語篇連貫與銜接-3講課講稿

1、Coherence in Paragraph Writing 第一頁，共27頁。CoherencevIn addition to unity, every good paragraph must also have coherence. Coherence is connection and consistency. A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentences are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to fol

2、low the writers train of thought step by step. 第二頁，共27頁。CoherencevCoherence means clear and reasonable connection between parts.vIn a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If a paragraph is coherent, eac

3、h sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader. 第三頁，共27頁。CoherenceExample: Johnny bought a Ford. A car in which Presiden

4、t Wilson road down the Champs Elysees (香榭麗舍大道(d do) was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussion between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day I feed my cat. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters. 第四頁，共27頁。CoherencevCoheren

5、ce means that the ideas in your paragraph should flow smoothly from one sentence to the next to make clear, logic points about your subject. vYour paragraph should not be a list of simple sentences written in random order; instead, the reader should be able to follow easily what you have written and

6、 see quickly how each sentence grows out of each previous sentence in developing the subject of the paragraph.第五頁，共27頁。Coherence through Pronoun ReferencePronounsvYou can create a coherent paragraph by using pronouns to refer back to preceding nouns in the paragraph. For instance, you can use:vHe/sh

7、e vThey/their vIt/its vThis/that/those/these Example:vThe writer wrote a novel. He then sold it a publisher.第六頁，共27頁。Coherence through RepetitionExample：vThere was a cat on the table. The cat was smiling.vNo one can be perfectly free till all are free; no one can be perfectly moral till all are mora

8、l; no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy. Heres a short example of structural repetition from the play Getting Married, by George Bernard Shaw: There are couples who dislike one another furiously for several hours at a time; there are couples who dislike one another permanently; and there

9、 are couples who never dislike one another; but these last are people who are incapable of disliking anybody. 第七頁，共27頁。Coherence through RepetitionThis device of repeating key words or phrases can be extremely helpful in linking sentences and giving coherence to a particular paragraph. But repetitio

10、n is only effective when it highlights our main ideas and makes the readers job easier. Careless repetition, repetition without a purpose, clusters our writing with useless words and phrases. 第八頁，共27頁。Coherence through Superordinate Example:vYesterday, a pigeon carried the first message from Pinhurs

11、t to Silbury. The bird covered the distance in three minutes.vBrazil was even more severely hit by the depression than other Latin American states and the country was on the verge of complete collapse. 第九頁，共27頁。Coherence through SynonymsvExample: vHe got a lot of peasants from his friends and family

12、. All the gifts were wrapped in colored paper.vThe meeting commenced at six thirty. But from the moment it began, it was clear that all was not well. 第十頁，共27頁。 Coherence through Transitional ExpressionsvYou can create a coherent paragraph by using transitional words at the beginning of related sente

13、nces within the paragraph. Transitional words and phrases connect sentences and paragraphs to each other. Within a paragraph, transitions provide coherence. They give the sense that the paragraph contains one main idea. They also create a smooth flow from one sentence to the next, or bridge from one

14、 detail or supporting piece of information to the next.第十一頁，共27頁。Transitional ExpressionsvTransitional words and phrases show the relationship of one sentence or clause to another. These signals speed up the readers understanding and tie together ideas before the reader has a chance to forget them.

15、Here is a list of commonly used transitional expressions. 第十二頁，共27頁。Transitional ExpressionsvThese expressions can be used within paragraphs to show the relationships between clauses and sentences, and they can be used within essays to show how paragraphs relate to each other. vTransitional Expressi

16、ons To show time and sequence:meanwhile, eventually, soon, later, first, second, then, finally,also, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition, too vTo compare and contrast: likewise, similarly, in the same way, however, nevertheless,still, on the other hand, on the contrary, even so 第十三頁，共27頁。Tra

