高考閱讀理解難句(共9頁)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一部分：高中英語長難句解析縱觀歷年高考英語試題，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)閱讀文章中出現(xiàn)了許多結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的句子。不難理解，命題者在句子難度上大做文章，無非是想通過增加句子長度和使用復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)來打斷和干擾考生正常的閱讀習(xí)慣和思維方式，從而達(dá)到考查考生綜合閱讀能力的目的。理解長難句的關(guān)鍵是了解長難句的類型，理清句子成分，抓住句子中的關(guān)鍵部分。下面我們來了解長難句最常見的形式。一、 復(fù)合從句其實，不管句子有多長有多復(fù)雜，它只由兩部分構(gòu)成，即主干和修飾成分。主干是整個句子的骨架，主要指主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)(如: I want a ticket.)或主系表結(jié)構(gòu)(如:The man is a teacher.

2、)。而修飾成分在句中只起修飾或補充主干的作用，它既可以是單詞，也可以是短語，更常見的則是從句，尤其是定語從句和狀語從句。這些從句都很常見，考生比較熟悉，但很多時候不少考生分不清單詞、短語和從句之間的相互關(guān)系，這樣會導(dǎo)致整個句子分析混亂。這時，考生應(yīng)通過仔細(xì)分析，將每個修飾成分劃出來，找出句子的主干，這樣整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)就清晰了。二、 分隔結(jié)構(gòu)為了調(diào)整語氣和增加補充信息，更主要的是為了平衡句子結(jié)構(gòu)，避免頭重腳輕，使語義嚴(yán)密，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，可將語法關(guān)系密切的兩個句子成分用其他語法成分分隔開來，這就是所謂的分隔結(jié)構(gòu)。考試中出現(xiàn)較多的是插入語、用破折號插入的新話題或補充信息。此外，還有一些句子成分（一般是定語

3、）過長而出現(xiàn)后置，也可以看作是插入現(xiàn)象，只不過它只是句子原有成分位置的調(diào)整，沒有新增信息。三、 成分省略 在英語句子中，節(jié)約用詞是一條重要的修辭原則。省略主要是為了避免重復(fù)，突出關(guān)鍵詞并使上下文緊密連接。成分省略一般和從句相結(jié)合，一正一反，使句子富于變化，增強表現(xiàn)力。例如在以than，as引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句中，一些成分往往被省略，會給理解帶來一定的影響，而且這類句子出現(xiàn)頻率較高，考生需要熟記。四、 改變語序改變語序主要指倒裝句式。這種打破相對固定的常規(guī)語序的做法，或是為了強調(diào)句子的意義表達(dá)的重心，或是強調(diào)一種表達(dá)語氣，如虛擬語氣、否定語氣等。這些句子往往和一些副詞、連詞相關(guān)，有明顯的標(biāo)志。當(dāng)然

4、，被動句、雙重否定句等句式在閱讀考試中也屢屢出現(xiàn)，限于篇幅本文未將其歸入。希望考生能結(jié)合閱讀實踐來體會上述句法特征。 【突破策略】(1) 結(jié)構(gòu)分析法所謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析法，就是通過語法分析，迅速弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，把握住句子的基本框架?；静襟E是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子的附屬成分。方法一：較復(fù)雜單句的處理方法找主謂語，即找主干成分較復(fù)雜單句在高考試卷中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，所以應(yīng)引起同學(xué)們的足夠重視。 However, many scientists who specialize in ageing are doubtful about it a

5、nd say the human body is just not designed to last past about 120 years.此句的主語為many scientists，主語里面包含了一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。主句有兩個謂語，即are doubtful和say，say后面又包含了一個賓語從句。 Some companies have made the manufacturing of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.此句的主語為som

6、e companies,有兩個謂語，即have made和emphasize。At the press of a button, a microcomputer locks all other floors chute(道) doors and sets the recycling container turning until the right box comes under the chute.此句的主語為a microcomputer，也有兩個謂語，即locks 和sets。方法二：并列復(fù)合句的處理方法找并列連詞 The hot sun had caused the dough (面團

7、) to double in size and fermenting yeast(酵母) made the surface shake and sigh as though it was breathing. Miss Germaines mother looked anxious through the wedding and Mr. Cordells parents are reported to be less than delighted.第一句話中第一個and和第2句中的and是連接兩個并列成分的，兩句話的and 都是連接兩個并列單句。方法三：主從復(fù)合句的處理方法找從屬連詞 Wher

