昂立口譯培訓(xùn)班完全講義

1、昂立培訓(xùn)班完全講義一、即席演講(Impromptu Speech口譯是口頭地將信息從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種語言形式表達(dá)出來的交際活動(dòng)。譯員服務(wù)的對(duì)象是發(fā)言人和聽眾,自己既是聽眾又是講話者,所以從發(fā)聲、英漢語言篇章、靈活應(yīng)變的角度熟悉并應(yīng)用公共演講的技能應(yīng)該在口譯培訓(xùn)的初始階段就得以強(qiáng)化。首先讓學(xué)生觀摩典型的漢、英語演講,了解口譯工作的現(xiàn)場(chǎng),然后讓學(xué)生以“我最喜歡的顏色”和“我省/市的自然資源”為題分別做英、漢語即席講話,讓其他同學(xué)練習(xí)接續(xù)傳譯(consecutive interpreting,練習(xí)時(shí)應(yīng)注意:1、發(fā)言時(shí)吐字清晰,聲音洪亮悅耳,音量適中,可參照腹部呼吸法發(fā)聲訓(xùn)練。2、無需慷慨陳詞

2、,但是聽起來一定要態(tài)度親切、自然真誠(chéng),保持與聽眾的目光交流。3、口譯時(shí)一般用第一人稱,但是在同時(shí)兼任會(huì)談雙方的譯員時(shí)需每次指明發(fā)言者身份。4、確保聽眾能聽懂自己的講話,速度在每分鐘90160詞之間,聽眾鼓掌或哄笑時(shí)適當(dāng)停頓,說到專有名詞和頭銜時(shí)應(yīng)稍稍放慢速度,力求準(zhǔn)確;察言觀色,根據(jù)聽眾反應(yīng)判斷譯語是否準(zhǔn)確。5、作口譯時(shí)少用或不用手勢(shì),即興發(fā)言時(shí)難免有口誤甚至被人糾正錯(cuò)誤,這時(shí)應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出良好素養(yǎng),不做鬼臉,不皺眉頭,虛心接受批評(píng),立即改正。二、傳遞意義(Interpreting the Meaning of the Utterance口譯與筆譯除了形式上的差別外,最突出的特點(diǎn)在于口譯的即時(shí)性(r

3、eal-time,發(fā)言人話音一落,譯員就必須把剛聽到的長(zhǎng)達(dá)35分鐘的講話(100120個(gè)詞/分鐘完整地在相應(yīng)時(shí)間內(nèi)(通常為3/4時(shí)間轉(zhuǎn)述出來。很多人能完整地復(fù)述一、兩個(gè)小時(shí)的電影內(nèi)容,但是很難在短時(shí)間內(nèi)記住300600個(gè)詞?？谧g不是逐字口頭翻譯,而是把“意義”(sense從一種語言形式轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種語言形式。這時(shí)應(yīng)鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生主要用大腦記憶意義而不是用筆來記憶,否則就會(huì)陷入只注意記字眼而不是意義、只見樹木不見森林的誤區(qū),影響后面記筆記的學(xué)習(xí)和訓(xùn)練。三、記憶練習(xí):提高積極聽力(Memory Exercise: Improving Active Listening聽取信息、理解并記憶是口譯的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)。在

4、訓(xùn)練開始時(shí)有些學(xué)生抱怨自己似乎理解了原語,但是等到翻譯時(shí)卻記不起剛才聽過的內(nèi)容。這其中的原因主要有兩種:1、注意力不夠集中。譯員不是普通的憑興趣聽取信息的聽眾,而是必須注意力高度集中地聽取并記憶愿與所有意思的特殊聽眾;2、對(duì)話題不熟悉或因英漢語序差異大,外語水平不夠聽不懂原語,所以無法記憶。所以應(yīng)強(qiáng)化外語聽力訓(xùn)練,同時(shí)擴(kuò)充背景知識(shí),帶著問題聽,聽信息的中心思想或要點(diǎn)?？谧g培訓(xùn)的前期任務(wù)是讓學(xué)生邊聽邊分析理解信息,并在不記筆記的情況下表達(dá)所理解和所記憶的內(nèi)容。所謂積極地聽,就是要主動(dòng)地解析和記憶所聽內(nèi)容的信息點(diǎn)以及各種信息點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系?？梢赃x擇一些內(nèi)容較長(zhǎng)、難度相對(duì)較大的講話,聽后說出時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)