17、nsitional ExpressionsvTo show cause and effect: therefore, as a result, accordingly, consequently, thus, hence, otherwise vTo offer examples and conclusions: vfor instance, for example, after all, in fact, of coursevin conclusion, in other words, on the whole, in short to conclude, to summarize vTo

18、give a restatement in other words, in short, in simpler terms, that is, to put it differently第十四頁，共27頁。Sample vFor some people, high school and college are a waste of time. For example, a friend of mine was an A student throughout high school. As a result, he was accepted into college without any tr

19、ouble. He studied hard for four years. Eventually, he received a degree and entered the job market. However, he was unable to get a job in his field of study, even though he applied everywhere. Finally, he was forced to apply for a job which required none of the skills he had obtained in school. Con

20、sequently, I have become convinced that high school and college are not always the best preparation for the real world.第十五頁，共27頁。v1. first, second, third, last v2. firstly, secondly, thirdly, finallyv3. in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastlyv4. to begin with, then, furth

21、ermore, finallyv5. to start with, next, in addition, finallyv6. first and foremost, besides, last but not leastv7. most important of all, moreover, finallyv8. on the one hand, on the other hand (適用(shyng)于兩點(diǎn)的情況）v9. for one thing, for another(適用(shyng)于兩點(diǎn)的情況）第十六頁，共27頁。Why I Dont Make My BedvEver sinc

22、e I moved into my own apartment last fall, I have gotten out of the habit of making my bed-except on Fridays, of course, when I change the sheets. Although some people may think that I am a slob, I have some sound reasons for breaking the bed-making habit. In the first place, I am not concerned abou

23、t maintaining a tidy bedroom because no one except me ever ventures in there. If there is ever a fire inspection or a surprise date, I suppose I can dash in there to fluff up the pillow and slap on a cabinet. Otherwise, I am not bothered. In addition, I find nothing uncomfortable about crawling into

24、 a rumpled mass of sheets and blankets. On the contrary, I enjoy poking out a cozy space for myself before drifting off to sleep. Also, I think that a tightly made bed is downright uncomfortable: entering one makes me feel like a loaf of bread being wrapped and sealed. Finally, and most importantly,

25、 I think bed-making is an awful way to waste time in the morning. I would rather spend those precious minutes checking my email or feeding the cat than tucking in corners or snapping the cabinet. 第十七頁，共27頁。The Wholeness of LifevOnce a circle missed a wedge(楔). The circle wanted to be whole, so it we

26、nt around looking for its missing piece. But because it was incomplete and therefore could roll only very slowly, it admired the flowers along the way. It chatted with worms. It enjoyed the sunshine. It found lots of different pieces, but none of them fit. So it left them all by the side of the road

27、 and kept on searching. Then one day the circle found a piece that fit perfectly. It was so happy. Now it could be whole, with nothing missing. It incorporated（組合(zh)）the missing piece into itself and began to roll. Now that it was a perfect circle, it could roll very fast, too fast to notice the fl

28、owers of talking to the worms. When it realized how different the world seemed when it rolled so quickly, it stopped, left its found piece by the side of the road and rolled slowly away. 第十八頁，共27頁。Coherence Exercise Learning Under PressureOrganize these five sentences into a coherent paragraph by ad

29、ding appropriate transitional words and phrases to sentences number 2, 3, and 5. 1. Dr. Edward C. Tolman, after experimenting with rats over a long period of years, found that rats that learned to run a maze under the pressure of hunger took much longer to learn the maze than rats that learned under

30、 non-crisis conditions. 2. The learning that did take place was of a narrow type. 3. After learning the right route, these rats panicked if one avenue were blocked off. 4. They were not able to survey the field to notice alternative routes. 5. When the rats were permitted to learn under non-crisis c

31、onditions, they later performed well in a crisis.第十九頁，共27頁。Revised VersionvDr. Edward C. Tolman, after experimenting with rats over a long period of years, found that rats that learned to run a maze under the pressure of hunger took much longer to learn the maze than rats that learned under non-cris

