美國文學(xué)史發(fā)展概況老師給地復(fù)習(xí)提綱

1、WORD 式美國文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)提綱一、殖民主義時(shí)期的文學(xué)(The Literature of Colonialth .c17America)一、時(shí)期綜述，narratives日記1、清教徒采用的文學(xué)體裁：journals 游記 2 、清教徒在美國的寫作內(nèi)容：1 ) abouttheir voyage to the new land2) about adapting themselves to unfamiliar climatesand crops3) about dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invit

2、ation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1) Puritans wanted to makepure their religious beliefs andpractices凈化信仰和行為方式2) Puritans wished to restore simplicity to churchservices and the authority of the 重建教堂，提供 Bible to theology.簡單服務(wù)，建立神圣地位3) Puritans looked upon themselves as a people chosen by God, and it follo

3、wed logically that anyone who challengedtheir way of life was opposing Gods will and was notto be accepted.認(rèn)為自己是上帝選民，對他們的生活有異議就是反對上帝4) Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反對對快樂和藝術(shù)的追求到了十分 荒唐的地步5) Puritan religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wra

4、thful God and to forget his mercy.強(qiáng)調(diào)上帝嚴(yán)厲的一面，忽視上帝仁慈的一面。4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton 約翰科登，RogerWilliam 羅杰威廉姆斯他們的不同： John Cotton was much more concerned withauthority than with democracy;William begins the history of religious toleration inAmerica.5、William 的宗教觀點(diǎn)：Toleration did not stem froma lack of religious

5、 convictions. Instead, it sprangfrom the ideathat simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout inbelief did not give anyone the right to force beliefon others. Healso felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.行為上的德，信仰上的誠，并沒有給任何人強(qiáng)迫別人該如何行事的權(quán)利。沒有任何政治秩 序和教會(huì)體制能夠

6、直接體現(xiàn)神本身的意旨。專業(yè)資料整理. WORD 式6、英國最早移民到美國的詩人：Anne Bradstreet 安妮布雷茲特里特( 女)sincere belief in God7、在殖民時(shí)期最好的清教徒詩人：the best of the Puritanpoets was Edward Taylor 愛德華 泰勒(1642-1729)8、 Captain John Smith, his reports of exploration has been regarded as the first distinctly American literature.1 專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式學(xué)習(xí)指南

7、：1 、 Could you give me a description ofAmerican Puritans?（關(guān)于美國清教徒的描繪）Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the purity of the first-century church asestablished by Jesus Christ himself. To themreligion was a matter of primary importance.

8、They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a specialinfusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, thegreat F

9、rench theologian who lived in Genevahad preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness.There they meant to prove that were Gods chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as inHeaven.2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values

10、 that dominated much of the earliest American writing.3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.4、 The earliest settlers included Dutch, Swedes,Germans, French, Spaniards, Italian, and Portuguese.(The Literature of Reason and thRevolution) 18 .c 二、理

11、性和革命時(shí)期文學(xué) 一、美國的性質(zhì)：The war for ended in the formation of a Federativebourgeois democratic republic - StatesIndependence the United ofAmerica.最終以聯(lián)邦的資產(chǎn)階級民主共和國-美利堅(jiān)合眾國的建立而宣布結(jié)束。二、代表作家：1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明 富蘭克林 1706-17901) Poor Richards Almanac窮查理歷書，an annualcollection of proverbs流行諺語集It soon became the

12、most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklins shrewd humor, and first spread his reputation2) Founded the Junto, a club for informal discussionof scientific, economic and political ideas.建立了一個(gè)秘密俱樂部，討論的主題是科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和政治等時(shí)事方面的問題3) established Americas first circulating library, founded the col

13、lege-University of Pennsylvania.建立了美國第一個(gè)可租借圖書的圖書館，還創(chuàng)辦了一所大學(xué)一一就是現(xiàn)在的賓夕法尼亞大學(xué)的前身。4) first applied the terms positive andegative to electrical charges.專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式5) As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the British toward policies that wouldlet Americagrow and flourish in asso