5、、主要事件、前后邏輯關(guān)系等內(nèi)容,然后逐段分析,增補(bǔ)細(xì)節(jié)信息,領(lǐng)會(huì)語境支持下的理解程序。四、記憶訓(xùn)練:借助記憶輔助工具(Memory Exercise: Making Use of Memory Aids記憶指的是對(duì)信息的編碼、儲(chǔ)存和?取,遺忘是指對(duì)儲(chǔ)存的信息無法?取或再認(rèn)。記住原語信息對(duì)成功表達(dá)至關(guān)重要,首先譯員必須對(duì)所聽的內(nèi)容感興趣(譯員工作的內(nèi)容千差萬別,從政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、醫(yī)藥、文娛、體育到信息技術(shù),若沒有一種對(duì)任何新事物新領(lǐng)域知識(shí)的好奇心是無法保證其自始至終集中注意力、理解并記憶原語的;其次根據(jù)對(duì)主題背景知識(shí)的了解,譯員可以適當(dāng)應(yīng)用一些記憶力輔助工具來增強(qiáng)自己再認(rèn)原信息的能力,如把描述

6、性、方位感強(qiáng)的內(nèi)容形象化,就可節(jié)省記筆記的時(shí)間和精力;把羅列出來的內(nèi)容加以分類,進(jìn)行綜合歸納,可以刪繁就簡(jiǎn),快速記憶。五、記數(shù)字(Remembering Numbers人的短時(shí)記憶只能記住67個(gè)孤立、無內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的數(shù)字符號(hào)。但是發(fā)言人經(jīng)常會(huì)用數(shù)據(jù)來做實(shí)證性說明。大量天文數(shù)字夾雜在紛繁蕪雜的信息當(dāng)中一古腦兒地冒出來時(shí)給譯員極大的壓力,往往造成錯(cuò)譯或延時(shí),是成功表達(dá)的重大障礙之一。以下是常用記數(shù)字方法。記數(shù)字訓(xùn)練必須堅(jiān)持不懈?；鶖?shù)表達(dá)三位數(shù)以內(nèi)的數(shù)字對(duì)口譯不會(huì)構(gòu)成困難,而三位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,尤其是五位數(shù)以上的數(shù)字,則成了口譯的一大難關(guān)。為了便于記錄和口譯,我們不妨可以用“點(diǎn)三杠四”書寫法,即用逗號(hào)(,

7、表示三位數(shù),便于英語表達(dá),用斜杠(/表示四位數(shù),便于漢語表達(dá):1727七百二十七Seven hundred twenty-seven (in AmE;Seven hundred and twenty-seven (in BrE;22,003二千零三Two thousand three (in AmE;Two thousand and three (in BrE;31,97/4,727一百九十七萬四千七百二十七One million, nine hundred (and seventy-four thousand seven hundred (and twenty-seven41,1/75,00

8、/0,000十一億七千五百萬One billion, one hundred seventy-five million (in AmE545,0/00,00/0,000四百五十億Forty-five billion序數(shù)表達(dá)1第一:the first2第三:the third3第十:the tenth4第十五:the fifteenth5第二十二:the twenty-second分?jǐn)?shù)表達(dá)1二分之一:a half2五分之一:one-fifth3四分之三:three quarters4七分之四:four-seventh5五又三分之二:five and two-thirds小數(shù)表達(dá)112.89十二點(diǎn)

9、八九:twelve point eight nine20.323零點(diǎn)三二三:point three two three; zero/naught point three two three六、記筆記:常用符號(hào)和縮略語(Note-taking: Useful Signs and Acronyms口譯理解的過程就像黑匣子神秘難懂,無法把任何一個(gè)步驟孤立地來討論,聽取信息的同時(shí),理解、記憶甚至轉(zhuǎn)換代碼也一并進(jìn)行。譯員除了主要靠高度集中注意力強(qiáng)記原語信息外,還借用通用符號(hào)和縮略詞語把一些表示信息簡(jiǎn)要記錄下來,減輕大腦記憶的壓力、合理分配精力以便繼續(xù)攝取更多信息。1、以下是一些常用筆記符號(hào):信息意義符號(hào)

10、增加;補(bǔ)充+減少;刪除 和;與;共同 &上升;提高;增強(qiáng) 下降;下沉;降低 上揚(yáng);漸漸好轉(zhuǎn) 下挫;不斷虧損 去;向前;發(fā)展 回顧;從前;倒退 不等于;并不意味著 屬于 總和;合力 商標(biāo) TM英鎊 美元 $人民幣 ￥重要;驚訝 !小于;不足 <超過 >認(rèn)為;主張;相信 :以為中心;圓桌會(huì)談 因?yàn)?所以 國(guó)家 問題;疑惑 ?正確;認(rèn)同 高興 譯員常常使用一些自己熟悉但別人不一定看懂的方式記筆記,如用“工”表示“工業(yè)”、“G”表示“政府”、“E”指代“經(jīng)濟(jì)”,但是也不鼓勵(lì)無休止地設(shè)計(jì)新符號(hào),記憶和識(shí)別新符號(hào)很可能在表達(dá)時(shí)帶來負(fù)面影響。我們還可以用符號(hào)夾雜縮略語一起來記筆記。2、以

