共同的計劃為傳動機開始閉合回路控制是車頭表反饋為速度控 制和壓電池力量或驅(qū)動力反饋為扭矩控制。 在一些復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)，它是中意 安排閉合回路控制系統(tǒng)調(diào)整自己為各種各樣的遇到的傳動機情況。這被

13、命名能適應(yīng)的控制。這些極端可能介入浩大的變異在裝貨，圍繞 的溫度，裝貨的地點在外形，或多個驅(qū)動選擇在傳動機。有三個共同的能適應(yīng)的方法。介入決定做在開始之前，如果控制系統(tǒng)能知道傳送帶 是空的，它會減少最初的力量和會加長加速度力量的應(yīng)用對最高速度。 如果傳送帶被裝載，控制系統(tǒng)會應(yīng)用資格力量在攤位之下使較少時刻 和供應(yīng)充足的扭矩及時地充分地加速傳送帶。因為傳送帶只成為了裝載在早先賽跑期間由裝載驅(qū)動，平均驅(qū)動潮流可能被抽樣當(dāng)連續(xù)和被 保留在反射傳送帶搬運器時間的緩沖記憶。 然后在停工平均也許是預(yù)先 處理一些開環(huán)和閉合回路為下個開始。 第二個方法介入根據(jù)驅(qū)動觀察發(fā) 生在最初開始或行動期間證明的決定。這及

14、時驅(qū)動潮流的或力量通 常介入比較對傳送帶速度。如果驅(qū)動潮流或力量必需及早在序列是降 低并且行動被創(chuàng)始，傳送帶必須被卸載。如果驅(qū)動潮流或力量必需是高 的。在開始，傳動機必須被裝載。 這個決定可能被劃分在區(qū)域和使用 修改起動程序控制的中部和結(jié)束。第三個方法介入傳送帶速度的比較對 時刻為這個開始反對傳送帶加速度歷史極限，或加速度信封監(jiān)視。在開始，傳送帶速度被測量對時間。這與被保留在控制系統(tǒng)記憶的 二限制的傳送帶速度曲線比較。第一曲線描出空的傳送帶加速，并且第 二個充分地被裝載的傳送帶。因而，如果當(dāng)前的速度對時間比被裝載的外形低，它也許表明，傳送帶被超載，妨礙，或驅(qū)動故障。 如果當(dāng)前的速度對時間比空間

15、的外形高級，它也許表明一條殘破的傳送帶結(jié) 合或驅(qū)動故障。無論如何，當(dāng)前的起飛中止并且警報運行。結(jié)論最好的傳送帶啟動系統(tǒng)要求在不同的傳送帶負載條件下，能夠以合理的代價帶來可靠性高的可以接受的運行性能。 但是至今沒有一個啟動 系統(tǒng)能夠達到這樣的要求。傳送帶設(shè)計者必須為每個傳送帶設(shè)計啟動系 統(tǒng)屬性?？偟脕碚f，全電壓交流發(fā)動機啟動適合于簡單結(jié)構(gòu)的小型傳送 帶。減電壓SCR交流發(fā)動機啟動是地下中、小型傳送帶的基本啟動方法。 最新的進展顯示，固定液體填充耦合系統(tǒng)的交流發(fā)動機是簡單結(jié)構(gòu)中、 大型傳送帶基本啟動方法。對于那些大、中型而且需要重復(fù)啟動的復(fù)雜 結(jié)構(gòu)傳送帶，繞線轉(zhuǎn)子發(fā)動機驅(qū)動是常用的選擇。在結(jié)構(gòu)特別