14、ciation with England. Heconducted the difficulty negotiations with France that broughtfinancial and military support for America in the war.作為殖民地的代表，他不斷建議英國改變政策，使美國可以和英國一起發(fā)展、繁榮。他說服法國支持美國的獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭。6) ) As an author he had power of expression, simplicity,a subtle humor, sarcastic.作為作家具有非凡的表達(dá)能力，文筆簡潔，內(nèi)蘊(yùn)幽默，且

15、擅諷刺?！敝赂恢馈暗暮喢骺偨Y(jié) The Wayto Wealth ) 7致是自2專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式自是致的詳細(xì)注腳“The Autobiography”自傳，18 世紀(jì)美國唯一流傳至今的自傳最平凡的人 1737-1809 Great Commoner of Mankind 2、Thomas Paine托馬斯 佩因,it boldly advocated a著名的政治小冊子常識1)famous pamphlet Common SenseDeclaration for Independence,and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis

16、.護(hù)獨(dú)立宣言，是分裂活動(dòng)發(fā)展成最后危機(jī)。美國危，The American Crisis) 2The Case of theOfficers of Excise收稅官的案子？剜梢增？景？渭眇人的權(quán)機(jī)土地公平一?牧牡踵？班璉操？禾？眇桔？極？景刪情潺?理性時(shí)代 his last important treatise一1743-1826 3、Thomas Jefferson 托馬斯 杰弗遜1 ) drafted the Declaration of Independence in1776起草了獨(dú)立宣言2 ) University of Virginia佛吉尼亞大學(xué)，親自設(shè)計(jì)，擔(dān)任校長3)與清教徒不同

17、，主張追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed bytheir Creator with certain unalienable Rights, thatamong these人人生而平等，are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit ofhappiness.其中包括生命權(quán)、造物主賦予他們?nèi)舾刹豢蓜儕Z的權(quán)利，- 獨(dú)立宣言自由權(quán)和追求幸福的權(quán)利。詩人和政治方面的新聞?dòng)浾?,費(fèi)瑞諾poet and politicaljournalist 菲利普 4、? Philip Freneau perhaps the mo

18、st outstanding writer of the post-revolutionary period. 1) has been called the Father of American Poetry美國詩歌之父2,想象的力量3)作品：1770年，第一部作品嗚散惟督舫漠？恪據(jù)？,The British Prison Ship 1870 年，第二部作品 英國囚 船同類詩歌中最佳：The Wild Honey Suckle印第安人的墳地，The Indian Burying Ground忍冬花學(xué)習(xí)指南：dominated the Puritan phase of American writ

19、ing.Politics was the next great suject to command Theology1、theattention of the best minds.神學(xué)主宰了清教徒時(shí)期的美國文學(xué)，給當(dāng)時(shí)人們思想的影響也最深，其次才是政治。by training and taste ye romantic、 Freneau wasneoclassical 2費(fèi)瑞諾接受的是古典主義的教育，但inessential spirit.其本質(zhì)上卻是屬于浪漫主義的。sNotes on the Jefferson the beginning of literaryindependence:

20、3 、弗吉尼亞筆記State of Virginia巴特拉姆的旅行散文s Travels Bartram th .c 19 (The Literature of Romanticism)三、浪漫主義文學(xué)專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式一、 文學(xué)特征：1、 Environment:1) shaped by their New World environment美洲大陸新環(huán)境3專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式2) array of ideas inherited from the romantictraditions of Europe歐洲早期浪漫主義思潮2、美國文學(xué)特點(diǎn):表現(xiàn)形式pluralistic 多元

21、化， manifestations varied多樣，individualistic個(gè)人主義，conflicting 矛盾3) Romanticism 的特點(diǎn)： romantics frequently sharedcertain general characteristics: moralenthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism andintuitive perception, and a presumption that浪漫主義之he natural world was a source of goodness and man s so

22、cieties a source of corruption. 間大多是相通的，都注重道德，強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和直覺 感受，并且認(rèn)為自然是美的源頭，人類社會(huì)是腐敗之源。4、Transcendentalism超驗(yàn)主義1) As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason,individual expression over the restraints of law andcustom.不講邏輯，不講系統(tǒng)，只強(qiáng)調(diào)超越理性的感受，

