unit6被動與主動-英漢對比與翻譯

1、Unit 6被動與主動被動與主動Passive vs. Ahttp:/http:/ http:/http:/http:/http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/ http:/http:/http:/ http:/ 為了使句子承上啟下、前后連貫、便于銜接。a. Some kinds of plastics can be forcedthrough machines which separate them into long, thin strings, called fibres, and thes

2、e fibres can be makeinto cloth.有幾種塑料可以壓入機器并分離成細長的纖維，這種纖維可以用來織布。stage and was warmly applaudedby the audience.他出現(xiàn)在臺上，觀眾熱烈鼓掌歡迎。c. Language is shapedby, and shapes, human thought.語言受制于思想，又影響思想。nd focus）和末端重量（end weight），以符合主語簡短、謂語復雜的表達習慣。a. I was astounded that he was preparedto give me a job.他準備給我一份工作

3、，這使我大吃一驚。b. It is universally acknowledgedthat a single man of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.凡是有錢的單身漢，總要娶位太太，這已經(jīng)成了一條舉世公認的真理。四、四、文文體體文體及論述文體在英文中較多使用被動句?？萍嘉捏w注重事理合活動的客觀敘述，力戒作者的主觀臆斷，因而常避免提及施事。新聞報道注重口氣客觀、間接、敘事翔實、冷靜，施事往往難以言明，也不宜言明。公文注重敘述公正、無私，口氣客觀、正式。The passive is generally more commonly used

4、in informative than in imaginative writing, notably in the objective, non-personal style of scientific articles and news items.在于：羅嗦（wordy）、間接（indirect）、無力（weak）、隱晦（oracular），故弄玄虛（mysterious）而深不可測（impenetrable），使交際者之間隔著一層被動的煙幕（passive smokescreen）?！癶alf the delatoriness, the passing of the bucks, th

5、e shrinking of responsibility, the lazymindedness, and the want of initiative”sive）vs. 意義被動句（notional passive）英語結構被動句多于意義被動句（用主動的形式表達被動的意義），原因在于：1.絕大多數(shù)的及物動詞和相當于及物動詞的短語都有被動式。2. 被動式可借助形態(tài)變化來表示，因而形式很多：限定動詞多種時態(tài)的被動式和非限定動詞（不定式、分詞、動名詞）的被動式；非人稱被動式（impersonal passive）；雙重被動式（double passive）。應用廣泛，使用頻率高。hese pro

6、ducts sell like hot cakes. （=are sold）這些產(chǎn)品十分暢銷。2. The clock needs repairing. （=is repaired）這個鐘需要修理。3. The book is printing （=is being printed）這本書正在印刷。4. The room filled rapidly. （=was filled）房間很快就擠滿了。aminee （=person examined）受審查者；受試人Interviewee （=person interviewed）受訪者；參加面試者His astonishment （=he was

7、 astonished）他感到驚訝The imprisonment of the murderer （=the murderer was imprisoned）兇手被監(jiān)禁（二）二）漢漢語語限限用用被被動動句句nflictive voice）“被字式”主要用以表達對主語而言是不如意或不企望的事，如“被捕”、“被剝削”、“被殺”等?，F(xiàn)代漢語受西方語言的影響，”被字式“的使用范圍有所擴大，有時也可以用來表達并非不如意的事，如”被評為先進工作者“等，但大多數(shù)被動意義不用”被字句“。按照漢語的習慣，如果句中無須指出施事，主動意義與被動意義又不至于發(fā)生混淆，一般就不用被動式結構，而用意義被動。如:不說”這

8、件事已被做了“）It was well done.這件事做得好。（不說”這件事已被做得好“）It was poorly done.這件事做得不好。/這件事搞砸了。/這件事被弄壞了。/這件事給弄糟了。注：英語表達這三種意義都可以用被動式，但漢語卻用主動式，只有第三種意義才用被動式?！?、”受“、”遭”等也可構成被動式，但也大多表達類似“被動式”的不如意或不企望的事。如：1）莊稼讓大水沖跑了。The crops were washed away by the flood.2）他們?nèi)ツ暝鉃牧恕hey were hit by a natural calamity last year.3）我叫雨淋了。I

9、 was caught in the rain.的事，也可以表達如意的事，還可以表達中性意義。此外，英語的被動式是由系表結構演變而來的，可以表示動作（動句），也可以表示狀態(tài)（靜句），而漢語的被動式卻不是由系表結構演變而來的，一般只表示動作，而不表示狀態(tài)。比較：The house is surrounded by trees. （靜句）房子周圍都是樹。（不用被動式）The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops.（動句）敵人很快被我軍包圍了。（被動式）（三）三）、漢漢語語主主被動意義就必須采用其他形式表達。一、使用受事主語導致大量的“當然被動句”（即形式主