16、復(fù)雜，運 行需要不同速度的傳送帶啟動中， 傳送帶直流發(fā)動機驅(qū)動、不同填充液 體驅(qū)動、和相異機械傳遞驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)一直實力相當(dāng)?shù)暮蜻x者。具體選擇哪 個啟動方式由使用環(huán)境，相對價格，運行能耗，反應(yīng)速度和使用者習(xí)慣 來決定。變頻交流驅(qū)動和非電刷直流驅(qū)動主要限制于中型傳送帶，這些中型傳送帶需要精確的速度控制，高代價和復(fù)雜性。但是，隨著持續(xù)的 競爭和技術(shù)進步，波形綜合技術(shù)的電子驅(qū)動器的使用將越來越廣。A Comparis on of Soft Start Mecha ni sms for Mining BeltConv eyorsMichael L. Nave, P.E.CONSOL Inc.1800 Was

17、hington Road Pittsburgh,PA 15241 Belt Conveyors arean importa nt method for tran sportatio n of bulk materials in the mining industry. The control of the application of the starting torque from the belt drive system to the belt fabric affects the performanee, life cost, and reliability of the convey

18、or. This paper exam ines applicati ons of each start ing method withi n the coal mining in dustry.INTRODUCTIONThe force required to movea belt conveyor must be transmitted by the drive pulley via frictionbetween the drive pulley and thebelt fabric.In order to transmit power there must be a differene

19、ein the belt tension as it approaches and leaves the drive pulley. These conditions are true for steady state running, starting,andstopp ing. Traditi on ally, belt desig ns are based on static calculati ons of running forces. Since start ing and stopp ing are not examined in detail, safety factors a

20、re applied to static loadings (Harrison, 1987). This paper will primarily address the startingor accelerationduty of the conveyor. The belt designermust con trol start ing accelerati on to preve nt excessive tension in the belt fabric and forces in the belt drive system (Suttees, 1986). High acceler

21、atio n forces can adversely affect the belt fabric, belt splices, drive pulleys, idler pulleys, shafts, beari ngs, speed reducers, and coupli ngs. Uncon trolled accelerati on forces can cause belt conv eyor system performa nee problems with vertical curves, excessive belt take-up moveme nt,loss of d

22、rive pulley frict ion, spillage of materials, andfestooning of the belt fabric. The belt designer is confronted with two problems, The belt drive system must produce a minimum torque powerful eno ugh to start the con veyor, and con trolled such that the accelerati on forces are within safe limits. S

23、mooth start ing of the conv eyor can be accomplished by the use of drive torque con trol equipme nt, either mecha ni cal or electrical, or a comb in ati on of the two (CEM, 1979).SOFT START MECHANISM EVALUATION CRITERIONWhat is the best belt conv eyor drive system? The an swer depe nds on many varia

24、bles. The best system is one that provides acceptable con trol for start ing, running, and stopp ing at a reas on able cost and with high reliability (Lewdly and Sugarca ne, 1978). BeltDrive System For the purposes of this paper we will assume that belt conveyors are almost always driven by electric

25、al prime movers (Goodyear Tire and Rubber, 1982). The belt drive system shall con sist of multiple comp onents in cludi ng the electrical prime mover, the electrical motor starter with con trol system, the motor coupli ng, the speed reducer, the low speed coupli ng, the belt drive pulley, and the pu

26、lley brake or hold back (Cur,1986). It is important that the belt designer examine the applicability of each system component to the particular application. For the purpose of this paper, we will assume that all drivesystem components are located in the fresh air,non-permissible, areas of the mine,

27、or in non-hazardous, National Electrical Code, Article 500 explosion-proof,areas of thesurface of the mine.Belt Drive Comp onent Attributes Size.Certa in drive comp onents are available and practical in differe nt size ran ges. For this discussi on, we will assume that belt drive systems range from

28、fractional horsepower to multiples of thousa nds of horsepower. Small drive systems are ofte n below 50 horsepower. Medium systems range from 50 to 1000 horsepower. Large systems can be con sidered above 1000 horsepower. Divisi on of sizes into these groups is en tirely arbitrary. Care must be taken

29、 to resist the temptation to over motor or under motor a belt flight to enhance standardization.An over motored drive resultsin poor efficie ncy and the pote ntial for high torques, while an un der motored drive could result in destructive overspe nding on rege nerati on, or overheat ing with shorte