11、下是常用的英文字母縮寫和漢字所代表的信息:信息意義 縮略語聯(lián)合國(guó)計(jì)劃開發(fā)署 UNDP聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織UNESCO洛杉磯LA上海SH、滬國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值GNP國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值GDP五年計(jì)劃5y計(jì)中華人民共和國(guó)PRC中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨CPC人民代表大會(huì)NPC社會(huì)保障體系社保中國(guó)人民保險(xiǎn)公司PICC中國(guó)外運(yùn)集團(tuán)SinoTrans 中國(guó)遠(yuǎn)洋運(yùn)輸公司COSCO 經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)SEZ國(guó)有企業(yè)SOE合資企業(yè)JV信息技術(shù)IT研究和發(fā)展R&D投資回報(bào)率ROI外國(guó)直接投資FD匯豐銀行HSBC 并購(gòu)M&A虛擬專用網(wǎng)VPN超文本標(biāo)記語言HTML By the way BTW As soon as possible ASAP

12、七、復(fù)述訓(xùn)練(Repetition Training訓(xùn)練原語復(fù)述可以檢驗(yàn)記憶、加深理解,對(duì)一個(gè)語篇進(jìn)行兩到三次復(fù)述可以幫助我們擺脫原語字眼的束縛,專注于要傳遞的“意義”,接著用譯入語進(jìn)行復(fù)述,進(jìn)一步鞏固理解并儲(chǔ)存的“意義”,這時(shí)不必深究譯語的完美,只強(qiáng)調(diào)意思的完整和邏輯的連貫。八、減少母語干擾(Reducing Mother Tongue Interference英語屬于印歐語系,而漢語則屬于漢藏語系。因?yàn)榈乩砦恢?、歷史成因等多方面影響,英漢兩種語言及文化有著不少差別。英語重形和,結(jié)構(gòu)整?嚴(yán)謹(jǐn),邏輯性強(qiáng);而漢語重意合,常出現(xiàn)無主語或主語隱蔽、短語嵌套句子等現(xiàn)象,句法上關(guān)聯(lián)詞成對(duì)使用是中國(guó)譯員在

13、轉(zhuǎn)換代碼時(shí)往往難以擺脫的母語干擾。下面就幾個(gè)漢譯英例句的處理作一些說明。例 1 中國(guó)歷史上產(chǎn)生了許多杰出的哲學(xué)家、思想家、政治家、軍事家、科學(xué)家和文學(xué)藝術(shù)家,留下的文化典籍汗牛充棟。China produced in its history many outstanding philosophers, thinkers, statesmen, strategists, writers and artists and left us numerous volumes of literature.例2 近幾十年的實(shí)踐已充分證明,我們進(jìn)行改革開放的方向是正確的,信念是堅(jiān)定的,步驟是穩(wěn)妥的,方式是漸進(jìn)

14、的,取得的成就是巨大的。The practice in recent decades has eloquently proved that we are right in direction, firm in conviction, steady in our steps and gradual in ourapproach when carrying out the reform and opening up and have achieved tremendous successes.例1漢語中作主語的是介詞短語“(在中國(guó)歷史上”,口譯成英語時(shí)必須用China作主語;例2從句中主語有“方向

15、、信念、步驟、方式、成就”,口譯時(shí)如果不統(tǒng)一主語為“我們”就會(huì)顯得很凌亂,不符合英語習(xí)慣。九、解讀圖表(Interpreting Charts, Tables and Figures發(fā)言人越來越喜歡使用各種現(xiàn)代技術(shù)和直觀的表現(xiàn)手法使演講更具說服力和感染力,因此議員也需要掌握所用儀器的名稱以及讀圖方法和技巧才能準(zhǔn)確地傳遞出講演者及其數(shù)據(jù)蘊(yùn)涵的信息。圓形百分比圖相關(guān)詞匯:扇形 wedge/slice投影片 overhead transparencies圓形百分比圖 pie graph柱狀圖相關(guān)詞匯:柱狀圖 bar chartX軸 X axisY軸 Y axis坐標(biāo) point曲線圖相關(guān)詞匯:曲線圖