8、eas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.whereas引導(dǎo)了一個從句，即 a womans closest female friend

9、might be the first to tell her to leave afailing marriage, 而it wasnt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriagewas in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.為主句，其中it為形式主語，真正的主語為不定式。方法四：并列和主從復(fù)合句并存的處理方法先讀懂并列復(fù)合句，再看主從復(fù)合句If you ask people to nam

10、e one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didnt even speak EnglishWilliam, the Conqueror.首先弄清并列復(fù)合句，即but連接的兩個句子，再看but前有一個條件狀語從句，but后為一個單句

11、，單句里又有一個who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。(2)意群閱讀法意群閱讀法即把意義和語法結(jié)構(gòu)上有關(guān)聯(lián)的幾個詞連接成較完整的信息。此方法不僅有利于提高閱讀速度，而且有利于對句子的整體理解。例如：When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other, an unbelted driver would meet the windshield with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.分析：是狀語從句，是主句，是with引導(dǎo)的介詞短語作狀語，修飾謂

12、語。這樣，把整個句子劃為4個意群，可以大大提高閱讀速度。典型例題例1 What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life is only that he died in a car accident and that his family was willing to honor his wishes and donate his organs for transplantation(移植).解析： 此句的主語為What Winter knows of the 19-year-old who saved his life整個從句，其中

13、主語里面又包含了一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句；主語的謂語為is，后面的that引導(dǎo)兩個并列的表語從句。點評： 分析長難句時找出主句的謂語是至關(guān)重要的一步。例2 Pasteur discovered that heating the wine gently for a few minutes after it had fermented would kill off the yeast that was left in the wine, with the result that the wine would remain fresh for much longer.解析：此句的主語為Pasteu

14、r，謂語即discovered，第一個that引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句。在賓語從句中after引導(dǎo)狀語從句，第二個that引導(dǎo)定語從句。第三個that引導(dǎo)同位語從句。點評： that在長難句里面用得非常多，所以正確理解that在不同從句中的用法非常重要。跳出陷阱1. This chance discovery ended a 12-day search by the Library Company of Philadelphia for a historical treasurea 120-page diary kept 190 years ago by Deborah Logan“a woman w

15、ho knew everybody of her day,” James Green, the librarian told the magazine “American Libraries”.分析： 第一句的主語為James Green, the librarian，謂語為told，第一個賓語為the magazine “American Libraries”，第二個賓語為賓語從句，此賓語從句的主語為This chance discovery，謂語即ended，后面賓語的中心詞為a 12-day search。2. The alarm had been raised because Vick

16、i became suspicious(懷疑) of the guest who checked in at 3 pm the day before New Years Eve with little luggage and wearing sunglasses and a hat pulled down over his face .分析： The alarm had been raised為主句，because 引導(dǎo)一個原因狀語從句，原因狀語從句里又包含了一個由who引導(dǎo)的定語從句。3. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria,

17、a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術(shù)) make it likely that humans will live in the future beyond what has been possible in the past.分析： 主語為Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark，主語中心詞為Donald Louria，謂語

18、為said，said后面都是省略了that的賓語從句，賓語從句的主語為advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology，主語中心詞為advances，謂語為make，it為形式賓語，真正的賓語為that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句第二部分 長難句的分類與解析一、長難句的分類1、帶有較多成分的簡單句。如：Having chosen family television programs and womens magazines，the toothpaste marketer，for instance，must select the exact televisio

19、n programs and stations as well as the specific womens magazines to be used. 例如，決定選擇家庭電視節(jié)目和婦女雜志后，牙膏經(jīng)銷商還必須挑選出要用的確切的電視節(jié)目和電視臺，以及那些具體的婦女雜志。在這個有30多個詞的簡單句中，動詞-ing形式短語用作時間狀語，不定式to be used修飾的不僅是womens magazine，而且還修飾television programs and stations. exact television同時修飾programs和stations兩個詞，這在翻譯中可以看出來。插入語for

20、instance把主語和謂語分隔開了。2、含有多個簡單句的并列句。如：In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale，had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children，but he was terribly unhappy.在20世紀(jì)70年代，他在耶魯當(dāng)外科醫(yī)生，有位出色的太太和5個漂亮的孩子，但他那時過得卻很不開心。在第二個并列句中，即在had前面省略了and he.Discrimination(歧視) isnt their only concern；almost everyone testing positive