23、超越法律和世俗束縛的個(gè)人表達(dá)。2) They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society.呼吁文化復(fù)興，反對美國社會(huì)的拜金主義。3) They believe in the transcendence of oversoul, anall-pervading power for goodness from which all things comeand of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越，相信無所不能的善的力量，強(qiáng)調(diào)善為萬物之源。4)

24、 it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the humanmind. ck to nature, “sinkGoyourselfba back intoits influence and you ll become spiritually whole again. The natural implication of all this was, of course, that thinin nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a sy

25、mbol of the spiritual. This in turn added tothetradition of literary symbolism in American literature.5)代表人物：Emerson 愛默生 :believed that man was a part ofabsolute good 人性本善Thoreau 梭（ 索）羅:beheld divinity in the“ unspotted innocence ”自 of 然 nature 才是神.圣的 “潔 白無瑕”5、Literary forms文學(xué)形式： Novels, short stori

26、es,and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americasprincipal literary forms.長篇小說、短篇故事和詩歌取代說教類及宣言類作品成為美國主要的文學(xué)形式。6、Imaginative literature想象類文學(xué)專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式7、the wilderness cameto function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戲劇化特色的野性諷喻了時(shí)代的道德準(zhǔn)則。8、The desire for an escape from

27、society and a returnto nature became a permanent convention of Americanliterature.逃離社會(huì)，回到自然成為了美國文學(xué)永恒的創(chuàng)作習(xí)慣。專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America s language. In 1828 Noah Webster publishedAnAmerican Dictionary of the English Language ” .American character types s

28、peaking local dialects appeared inpoetry and fiction with increasing frequency.受民族主義影響，作家的目光轉(zhuǎn)向了美國本土的語言，具有美國特 征的本土方言開始在詩歌和小說中大量涌現(xiàn)。10、At mid- century a cultural reawakening brought a flowering “of New England . Ledby Hawthorne, Emerson, andThoreau. New England f Transcendentalism,從新英格蘭文學(xué)到超驗(yàn)主義。二、代表作家：1

29、、? Washington Irving 華盛頓 歐文 the first great belletrist第一個(gè)純文學(xué)作家，劃線部分為三個(gè)主要contributionthe firstgreat prose stylist of American romanticism.美國第一位浪漫主義散文文體作家Sketch Book ”見聞札記，thefirst modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature. 現(xiàn)代文學(xué)史上第一部短篇小說和美國第一部偉大的青少年文學(xué)讀物。Irving restored the

30、waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused with psychological subtleties.重振了 沒落的哥特式浪漫主義小說，隨后坡在此基礎(chǔ)上，把心理學(xué)的一些知識 融入了這種體裁。 “Legends of the Conquest of Spain ”西班牙征月艮記，“A History of New York”紐約外史 美國人寫的第一部詼諧文學(xué)杰作；“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow ”睡谷的傳說 使之成為美國第一個(gè)獲得國際聲譽(yù)的作家“Bracebridge Hall ”雷斯布里奇田莊 ，“Talks of a

31、 Traveller ”旅客談，“The Alhambra ”阿爾罕伯喬治華盛頓拉Life of George Washington后作品2、？ James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯 芬尼莫 庫珀contribution: launched two kinds of immensely開創(chuàng)popular stories - the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga了兩種流傳極廣的小說體裁，海上傳奇小說和邊疆傳奇小說。frontier saga邊 11 傳奇/卜說：“ LeatherstockingTales”皮裹腿故事集，包括 “T

32、he Deerslayer ”殺鹿者、“The Lastof the Mohicans ”最后的莫希干人、“The Pathfinder ”探路人、“The Pioneers ”拓荒者、“ThePrairie ”大草原,regard as “the nearest approach yet to anAmerican epic,被認(rèn)為”是迄今為止美國最接近史詩的作品。the central figure in the novels : Natty Bumppo. /卜說的中心人物：納蒂.班波Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and orde

33、r 專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式第二部小說 “The Spy”間諜，海上傳奇小說 “ThePilot ”領(lǐng)航者3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉 卡倫 布萊恩特 poet詩人5專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式 as Irving had shown that American prose had cone ofage, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers thatAmerican poetry was ready to demand serious attention. 當(dāng)歐文預(yù)示美國散文時(shí)代的到來時(shí)，布萊恩特向歐洲讀者證 實(shí)了美國的