16、 line chart實(shí)線 solid line虛線 broken line點(diǎn)劃線 dotted line面積圖相關(guān)詞匯:色調(diào)的搭配 color scheme陰影部分 shaded area以下是發(fā)言人描述圖例所蘊(yùn)涵意義時(shí)常用詞匯: An upturn 回升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì)An upward trend 上升、好轉(zhuǎn)趨勢(shì)Pick up/recover 好轉(zhuǎn)/復(fù)蘇/回升Rise slowly/gradually 慢慢地/逐漸地上升Rocket/soar 驟升Leap 劇增Spiral upwards 陡升、持續(xù)不斷地上升Sustain an increase 維持升幅Reach a peak 到達(dá)最高點(diǎn)

17、Decline/decrease 下降/下跌Downward trend 下降的趨勢(shì)A slump 暴跌、蕭條Drop slightly/gradually 輕微/逐漸下跌Spiral downward 劇降/持續(xù)不斷地下降Plunge/dive 急降/突降A(chǔ) significant reduction 顯著的減幅Fluctuate 波動(dòng)Remain constant/stable 保持不變/穩(wěn)定Bottom out/level out 降到最低點(diǎn)十、記筆記:篇章筆記法(Note-taking: Textual Form大量的篇章筆記練習(xí)有助于我們體驗(yàn)重要信息、次要信息和非重要信息的特點(diǎn),以免

18、“芝麻西瓜齊抓共管,胡子眉毛盡數(shù)拔光”。記筆記時(shí)最好用一本上下可翻用的筆記本,注意在筆記頁的上、下、左、右都留出一定的空間用來記錄后置的信息,所記的每一條信息應(yīng)自占一行,所用的各項(xiàng)筆記符號(hào)要清晰,以免翻譯時(shí)因潦草難辨而誤譯。篇章筆記的訓(xùn)練可采用以下步驟:1、學(xué)生自己朗讀或由別人以正常速度朗讀兩三頁書,然后用通用、規(guī)范符號(hào)或個(gè)性化的代碼記筆記;2、根據(jù)心記和筆記的內(nèi)容,重新寫出聽到的全文,然后與原文進(jìn)行3、對(duì)導(dǎo)致錯(cuò)誤或遺漏的口譯記錄符號(hào)不完備之處進(jìn)行分析,加以完善。十一、詞語選用(Diction在學(xué)生理解口譯培訓(xùn)中“傳遞意義”的原理后,教學(xué)的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)放在通過大量口譯實(shí)踐,歸納一些常用的處理方法和技

19、巧,如增詞、減詞、合并、重復(fù)、意譯等。靈活運(yùn)用詞量增減、詞類轉(zhuǎn)換、正面反說、語態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換等翻譯技巧,可以幫助我們妥善解決內(nèi)容與形式之間的矛盾,使譯文做到內(nèi)容忠實(shí)、文字通順、行文簡(jiǎn)潔、明確易懂。1、增詞法原文:只要依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益,并且符合安全和環(huán)保的要求,我們支持和鼓勵(lì)個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)發(fā)展,這是擴(kuò)大就業(yè)的一個(gè)非常重要的渠道。譯文:So long as these enterprises operate in accordance with law, pay taxes in accordance with regulation; so long as these enterpri

20、ses meet the safety environmental standards, and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the employees, the government would support and actually encourage their growth because their development will be very important for the creation of more job opportunities.“依法經(jīng)營(yíng),照章納稅,維護(hù)職工的合法權(quán)益”和“符合安全和環(huán)保

21、的要求”口譯時(shí)所需時(shí)間相對(duì)來說稍長(zhǎng),為了方便聽眾理解這里增加了so long as。2、重復(fù)法原文:我們將在市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入、稅收、貸款和進(jìn)出口等方面,給個(gè)體私營(yíng)企業(yè)以平等的待遇。譯文:We should ensure a leveled play field, in that leveled play field the individually-owned pr private-owned enterprises will get the same treatment when it comes to market access, taxation, loan equitation, import

22、 and export businesses.譯員一開始就強(qiáng)調(diào)了“平等”,重復(fù)leveled play field可以幫助譯員爭(zhēng)取時(shí)間更好地整理信息。3、省略法原文:在我國(guó)改革開放和現(xiàn)代化建設(shè)發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期,我們召開這樣一個(gè)承前啟后、繼往開來的大會(huì)具有極為重要的意義。譯文:With Chinas reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive at the critical stage, it is of extremely great significance for us to have convened such a con