30、 ned motor life (Lords, et al., 1978).Torque Con trol.Belt designers try to limit the starting torque to no more than 150%of the running torque (CEMA, 1979; Goodyear, 1982). The limit on the applied start ing torque is ofte n the limit of rati ng of the belt carcass, belt splice, pulley lagging, or

31、shaft deflect ions. On larger belts and belts with optimized sized comp onen ts, torque limits of 110% through 125% are com mon (Elberton,1986). In addition to a torque limit, the belt startermay be required to limit torque in creme nts that would stretch belt ing and cause traveli ng waves. An idea

32、l start ing con trol system would apply a prete nsion torque to the belt at rest up to the point of breakaway, or moveme nt of the en tire belt, the n a torque equal to the movement requirements of the belt with load plus a con sta nt torque to accelerate the in ertia of the system components from r

33、est to final running speed. This would minimizesystem tran sie nt forces and belt stretch (Shultz, 1992).Differe nt drive systems exhibit vary ing ability to con trol the applicationof torques to the belt at rest and at differentspeeds.Also, the conv eyor itself exhibits two extremes of load ing. An

34、 empty belt n ormally prese nts the smallest required torque for breakaway and accelerati on, while a fully loaded belt prese nts the highest required torque. A mining drive system must be capable of scaling the applied torque from a 2/1 ratio for a horizontal simple belt arran geme nt, to a 10/1 ra

35、n ges for an in cli ned or complex belt profile.Thermal Rati ng.During start ing and running, each drive system may dissipate waste heat. The waste heat may be liberated in the electrical motor, the electricalcontrols,the couplings, the speed reducer,or the belt brak ing system. The thermal load of

36、each start Is dependent on the amount of belt load and the duration of the start. The designer must fulfill the applicationrequirementsforrepeated starts after running the conveyor at full load. Typical mining belt ELIEEIstarting duties vary from 3 to 10 starts per hour equally spaced, or 2 to 4 sta

37、rts in succession. Repeated starting may require the dread ing or over siz ing of system comp onen ts.There is a directrelati on shipbetwee n thermalrat ingforrepeated starts and costs. Variable Speed. Some belt drive systems are suitable for con trolli ng the starti ng torque and speed, but only ru

38、n at con sta nt speed. Some belt applicati ons would require a drive system capable of running for exte nded periods at less tha n full speed. This is useful whe n the drive load must be shared with other drives, the belt is used as aprocess feeder for rate control of the conveyed material,the belts

39、peed is optimized for the haulage rate, the belt is used at slower speeds to tran sport men or materials, or the belt is run a slow in spect ion or inching speed for maintenance purposes (Hager, 1991). The variable speed belt drive will require a control system based on somealgorithm to regulate ope

40、rating speed. Regeneration or Overhauling Load. Somebelt profilespresent the potentialforoverhauli ng loads where the belt system supplies en ergy to the drive system. Not all drive systems have the ability to accept rege nerated en ergy from the load. Some drives can accept en ergy from the load an

41、d return it to the power line for use by other loads. Other drives accept energy from the load and dissipate it into designated dynamic or mechanical braking elements. Somebelt profiles switch from motori ng to rege neratio n duri ng operati on.Can the drive system accept regenerated energy of a cer

42、tain magn itude for the applicati on? Does the drive system have to control or modulate the amount of retarding force during overhauling? Does the overhauling occur whenrunning and starting? Maintenance and SupportingSystems. Each drive system willrequire periodicpreve ntativemaintenan ce. Replaceab

43、le itemswould in clude motor brushes, beari ngs, brake pads, dissipati on resistors, oils,and cooling water. If the drive system isconservativelyengineered and operated, the lower stress oncon sumables will result in lower maintenance costs. Some drives require support ing systems such as circulat i

44、ng oil for lubrication,cooling air or water, environmental dust filtering,or computer in strume ntatio n. The maintenance of the support ing systems can affect the reliability of the drive system.Cost.The drive designer will examine the cost of each drive system. The total cost is the sum of the fir