34、詩歌達(dá)到相當(dāng)高的水平。 He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet. 第一個(gè)獲得美國主要詩人稱號的作家。3) “To a Waterfowl ”致水鳥the most perfect brief poem in thelanguage用美國英語寫作的最完美的短詩the peak of his work 巔峰之作“ Thanatopisis ”死之思考4、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加爰倫坡true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic, and a write

35、r of fiction 編輯、詩人、文學(xué)評論家、小說家Grahams Magazine格雷厄姆雜志（坡的工作場所）和伯頓創(chuàng)辦的紳士雜志Gentleman sMagazine“The Fall of the House of Usher ”鄂謝府崩潰記、“The Raven ”烏鴉the title poem of acollection,“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque ”述異集，first collection of擅長描寫short stories.第一部短篇小說集。often use grotesque or fantastic events.

36、哥特式和幻想類的小說。5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉爾夫 沃爾多 愛默生be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England,是把超驗(yàn)主義引入新英格蘭的先驅(qū)。 Emerson believed above all in individualism個(gè)人主義,independence of mind 思想獨(dú)立,and self-reliance 自強(qiáng).作品：第一本書“Nature論自然、“Essays隨筆錄、“The American Scholar 美國學(xué)者 ，ourintellectual Declarati

37、onof Independence.我們知識分子的獨(dú)立宣！K。his most important works are Representative“ Men ”代表and a English Traits ”英國人、 aPoems 詩集Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotismvanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball.人形的約束沒有了。- 論自然6、Henry Da

38、vid Thoreau 亨利戴維 梭羅Emersons truest disciple. Put into practice many ofEmerson s theories愛默生最忠實(shí)的信徒，把愛默生的許多理論付諸于實(shí)踐。 In Walden ”沃爾登成名作，“Civil Disobedience平民反抗essay隨筆教義：I would not haveanyone adopt my mode of living, each should find outhis own way, not his neighbor s orhis專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式parents.我不希望人們接受我

39、的生活模式，每一個(gè)都應(yīng)該 發(fā)現(xiàn)自己的生活方式，不是鄰居的，也不是他父母的。7、？ Nathaniel Hawthorne 納薩尼爾 霍桑background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hawthorne,who harm a person.曾經(jīng)有個(gè)做法官的祖輩害人。 The House of the Seven Gables ” 七尖角閣房，是霍 桑著名神秘小說中的一個(gè)房屋名稱。6專業(yè)資料整理. WORD 式he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism, the h

40、arshness and the persecutions.對清教徒陰暗面的深切關(guān)注，認(rèn)為清教徒的戒行過于森嚴(yán)，對不同信仰 人的迫害過于殘酷?！癟he Custom House ”海關(guān)大廈D “Mosses from an Old Manse ”古廈青苔、“The MarbleFaun ”玉石神像特點(diǎn) unique gift was for thecreation of strongly symbolic stories which touch thedeepest roots of man smoralnature.獨(dú)特才能主要表現(xiàn)在他能夠通過一些極具象征意 義的故事來觸摸人類靈魂深處的道德

41、品質(zhì)。 his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appears strongly inhisshort stories.在他的短篇小說中，他通過活生生、極具有象征意義的想象來體現(xiàn)人類社會(huì)的一些重大道德問題。 to make a story exist in its own right but at thesame time appear as a moral symbol.杰生之處在于他能把一個(gè)故事安放在自己設(shè)置的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之中來講述，他在書中所講的正義標(biāo)準(zhǔn)成為當(dāng)時(shí)人們的道

42、德參考。6) “The Scarlet Letter紅字女主角honest, calmly face fault 誠實(shí)，坦然的面對 罪過。弗洛伊德人格理論：Id 本我 - 欲望，只要快樂 - Roger女主角的丈夫Ego自我-分辨對錯(cuò)，受約束，符合現(xiàn)實(shí)-Hester女主角Superego 超我 Dim 女主角的情人，牧師女主角的自我成長和自我救贖的過程。Ego growth andredeem by her own of process “The Scarlet Letter ” analysis 分析：it not a praise of a Hester sinning, but a hy