23、gress that builds on the past and prepares for the future.漢語講究重復(fù)、對(duì)仗和韻律;英語則講究簡(jiǎn)潔,避免用詞重復(fù)、語義重疊。“承前啟后”與“繼往開來”在語義上差別不大,口譯時(shí)只需譯出其中之一,而不用啰嗦地譯出inherits the past and ushers in the future, and builds on the past and prepares for the future.4、直譯法原文:現(xiàn)在伊拉克的局勢(shì)已經(jīng)箭在弦上,一觸即發(fā)。但是,只要有一線希望,就不應(yīng)放棄通過政治方式解決的努力。譯文:Now with rega

24、rd to the situation in Iraq, the arrow has already been placed on the bow, it is a touch-and-go situation. However, so long as there is a piece of hope, we will not give up our effort for a peaceful political settlement.5、意譯法原文:時(shí)間很短,我長(zhǎng)話短說。譯文:Time is very limited, so I will be very brief.6、反譯法原文:只有讓人

25、民監(jiān)督政府,政府才不會(huì)懈怠。只有人人負(fù)起責(zé)任來,才不會(huì)人亡政息。譯文:Only when the public are asked to supervise the government, the government cannot afford to slacken its efforts, and only when every person assumes his or her responsibility, can we ensure the vigor and vitality of government.有時(shí)原文直譯出來給人的感覺不好,這時(shí)反過來譯會(huì)取得意想不到的效果。7、補(bǔ)充背景

26、資料原文:您曾經(jīng)說過,我們一定會(huì)走出歷史上“黃宗羲定律”這個(gè)怪圈。請(qǐng)問您認(rèn)為我們的稅費(fèi)改革怎么才能走出這個(gè)怪圈。譯文:You once said that China would definitely be able to break the vicious cycle of the law of Huang Zongxi, which means, in history, tax reforms aimed at reducing the farmers burden always ended up exacerbating their burden. I wonder how can we

27、 break the vicious cycle?口譯時(shí)要根據(jù)聽眾對(duì)話題的了解適當(dāng)增補(bǔ)背景資料,方便聽眾理解。十二、長(zhǎng)句處理(Dealing with Long Sentences英語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)整?,邏輯縝密,為了避免重復(fù)使用同一個(gè)詞,用who、which或that代替主語和賓語,翻譯時(shí)要注意根據(jù)意群,將其拆解為簡(jiǎn)單句,再根據(jù)邏輯關(guān)系綜合使用倒置、重組和合并等手段譯成地道的漢語。而漢語長(zhǎng)句的特點(diǎn)是“形散神不散”,需要譯員根據(jù)句子內(nèi)在的邏輯進(jìn)行重組,尤其在處理典型的“包孕型”長(zhǎng)句時(shí),譯員應(yīng)使用分流等技巧。1、句首分流法原文:至于人民幣的完全可自由兌換,也就是說在資本市場(chǎng)上面也自由兌換,這個(gè)

28、按照我們預(yù)定的改革進(jìn)程是要往后,需要一定的時(shí)間。譯文:With regard to when the full convertibility of RMB can be realized, that is to say, the convertibility of RMB also under the capital account, according to our set schedule, that would take some time.漢語中有不少以“對(duì)于”、“關(guān)于”、“至于”等分流詞引導(dǎo)出的結(jié)構(gòu),英語也有分流引導(dǎo)詞,如With regard to, With reference

29、to, As for, On the question of,等等。2、尾部分流法原文:If you have a lot of personal freedom, some people may abuse it. But if you are so afraid of personal freedom because of the abuse, that you limit peoples freedom too much, that you pay, I believe, an even greater price in a world where the whole economy i

30、s based on ideas and information and exchange and debate and children everywhere dreams and feeling they can live their dreams out.譯文:假如可以擁有太多個(gè)人自由,有些人也許會(huì)濫用這些自由。但是如果因?yàn)樘^于擔(dān)憂自由被濫用就對(duì)個(gè)人自由心懷恐懼,那么人類的自由就會(huì)被限制太多,付出的代價(jià)會(huì)更大,因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的這個(gè)世界,整個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展是建立在思想、信息、交流、辯論的基礎(chǔ)上;在這個(gè)世界里,孩子們都心懷夢(mèng)想,而且相信夢(mèng)想都會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)。原文:So today, I want to tal

31、k to you about what I believe has to be the agenda of a leader of any enterpris ebusiness ,government agency, university, hospital, bank anywhere in the worldthe agenda regarding this technology.譯文:所以,今天我想和各位談一談信息技術(shù),我認(rèn)為它必定已列入世界各地企事業(yè)機(jī)關(guān)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的議事日程,不管是企業(yè)、政府部門、大學(xué)、醫(yī)院還是銀行。4、倒置法原文:We have to choose between a