21、for the Huntingtons gene(基因) develops symptoms(癥狀) during middle age， and doctors can do nothing to help. 擔(dān)心受到歧視并不是他們唯一的憂慮，幾乎所有遺傳性亨廷頓病基因檢測呈陽性的人在中年時癥狀都會顯現(xiàn)出來，而醫(yī)生對此卻無能為力。三個分句均為簡單句，分別用分號和and連接。3、含有多個從句的復(fù)合句。如：I cant live in fear of the possibility that as the earths population grows and we use more and m

22、ore of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources，our children may have to lead poorer lives.我不能總是生活在對這種可能性的憂慮中：由于地球上人口的不斷增長，由于我們正在消耗掉越來越多的非再生資源，我們的孩子可能不得不過著更加貧窮的生活。在possibility后由that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句中還含有一并列結(jié)構(gòu)的時間狀語從句：asresources.However，those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers a

23、re relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the prospective(預(yù)期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而，我們這些有這個年齡段孩子的家長們都知道，這樣的機會少得可憐；我們也知道，許多文科畢業(yè)生認(rèn)為未來的就業(yè)市場沒有他們的一席之地。本句的主謂語是：those of us know。know有兩個由that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，其中第二個省略了know。在主句中還有一個定語從句修飾those of us

24、，在第二個賓語從句中還有一個同位語從句修飾belief。4、含有多個插入成分的句子。如：His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently（無知地） enough when, as chairman of Computer Associates International，a software company，he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在電子郵件的地獄之旅是糊里糊涂開始的。作為國際計算機聯(lián)合公司這家軟件

25、公司的董事長，他當(dāng)時還是第一次聽說他的雇員們是多么快地就接受了他們公司的新的電子郵件系統(tǒng)。as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位語，a software company是Computer Associates International的同位語，他們將從屬連詞when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句的主語分隔開了。5、并列復(fù)合句。如：I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse，but I have never questioned the fact that

26、whether I liked it or not，change was unavoidable.我經(jīng)歷過好的變化，也經(jīng)歷過壞的變化，但是我從來沒有懷疑過這樣一個事實，即不管我喜歡與否，變化總是不可避免的。在but后的那個并列的分句中有一個同位語從句，其中還含有一個讓步狀語從句。They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism（故意破壞行為），and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fare

27、s，vandalism did not often occur.他們還發(fā)現(xiàn)公交車售票員在防止發(fā)生故意破壞方面發(fā)揮了重要的作用。當(dāng)售票員到雙層公交車的上層收費時，破壞行為就不常發(fā)生。在前一個并列分句中有一個賓語從句，在后一個并列的分句中有一個修飾times的定語從句，這個定語從句前省略了關(guān)系詞that或when.二、長難句分析步驟1、首先確定句子是簡單句、復(fù)合句或并列句。2、如果是簡單句，首先確定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；接著確定賓語和賓語補足語（如有的話）；然后確定定語和狀語等次要成分，即找出主語、謂語和賓語各自的修飾語。按照所確定的各個成分，給出全句大意（可用翻譯法）。譯文意思應(yīng)當(dāng)通順，并和上下文意義基本吻

28、合。如意義出入較大，文理不通，則分析可能有誤，這時應(yīng)考慮重新進(jìn)行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。3、如果是并列句，首先應(yīng)找出并列連詞并把全句分解為若干個分句；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細(xì)分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后將全句綜合考慮。4、如果是復(fù)合句，首先找出從屬連詞并確定出主句，這時應(yīng)特別注意連詞省略現(xiàn)象和多義連詞在句中的確切含義；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細(xì)分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后確定從句的性質(zhì)，即該從句在句中修飾什么詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)；最后整體考慮全句大意，尤其要注意對修飾語的判斷是否準(zhǔn)確。三、長難句分析的注意事項在分析句子成分時，還應(yīng)特別注意下列幾點：1、是否有同位語和插入語。 2、是否有省略、倒裝和分隔等

