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1、Ambiguity1. The unemployment rate in Esteria last month was 5.3%, compared to the rate in Burdistan.是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)楹蟀刖錄](méi)有意義,compare to/with要與數(shù)字放在一起才對(duì);2. 要特別注意“PREP+NOUN+VING”的形式,如果VING是PREP的對(duì)象,則這個(gè)就是錯(cuò)的,如:the evidence of my brother stealing。這里就只能說(shuō)是我兄弟的證據(jù),然后stealing可以修飾我兄弟也可以修飾證據(jù)。Idiom 1. 比較詞:一般認(rèn)為rather than=ins
2、tead of,不過(guò)Rather than多對(duì)動(dòng)詞而instead of多對(duì)名詞;2. 習(xí)慣表達(dá):1)Immigrants from the Mideast is BETTER. Mideast CANNOT be used as an adjective of nationality. For the same reason, you CANNOT say Asia People in place of People from Asia.2) 為什么會(huì)有with whom、to which這樣的東西出現(xiàn):不能用介詞結(jié)尾。3) A NOUN TO VERB is CORRECT ONLY wh
3、en Noun is ABSTRACT. Eg:A tool to install the shelves是錯(cuò)的;(具體的詞表目的是有點(diǎn)奇怪,這個(gè)時(shí)候用with比較好)4) 描述法律法規(guī)的內(nèi)容要用ing分詞短語(yǔ)修飾法令的內(nèi)容要以分詞表示其延續(xù)性,不要加定語(yǔ)從句。,如;除非表達(dá)的是法規(guī)的目的,laws后面不能用to do修飾,而應(yīng)該用doing.(同樣的詞還有agreement,directive)5) the increase in X means that X itself has increased.因此如果是某年某個(gè)東西增長(zhǎng)了多少應(yīng)該用the increase of X。6) 如果把職位
4、、稱(chēng)號(hào)放在人名前面,如果沒(méi)有冠詞,或者有定冠詞,就不用逗號(hào);7) 不定冠詞類(lèi)指用法的限制:因?yàn)閍/an的類(lèi)指用法指的是某一類(lèi)中任何一個(gè)具有代表性的成員。所以any可以替換a/an。但類(lèi)指的a/an不能用來(lái)表示那些屬于整個(gè)類(lèi)別的特性。如A tiger is becoming almost extinct.是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)閑xtinct是整個(gè)老虎類(lèi)別的特性。3. 小詞的用法:1) So that& such that& so as to:A. so that連用有表主觀(guān)目的的意思,但是不連用就沒(méi)有這個(gè)意思,他表示某個(gè)動(dòng)作的結(jié)果/目的,因此不修飾介詞短語(yǔ)和名詞;B. 傳統(tǒng)區(qū)別,so后面加adj而such
5、后面加n;C. so as to的表達(dá)為so ADJ as to,他需要邏輯主語(yǔ),一般與主句共享,但前面最好不要有賓語(yǔ)否則容易混淆。而so that是可以主句與that從句有不同的主語(yǔ)的;D. enough不能與以上混用;E. 他們都說(shuō)表示結(jié)果的,但是如果so that后面跟情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,則不表示結(jié)果而表示目的,so as to可表示目的也可以表示結(jié)果;2) so.as的搭配只用在否定句與asas對(duì)應(yīng)。3) Through和by的區(qū)別:通過(guò)做A達(dá)到了做B,如果B已經(jīng)做到了,則偏向于through,否則by;b)through指達(dá)成、做到一個(gè)結(jié)果所做的行為,他前面跟的是那件事的結(jié)果,而by往往是指為
6、了做某事而行使的行為,前面不一定是結(jié)果;c)4) Able、capacity:1) when you see these words, think about WHO or WHAT is actually able to DO something. ;2)enabled should still be used to describe an actual ability. I.e., if you wouldnt say that someone/something is able to do something, then you cant use enabled to express t
7、hat idea, either.;3)can和be able to不需要從意思上(能力還是可能性)加以區(qū)分,只要注意時(shí)態(tài)看哪個(gè)更合適,又沒(méi)有明顯錯(cuò)誤就行5) there are表示自然存在或統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),沒(méi)有進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)6) thereby是副詞,不能做連詞,小心run-on4. 必須修飾N的修飾詞:1) based on:與口語(yǔ)表達(dá)不同,他必須修飾語(yǔ)氣靠近的名詞,如果放在句首則修飾主句主語(yǔ)。所謂修飾,是要使object be based on有意義。(based on what you said,I think。這句話(huà)是錯(cuò)的,并非I IS BASED ON WHAT YOU SAID)2) Due
8、 todue to,similar to,differing from等有形容詞性質(zhì)的介詞,GMAT中一般不能出現(xiàn)在句首。 :與based on用法相同。后面只能加N,也不能修飾句子或從句(其前不能有句子)。=caused by(I have to stay all night due to the presentation是錯(cuò)的,night is due to是沒(méi)有意義的)3) 逗號(hào)+including:注意including后面不能加包含的所有的內(nèi)容。when you see comma + including, you should think of including as a pre
9、position, not as an -ing modifier. therefore, including X will become a prepositional phrase that describes the stuff preceding the comma.(include和among是重復(fù)的,要注意。)4)5. because of + VING是錯(cuò)的,只能直接加noun;與due to不同,because of修飾的是句子。6. in thatin that is used to limit a general statement.他突出表達(dá)is the only way
10、/aspect - (OG12 says that in that means in as much as,約等于because of)- X is Z in that Y - this is a qualifier; it implies that Y is the only certain way in which X is Z.(eg:My brother and I are like each other in that we both have quirky senses of humor.這句話(huà)說(shuō)明我們兩個(gè)只有這個(gè)一樣,其他都不一樣,所以不能換成because。)Modifierb