45、st capital cost to acquire the drive, the cost to in stall and commissi on the drive, the cost to operate the drive, and the cost to maintain the drive. The cost for power to operate the drive may vary widely with differe nt locati ons. The desig ner strives to meet all system performa nee requireme

46、 nts at lowest total cost. Ofte n more tha n one drive system may satisfy all system performa nee criteri ons at competitive costs.Complexity.The preferred drive arrangement is the simplest, such as a single motor driving through 13 3 a singlehead pulley. However,mecha ni cal,econo mic, and function

47、al requireme ntsofte nn ecessitate the use of complex drives. The belt desig ner must bala nee the n eed for sophisticati on aga inst the problems that accompa ny complex systems. Complex systems require additi onal desig nengin eeri ngfor successful deployme nt. Anoften-overlooked cost in a complex

48、 system is the cost of training on site pers onn el,or the cost of dow ntime as a result ofin sufficie nt training.SOFT START DRIVE CONTROL LOGICEach drive system will require a con trol system to regulate the starti ngmecha ni sm. The most com mon type of con trolused onsmaller to medium sized driv

49、es with simple profiles is termedOpen Loop Acceleration Control.In open loop, the controlsystem is previously con figuredto seque nee the start ingmechanism in a prescribed manner, usually based on time. In openloop control, drive-operatingparameters such as current,torque,or speed do not in flue ne

50、eseque nee operati on. This methodpresumes that the eon trol desig ner has adequately modeled drive system performa nee on the conv eyor. For larger or more complex belts, Closed Loop or Feedback con trol may he utilized. In closed loop control, during starting, the control system monitors via sen s

51、ors drive operat ing parameters such as curre nt level of the motor, speed of the belt, or force on the belt, and modifies the startingsequenee to control,limit, or optimize one or woreparameters.Closed loop eontrol systems modify the startingapplied force betwee n an empty and fully loaded eon veyo

52、r. The eonstants in the mathematical model related to the measured variable versus the system drive resp onse are termed the tuning eonstants.These eonstantsmust be properly adjusted forsuccessful applicationto each conveyor. The most commorschemesfor closed loop eontrolof conveyor starts are tachom

53、eterfeedback for speed eon trol and load cell force or drive force feedback for torque eontrol. On some complex systems, It is desirable to have the closed loop con trol system adjust itself for various eneountered conveyor eonditions.This is termedAdaptive Control. These extremes can involve vast v

54、ariations in loadings, temperature of the belting,location of the loadingon the profile, or multiple drive options on the eonveyor. There are three com mon adaptive methods. The first invo Ives decisi ons made before the start, or RestartConditioning.If theeontrol system could know that the belt is

55、empty, it would reduce initialforce and lengthen the applicationof acceleration forceto full speed. If the belt is loaded, the eon trol system would apply prete nsion forces un der stall for less time and supply sufficient torque to adequately accelerate the belt in a timelymanner. Since the belt on

56、ly becameloaded during previous running by load ing the drive, the average drive curre nt can be sampled whe n running and retai ned in a first-i n-first-out buffer memory that reflects the belt conveyanee time. Then at shutdown the FIFO average maybe use4 to preconditionsomeopen loop and closed loo

57、pset points for the next start. The second method invoIves decisions that are based on drive observations that occur during initial starting or Motion Proving. This usually invoIves a comparison In time of the drive current or force versus the belt speed. if the drive current or force required early

58、 in the sequenee is low and motion is initiated, the belt must be unioaded. If the drive current or force required is high and motion is slow in start ing, the conv eyor must be loaded. This decisi on can be divided in zones and used to modify the middle and finish of the start seque nee con trol. The third method invo Ives a comparis on of the belt speed versus time for this start against historical limits of belt accelerati on, or Accelerati on Env elope Monitoring. At start, the belt speed is measured versus time.This is compared with