29、現(xiàn)象。3、替代詞的所指對象。4、判斷并列成分的層次。5、句首的并列連詞and、or、but、for通常起承上啟下的作用，不要將他們歸入后文的句法分析。6、在從句多的句子中，從句中又包含從句的現(xiàn)象。7、非限定動詞短語在句中作次要成分（定語和狀語）時又帶著自己較長的從屬成分，尤其是狀語從句或賓語從句時的結(jié)構(gòu)分析。8、在有多個從句的復(fù)合句和并列句中，狀語（單個詞、短語或從句）究竟是全句的修飾語還是某個從句或詞語的修飾語。四、長難句分析練習(xí)Part A1、Such tasks are generally important in their outcome，which only adds to the

30、 pressure to do good job，and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.2、Today it is not unusual for a student，even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer，to have $5,000 in loans(貸款) after four yearsloans that he must start to repay wit

31、hin one year after graduation.3、What emerges(浮現(xiàn)) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing the technology as it spies on people doing their jobs，rather than promoting quality service to customers and providing a fair workplace.4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished.

32、And common sense demands that society be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men whom we have already imprisoned. Part B1. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was con

33、sidered the best cough medicine at present.The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery

34、could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine_.A. cannot be as effective as codeineB. can be harmful to peoples healthC. cannot be separated from chocolate D. can be a more effective cure for coughs2. Much of the ene

35、rgy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earths surface. It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere. Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earths surface. The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet. 60.Only a small

36、part of the Suns energy reaches the Earths surface because most of it is_.A. absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphereB. reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere C. lost in the upper and lower atmosphereD. used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes3. The response to her request for

37、 help was so huge that Poe established Kids For A Cleaner Environment (Kids F.A.C.E.) in 1989.There are now 300，000 members of Kids FACE worldwide and is the worlds largest youth environmental organization. 72.Kids F.A.C.E is_.A. a program to help students with writingB. a project of litter recyclin

38、gC. a campaign launched by President Bush D. a club of environmental protection73.What can we learn about Poe?A. She was awarded a prize in Brazil.B. She donated billboard across the country.C. She got positive responses for her effortsD. She joined the National Park Service.4. One of the reasons th

39、at made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer(同齡人) group. 64.Why did Tom give up studying?A. He disliked his teachers.B. His parents no longer supported him. C. Its cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school.5. The endle

40、ss choice gives birth to anxiety in peoples lives. Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple. Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just buying an unsuitable item(商品) th

41、at is not really wanted. 73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety?A. Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product.B. People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion.C. Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items.D. Companies and advert

42、isers are often misleading about the range of choice.6. As the only girl in a family of seven children，she often felt like she had “seven fathers，” because her six brothers，as well as her father，tried to control her. Feeling shy and unimportant，she retreated(躲避) into books. Despite her love of readi

43、ng，she did not do well in elementary school because she was too shy to participate.36.Which of the following is TRUE about Cisneros in her childhood?A. She had seven brothers. B. She felt herself a nobody.C. She was too shy to go to school. D. She did not have any good teachers.7. They may think tha

44、t eating lunch is the cause of the sleepiness. Or，in summer，they may think it is the heat. However，the real reason lies inside their bodies. At that time about eight hours after you wake upyour body temperature goes down. This is what makes you slow down and feel sleepy. (NMET 2008 四川卷C篇)44.Why do p

45、eople feel sleepy in the early afternoon according to the text?A. They eat too much for lunch.B. They sleep too little at night.C. Their body temperature becomes lower. D. The weather becomes a lot warmer.8. These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good s

46、patial skills，while more women speech skills. It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph?A. Yo

47、ung boys may be stronger than young girls.B. More women take up jobs requiring speech skillsC. Women may have stronger feelings than men.D. Our ancestors needed more spatial skills.9. In those days，IP rights were easily protected since it was very difficult to obtain intellectual property without pa

48、ying for it. However，a lot of IP，including songs，films，books and artwork，can be downloaded today free of charge using the Internet. 69.What do we know about the Internet according to the passage?A. It makes IP rights harder to protect.B. It sells songs and films.C. It does not affect the way we unde

49、rstand IP rights.D. It prevents the production of artwork.70.According to paragraph 2，what has “taken the world by storm”?A. Intellectual property rights. B. The Internet.C. Free downloading.D. The large number of songs，films and books.10. The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves an

50、d，we imagine，to others. To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relaxthis has become the model of a successful life. 74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to _ .A. be able to work without stressB. be more talented than other peopl

51、eC. be more important than anyone elseD. be busy working without time to rest11. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancerpeople with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for exampleare more likely to use sunscreen. As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.73.People with fair skin and freckles_.A. seldom use sunscreenB. are