32、global market driven only by calculations of short-term profit, and one which has a human face; between a world which condemns a quarter of the human face to starvation and squalor, and one which offers everyone at least a free-for-all in which we ignore the fate of losers, and a future in which the

33、 strong and successful accept their responsibilities, showing global vision and leadership.譯文: 我們是要一個(gè)由短期利潤(rùn)估算來驅(qū)動(dòng)的全球市場(chǎng),還是要一個(gè)富有人情味的全球市場(chǎng)?我們是要一個(gè)使世界四分之一的人口處于饑餓境地和惡劣環(huán)境,還是要一個(gè)為每個(gè)人提供致富機(jī)會(huì)和健康環(huán)境?我們是愿意現(xiàn)在陷于一場(chǎng)無視失敗者命運(yùn)的自私的混戰(zhàn)之中,還是在未來成為高瞻遠(yuǎn)矚、具領(lǐng)袖風(fēng)范、勇于承擔(dān)責(zé)任的強(qiáng)者和成功者?這一切都需要我們做出抉擇。原文: In recent history, China, as a nation, and

34、 we, as a people, have been through days of glory and times of despair. We have lived through days of hope, prosperity and glory. We have lived through days of despair, humiliation and hopelessness. The lesson is clear: the most precious possession of any nation or any people is the ability to chart

35、 ones own future, to be the master of ones destiny.譯文: 中華民族的近代歷史經(jīng)歷了榮辱興衰,這里的教訓(xùn)是明確的:一個(gè)國(guó)家一個(gè)民族最可貴的是能夠規(guī)劃自己的未來,掌握自己的命運(yùn)。6、概括法原文:第二點(diǎn),我們?cè)谙愀刍貧w以后,一直希望香港能早日走向繁榮?，F(xiàn)在香港已經(jīng)受到東南亞金融危機(jī)影響了。這樣,港元在維持聯(lián)系匯率。人民幣貶值,對(duì)港元聯(lián)系匯率將是很不利的,香港能頂?shù)米?如果香港再下來以后,那么對(duì)我們整個(gè)大陸的經(jīng)濟(jì)又將發(fā)生什么影響呢?所以為了香港的經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定,人民幣不能貶值,這是第二個(gè)影響。譯文:Second, we have always hoped

36、 that Hong Kong will move towards prosperity as quickly as possible after its return. Now Hong Kong is hit by the financial crisis and it is trying to maintain a pegged exchange rate. The devaluation of RMB is very unfavorable to the pegging. If Hong Kong collapses, the impact on the economy of the

37、mainland areas will be huge. Therefore, RMB should not be devalued for the stability of HongKong.十三、熟語和引語(Idioms and Quotations口譯時(shí)常碰到發(fā)言人頗有文采地(或?yàn)槿谇①e主關(guān)系引用對(duì)方國(guó)家的古典詩(shī)詞和經(jīng)典佳句。此時(shí)如果譯員平時(shí)不注意提高自己的文學(xué)素養(yǎng)就可能陷入困境。所以培訓(xùn)時(shí)要在不斷提升雙語水平的同時(shí),學(xué)習(xí)一些常用熟語和引語的同時(shí),培養(yǎng)根據(jù)上下文語境進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確而靈活的、解釋性翻譯的能力。熟語翻譯心照不宣:Give it an understanding but no ton

38、gue.畫蛇添足:to paint the lily好高騖遠(yuǎn):to aim at the moon撿了芝麻,丟了西瓜:Penny wise, pound foolish塞翁失馬,焉知非福:a blessing in disguise一個(gè)不成熟的想法:a green thought引語翻譯有朋自遠(yuǎn)方來,不亦樂乎:It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.生于憂患,死于安樂:(As the ancient motto goes, one prospers in worries and hardship, and perishes i

39、n ease and comfort. 在我當(dāng)總理以來,我心里總默念著林則徐的兩句詩(shī):“茍利國(guó)家生死以,豈因禍福避趨之”: I will do whatever to serve my country at the cost of my life regardless of fortune and misfortune.說起臺(tái)灣,我就很動(dòng)情,不由得想起了一位辛亥革命的老人、國(guó)民黨元老于右任在他臨終前寫過的一首哀歌:“葬我于山上兮,望我大陸,大陸不見兮,只有痛哭。葬我于山上兮,望我故鄉(xiāng),故鄉(xiāng)不可見兮,永不能忘。山蒼蒼,野茫茫。山之上,國(guó)有殤?！?When Taiwan is mentioned,