43、mn on the moral growth ofthe woman when sinned against.Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her lifeeventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with herfellowmenSymb

44、olic of her moral development is the gradual imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in meaning. At first it is atoken of sha me, “ Adultery but then the genuine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellowvillagers changes it to“ Able ” letter.LaterAinappthearsstory, the in the sky

45、, signifying“ Angel ” . There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A mayepresent Adamic, or prehistoric, an archetypal vice suggestive of “ original sin, ” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied withhimself, he lives a stranger among his adm

46、irers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct herlife and win a moral victory, 專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy fo

47、r manis to be true, honest,and ever ready to show one s worst to the outsideworld.8、? Herman Melville 赫爾曼 麥爾維爾作品： two simple, romantic narratives:Typee”泰比、Omoo sort ”歐穆two philosophical novels: Mardi ”瑪?shù)亍?“Pierre ”皮埃爾（時(shí)間順序：瑪?shù)匕做L-皮埃爾）一-伯德Billy Budd”比利西蘭尼、”班內(nèi)托 “ two celebrated short novels: Benito Cere

48、no- 最后音日作品7專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式 “Moby Dick ”白鯨，a tremendous chronicle ofwhaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要講述了一個(gè)為追捕一只想象中的神秘白鯨的漫長海上故事。Summury: Ishmael, a schoolmaster, wanted to change his life and decided to sign on a whaling ship. On the way, hemade a friendly friend Queeq

49、ueg, then they signed onthe same ship - Pequod. The Captain Ahab was a person withone leg, and he was curious about catching the monsterMoby Dick neglected other spersuasion. Ahab asked for newsabout Moby Dick from other ships. Two shipmenbers managed to stop his crazy action, but failed. Even the b

50、adweather and the prophesy of Fedallah can tstop him.A few days later, Ahab found Moby Dick himself and the menfought against it for several days. At last, all the people died except Ishmael. The book is steeped in symbolism.本書達(dá)到I 了 象征主義手法的創(chuàng)作高峰。The voyage itself is a metaphor for“ search anddiscover

51、y, the search for the ultimate truth of experience .Moby Dick : mystery of the university; power of the grant nature; evil of the world.Pequod : is the microcosm of the human society; is the ship of American soul.Whiteness is a paradoxical color, too, signifying as it does death and corruption as we

52、ll as purity, innocence and youth.主人公：Ishmael伊什米爾，取自圣經(jīng)。 在書中說:to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme.寫一部宏大的著作，必須有一個(gè)宏大的主題。故事人物：Captain Ahab. 船長阿哈比；Queequeg 捕鯨人奎因奎格, was a friendlyperson ； the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahabagainst the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universea

53、nd itsawesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitti ngsymbol for his theme was the “ gliding great demon of the seas oflife.阿”哈比艦長和各種危險(xiǎn)之間的激烈斗爭，他同那些強(qiáng)大的、神秘的自然展開斗爭，他們令人毛骨悚然，有時(shí) 還冷酷無情。他把那只大白鯨貼切的比喻為“生命海洋中滑行的惡魔 “ Moby Dick ”: one of the major themes in Melvilleis alienation, which he sensed existing in th

54、e life of histime ondifferent levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “ search and discovery, the search for theultimate trut experience. He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sens

55、eAhab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to MobyDick .9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利 沃茲沃思,朗費(fèi)羅poet 詩人專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式 it would be hard, also, to overestimate theimportance of his anthology “The Poets andPoetry of Europe ” .His ownpoetry became a means of teaching readers of his daysomething of the possible range of poetic subjectmatter andtechniques, ancient, medieval, and modern.我們歐洲詩人及詩歌不能把這部作品估計(jì)過高。他自己的詩歌成為了他教學(xué)的材料，在書中他講述了詩的主題和一些寫作技巧。從古代的，中世紀(jì)的一直到現(xiàn)代的詩歌，他都一一作了闡述。8 專業(yè)資料整理.WORD 式殊榮：After his death, he became the onlyAmerican to