32、is conditions. Furthermore, the learning that did take place was of a narrow type. That is, after learning the right route, these rats panicked if one avenue were blocked off. They were not able to survey the field to notice alternative routes. On the other hand, when the rats were permitted to lear

33、n under non-crisis conditions, they later performed well in a crisis.第二十頁，共27頁。銜接自如，邏輯銜接自如，邏輯(lu j)(lu j)連連貫。貫。1. 1. 語法手段。如照應(yīng)語法手段。如照應(yīng)(zhoyng)(zhoyng)、替代、省略等。、替代、省略等。2. 2. 詞匯手段。如在語篇中，某一詞以原詞詞匯手段。如在語篇中，某一詞以原詞(yun c)(yun c)、同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞、概括詞的形式重同義詞、近義詞、上義詞、下義詞、概括詞的形式重復(fù)出現(xiàn)，以相互銜接。銜接得當(dāng)會起到復(fù)出現(xiàn)，以相互銜接。銜接得當(dāng)會起到

34、“潤滑劑潤滑劑”的的作用。作用。語篇連貫語篇連貫( (二二) )第二十一頁，共27頁。1.1. 用過渡詞表明句子間正確的邏輯關(guān)系。有意識地使用一用過渡詞表明句子間正確的邏輯關(guān)系。有意識地使用一些表示時間、順序些表示時間、順序(shnx)(shnx)、列舉、增進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、對、列舉、增進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、對比、因果等意義的邏輯手段。比、因果等意義的邏輯手段。2.2.重復(fù)主要重復(fù)主要(zhyo)(zhyo)詞或短語并使代詞指代關(guān)系明確。詞或短語并使代詞指代關(guān)系明確。 “ “連貫連貫”存在于文章底層，能夠通過邏輯推理手段來達(dá)到。存在于文章底層，能夠通過邏輯推理手段來達(dá)到。作文時可采用下述三種作文時可采用下述三種(

35、sn zhn)(sn zhn)方法達(dá)到連貫：方法達(dá)到連貫：第二十二頁，共27頁。 3. 3. 按句子本身自然順序或邏輯順序安排按句子本身自然順序或邏輯順序安排(npi)(npi)句子。綜述時句子。綜述時要把問題說明、說透。問題的重要性按由大到小要把問題說明、說透。問題的重要性按由大到?。ㄟf減）（遞減）或由小到大（遞增）的方向排列，事實(shí)按或由小到大（遞增）的方向排列，事實(shí)按過程或因果方式舉過程或因果方式舉出，使層次分明。出，使層次分明。提示：過多過濫使用邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞會使段落發(fā)展顯得累贅笨拙。對提示：過多過濫使用邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞會使段落發(fā)展顯得累贅笨拙。對邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的選用邏輯關(guān)聯(lián)詞的選用(xunyng)(

36、xunyng)要根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要要根據(jù)內(nèi)容需要“精打細(xì)精打細(xì)算算”、疏密得當(dāng)，做到自然貼切。、疏密得當(dāng)，做到自然貼切。第二十三頁，共27頁。你在寫下列作文時，怎樣注意你在寫下列作文時，怎樣注意(zh y)(zh y)連貫與銜接？連貫與銜接？Directions: So far you have learned quite a lot about how psychology works in different cases. Write a composition entitled: College Students Should Have a Healthy Mind in a Healthy

37、Body. You should write at least 120 words. Remember to write neatly. 1. 1. 一些一些(yxi)(yxi)大學(xué)生有心理問題；大學(xué)生有心理問題；2. 2. 大學(xué)生應(yīng)保持心理健康；大學(xué)生應(yīng)保持心理健康； 3. 3. 因此，因此，第二十四頁，共27頁。College Students Should Have a Healthy Mind in a Healthy Body When they experience major turning points in their lives, some college students have hidden mental problems. These problems may result from acade