40、 lots of feelings well up. I cant help thinking of the late Mr.Yu Youren, a founding member of Guo Ming Dang, and participant of the revolution of 1911. He wrote a poem to express his grief over national division. He wrote such a poem: bury me on the highest mountain top so that I can get a sight of

41、 my mainland, mainland I see none, tears of sorrow cascade; bury me on the highest mountain top so I can get a glimpse of my hometown, hometown I see none, but it lived forever in my mind. The lofty sky is deeply blue, the vast openness not seen through, oh, boundless universe, would you hear me, an

42、d this elegy of this nation?十四、技術(shù)性話題(Interpreting Technical Speeches譯員常被戲稱為“萬金油”,意指什么領(lǐng)域都懂一點(diǎn),但又不是專家。這也表明了譯員必須涉獵廣泛,在很短的三五天里通過上網(wǎng)搜索、閱讀相關(guān)材料從而達(dá)到相當(dāng)于演講者的知識(shí)水平。其實(shí),譯員并沒有什么天才基因,可以在短時(shí)間內(nèi)掌握“863”計(jì)劃頂尖技術(shù)或三聚氫胺的分子構(gòu)成,只不過他們知道發(fā)言人和聽眾都是“心有靈犀”的業(yè)內(nèi)人士,需要的只是一些連接術(shù)語的邏輯關(guān)系而已,這樣譯員在了解相關(guān)背景知識(shí)以及工作程序后,也能很好地起到橋梁作用。當(dāng)然,應(yīng)該鼓勵(lì)學(xué)生最好盡量熟悉話題,有條件的還應(yīng)該

43、選擇一個(gè)方向作深入研究獲推薦有專業(yè)背景的人來做這一話題。例如:原文:1、中醫(yī)認(rèn)為,陰與陽存在于人體內(nèi),相互作用,互為依存。根據(jù)中醫(yī)的哲學(xué)觀,陰陽兩者對(duì)立制約,互根互用,消長(zhǎng)平衡,相互轉(zhuǎn)化。陰陽平衡是健康的要素,陰陽失衡會(huì)影響健康,導(dǎo)致疾病。因此,中醫(yī)十分重視調(diào)節(jié)陰陽以保平衡。2、We were aboard two US Air Force craft that flew at night from the United Kingdom to Israel, then back through the Azores to Florida. The path allowed us to obse

44、rve the meteorssome no bigger than a grain of sandfrom an altitude of 11-and-a-half kilometers. Images of the meteors were fed through infrared spectrographic-instruments that can detect the unique chemical fingerprints of complex organic molecules of the type that may have seeded life on earth.譯文:1

45、、The TCM science maintains that yin and yang, (the two opposing and complementary principles in nature, exist in human body, mutually functional and dependent. According to the philosophical view of TCM, the two aspects of yin and yang are mutually promoting, proportionally changing with the decreas

46、e of one resulting in, or from, the increase of the other, and mutually transformational. The balance of yin and yang isessential for the maintenance of good health. And if the balance is upset, health will be hurt and illness will develop. Therefore, TCM pays close attention to the effort of regula

47、ting yin and yang and maintaining an appropriate balance between the two.2、我們乘坐兩架美國(guó)空軍的飛機(jī),晚上從英國(guó)飛往以色列,然后經(jīng)過亞速爾群島,飛回佛羅里達(dá),這條航線使我們能夠從11500米的高度觀察流星雨,有些流星微小如沙。流星顆粒被攝入紅外線攝譜儀,它能探測(cè)到那種可能在地球上播種生命的復(fù)雜有機(jī)分子的獨(dú)特化學(xué)痕跡。十五、順譯(Interpreting Similar Word Orders順譯是指盡可能按照句中概念或意群出現(xiàn)的先后順序?qū)⒃Z整體意思譯出。英漢兩種語言在語序和詞序上有很大差異,順譯可以減輕記憶的壓力,但

48、是將切分開的意群在盡可能減少移位的前提下連貫起來則需要一定的技巧。在以下例句中,斜線表示斷句處,“+”表示補(bǔ)充信息,可以采用順譯法處理:1、There are still 10 minutes/ before we call it a day.還有10分鐘,我們就下課。2、My visit to China comes on an important anniversary, as the Vice President mentioned.我對(duì)中國(guó)的訪問,正逢一個(gè)重要的周年紀(jì)念,這正如副主席剛才說的那樣。3、The conference will resume/ at 6 p.m./ afte