10、動，意義被動）1）昨晚我蓋了兩條被子。（不說“昨晚我被兩條被子蓋著”）Last night I was covered up with two quilts.2）困難克服了，工作完成了，問題也解決了。The difficulties have been overcome, the work has been finished and the problem solved.3）爸爸，你想死我們了！Daddy, we miss you very much!道，不言而喻或隱含在上下文中），漢語可以采用無主句或主語省略句來保留句子的主動形式。1）注意看看信的地址是否寫對了。Care should be

11、 taken to see that the letter is properly addressed.2）請聽眾保持肅靜。The audience are requested to keep silent.3）要制造飛機，就必須仔細考慮空氣阻力問題。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.三、三、當當施施事事者者難難以以言言明明時，時，漢漢四、四、當當不不便便使使用用被被動動式式時，時，漢漢語語可可1）Whenever work is being do

12、ne, energy is being convertedfrom one form into another.凡是做功，都是把能從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種形式。2）Goodyear, an American, had been trying for years to find a way in which rubber could be madehard, nonsticky, and yet elastic.有一個叫古德伊爾的美國人一直在努力尋找一種方法把橡膠做得硬而不粘，但是卻有彈性。的被動式結合，即“被所”，如：1）她被花言巧語所陶醉。She is intoxicated with swe

13、et words.2）幽王擊鼓，諸侯兵部至，幽王死于驪山之下，為天下笑。（呂氏春秋疑似）King You beat the drum to ask the dukes and princes to send their troops to his rescue but they all refused. King You died at the foot of Mount Li, the object of universal ridicule.通稱可以與表示動作的動句相互轉(zhuǎn)換。如：1）這些產(chǎn)品是我國制造的。（我國制造這些產(chǎn)品）These products are made in our co

14、untry.2）歷史是人民創(chuàng)造的。（人民創(chuàng)造歷史）History is made by the people.3）郵件是人工分檢的。（人工分檢郵件）The mail is sorted out by hand.的”式相互轉(zhuǎn)換，如：1）推薦我的是一位教授。（我是由一位教授推薦的）I was recommended by a professor.2）上次來接我的是一位叫百馬的先生。Last time I was received by a gentleman named Bai Ma.結構，如：1）這個問題將在下一章加以討論。This question will be discussed in t

15、he next chapter.2）不應對缺點加以掩飾。The shortcomings must not be covered up.3）要對這些弊病加以揭露。The defects must be pointed out.種變通的手段，用與英語不同的句型和詞性來表達英語的被動意義，如：1）The culture of antiquity was rediscovered.古代文化重見天日。2）純情男女我們在書中見過不少，但這一對寫得最真。We have seen many love matches in novels, but this couple is most movingly de

16、scribed.（四）四）、英英漢漢互互譯譯中中的的的表達方式敘述事物，多采用被動式；漢語民族注重主體思維，強調(diào)“悟性”，重視“事在人為”和個人感受，在語言的使用上多用主動式。因此，在英漢互譯時，要根據(jù)英漢語各自不同的特征進行相應的語態(tài)和句式的轉(zhuǎn)換，也稱換態(tài)譯法，或語態(tài)變換法。要和大家就高等院校的專業(yè)設置交換意見。You have been invited to this forum today to exchange ideas on specialties in colleges and universities.點評：當施事者無需言明時，漢語可用通稱“大家”，以保持句子的主動形式。在漢譯

17、英時，應考慮英語的行文規(guī)范，變漢語的主動結構為英語的被動結構。那里的繁榮與穩(wěn)定就不能維持，和平解決問題也就不可能了。If the capitalist system is not guaranteed in Hong Kong and Taiwan, prosperity and stability there cannot be maintained and a peaceful settlement will become impossible.點評：漢語原文采用當然被動式（“得不到保障”，“不能維持”），英譯時應轉(zhuǎn)換為被動形式。rs before the Liberation lots

18、of children were saved by Comrade Sung Chingling and the China Welfare Institute led by her.在解放前的戰(zhàn)爭年代宋慶齡同志和她所領導的中國福利會拯救了很多兒童。點評：英語的被動式在漢譯時根據(jù)漢語的句式要求轉(zhuǎn)換為相應的主動式：“所.的”（所領導的）和英語句子的主語“兒童”變?yōu)闈h語句子的動賓結構“拯救兒童”。he water are rows of low houses, dirty and dark, inhabited by countless thousands of poor folk, whose days are spen