49、r the board has met privately.會(huì)議六點(diǎn)繼續(xù)進(jìn)行,董事會(huì)在此之前先要碰個(gè)頭。4、Prof. Smith asked us not to be afraid of mistakes/ in practicing interpreting.史密斯教授叫我們不要害怕出錯(cuò),尤其是在練習(xí)口譯的時(shí)候。5、對(duì)于外界稱我為“中國(guó)的戈?duì)柊蛦谭颉币埠?“經(jīng)濟(jì)沙皇”也好,我都不高興。Whatever the foreign media call me, either “Chinas Gorbachev” or “economic czar”, or anything else, I am

50、 not happy about that.6、Please allow me to say something/ on behalf of/ my colleagues of ABC Organization.請(qǐng)?jiān)试S我說幾句話,來代表我們ABC組織的同事們表達(dá)我們的心意。7、The answer to the question of/ whether we should continue to hold the meeting as planned depends in part on when the epidemic disease is curbed.問題的答案在于,我們是否可以繼續(xù)按

51、計(jì)劃舉行會(huì)議,部分地取決于什么時(shí)候那種傳染病會(huì)得到控制。以上各句的譯文聽起來雖然不是那么順暢,但是在視譯和同聲傳譯等特定的場(chǎng)合卻是譯員必不可少的翻譯技能。十六、視譯(Sight Interpretation在正式場(chǎng)合,發(fā)言人謹(jǐn)慎起見進(jìn)行念稿發(fā)言,因?yàn)槭孪葴?zhǔn)備的講稿語言華美,邏輯嚴(yán)密,不像即席發(fā)言那么容易理解和記憶,再加上速度較快,譯員很難跟上發(fā)言人的速度、準(zhǔn)確無誤地傳遞原語意思。這時(shí)一般要求譯員作視譯,也就是譯員一邊看著發(fā)言人手中同樣的發(fā)言稿,一邊快速地翻譯。譯員除了靈活運(yùn)用上一課講述的順譯技巧外,好要注意發(fā)言人的速度,最好做到發(fā)言人話音剛落,翻譯的聲音也隨即停止。翻譯時(shí)還要留神發(fā)言人是否臨時(shí)

52、插入講解或例子,屆時(shí)還需作無稿翻譯。十七、靈活應(yīng)變(Dealing with Unexpected Situations1、遇到聽不懂的詞怎么辦?翻譯時(shí),最怕遇到聽不懂的詞?？朔@一障礙的唯一辦法是口譯人員應(yīng)培養(yǎng)自己的猜測(cè)和預(yù)測(cè)能力。當(dāng)然,事先充分了解必要的背景材料和知識(shí)是十分重要的。這樣做,譯員就能心中有數(shù),知道講話人要談到什么方面的內(nèi)容。譯員在這個(gè)基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行翻譯,即使遇到個(gè)別不會(huì)的詞,根據(jù)上下文,根據(jù)對(duì)整個(gè)講話精神的體會(huì),也可以將全句內(nèi)容猜測(cè)出來。千萬不能被一個(gè)詞卡住,而不能將翻譯任務(wù)繼續(xù)下去。遇到生詞例子:原文:Another terrible environmental event t

53、ook place in the United States in 1993. 400,000people in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, became sick from the drinking water. More than fifty people died. An organism in the water called cryptosporidium was to blame.譯文:另一次可怕的環(huán)境污染事件發(fā)生在1993年。美國(guó)威斯康星州弭爾沃基市40萬人因飲用水污染生病,50多人死亡。水中一種有機(jī)物是罪魁禍?zhǔn)?。這里cryptosporidium的專業(yè)術(shù)語是“隱性擔(dān)孢子”,可以用音譯的方法直接讀出,也可以用一個(gè)籠統(tǒng)的描述性詞語“有機(jī)物”來說明一下。2、如何在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正傳譯中的錯(cuò)誤?譯員工作中面臨巨大的精神壓力,尤其是知道又懂雙語的停滯或負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)聽翻譯質(zhì)量和錄音錄像人員在場(chǎng)時(shí),再加上較長(zhǎng)時(shí)間集中注意力以求快速和準(zhǔn)確地傳譯,難免發(fā)生漏譯和誤譯。如何大大方方地在現(xiàn)場(chǎng)糾正錯(cuò)誤也是一門技巧。譯員發(fā)現(xiàn)自己譯錯(cuò)后,如果是小錯(cuò),只要是不影響大局的,則不必糾正,可在接下來的譯語中自然地?fù)Q用正確的詞語;如果發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)了大的錯(cuò)誤,則必須立即糾正,可以明確地說:“剛才這點(diǎn)翻譯錯(cuò)了,應(yīng)該譯為”千萬不能顧及自己的