11、asic rule:go as close as possible to the stuff it describing1. APPOSITIVE MODIFIER(從逗號(hào)開(kāi)始,只含名詞及名詞修飾詞):1)一定修飾其前的名詞;但如果這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)是ABSTRACT感覺(jué)是抽象的名詞可以代指一個(gè)動(dòng)作、一件事情,則可以修飾整個(gè)句子(eg:I went to bar with S,an outing。),如果同位語(yǔ)要修飾的名詞也是抽象的,他又可以修飾這個(gè)抽象名詞(eg:our company will hold its field day,an outing。);2)如果這個(gè)同位語(yǔ)在句首,后面必須跟它對(duì)應(yīng)
12、的東西,不要隔一個(gè)in 1995之類(lèi)的;3)結(jié)構(gòu):n. , n. ; n. , a/an + n.或 a/an + n. , n.(可以是一個(gè)概括性名詞解釋前面的現(xiàn)象,可以是抽象名詞,也可以是直接重復(fù)前面的名詞),注意如果不是一個(gè)抽象名詞是不能做同位語(yǔ)替代前面的內(nèi)容的PS. Twice as many/much as是一個(gè)同位語(yǔ)從句,不是一個(gè)副詞短語(yǔ);同樣可作為同位語(yǔ)的還有different from。2. INITIAL MODIFIER1)組成:開(kāi)始于VING(or starting with preposition + -ING (especially in + -ING)), VED,
13、 N+NMODIFIER, ADJ, LIKE/UNLIKE(While studying the genetic makeup of corn這樣的句子雖然是狀從的省略形式狀從引導(dǎo)詞+adj/ving/ved,但是不能加prep和n的情況下可以省略,此時(shí)邏輯主語(yǔ)是主句主語(yǔ)所以判斷兩個(gè):1)能省略;2)做正常initial判斷,也可以看作是一個(gè)modifier)也可能有prep+以上甚至n+prep+以上。2)必須修飾緊跟(即使只有一個(gè)in England也是不行的,必須馬上有)著的主語(yǔ)(用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的)根據(jù)課程可能倒裝也是不行的,謹(jǐn)慎。3)headless modifier:headless
14、in the sense that it doesnt have a subject。需要修飾緊接著的逗號(hào)后面的名詞(A decade after 并沒(méi)有改變后面的主語(yǔ)余姚發(fā)出initiate這個(gè)動(dòng)作的情況。initiating the nations most comprehensive and aggressive antismoking program,California has seen per capita consumption of cigarettes decline from over 125 packs annually to about 60, a drop more
15、than twice as great as that)4)相對(duì)應(yīng)的時(shí)間是其修飾的那個(gè)句子中所使用的時(shí)間;3. 不能用much和many中任何一個(gè)修飾increase這一類(lèi)的詞:if the noun in question is already an explicitly numerical quantity(number、amount、quantity、speed、frequency、rate、size、price等), then you should use neither much nor many. instead, you should just use twice or doub
16、le by itself.4. HAVING DONE: 1)完成時(shí)的ing分詞形式(having done)作為限制性的修飾是不可以的,但是可以作為非限制性的修飾,i.e.他出現(xiàn)至少前面是要有逗號(hào)的,而且它不做后置定語(yǔ); 2)本身就表示發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,不能用when When是同時(shí)發(fā)生的意思having done,同理,after having done也是不對(duì)的(可以用after sth has done);3)可以做定語(yǔ)也可以做狀語(yǔ),所以要分清他修飾的內(nèi)容是不是有歧義。5. such an X only makes sense when the concept of X could
17、theoretically encompass many possibilities, of which such an X is only one.(i.e., if you have already given the exact, unique definition of X, then such an X makes no sense.)eg:That they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group6. WITH:1)with A,B。AB不能是兩個(gè)相反的東西,要相互加強(qiáng);2)if you write .with X VER
18、Bing, the implication is that this is happening at the same time as the verb in the main clause.而不能是有順序關(guān)系的。(eg:roy ran down the hallway, with his arms flapping frantically.說(shuō)明他的手臂flapping跟run是一起的。)3)with+N+Nmodifier是with的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu),修飾前面的分句而不是前面的某個(gè)單詞(in general, COMMA + prep phrase modifier is an adverbia
19、l modifier, meaning that it modifies the entirety of the preceding clause.);4)“Orb-weaving spiders such as the argiope build webs that are essentially wheel-like structure, with an outer rim and a number of spokes emanating from the hub.”這個(gè)句子里,with修飾的是其前面wheel-like的從句。4)注意它做伴隨狀語(yǔ)的性質(zhì),關(guān)注與主句的關(guān)系是否正確;5)Wi
20、th usually describes how or using what tools/means/persons an action was performed. When with is preceded by a comma, it usually modifies the preceding clause (indicating how the action was performed) or the subject (who else did the subject perform the action with?).7. BEING + MODIFIER:大部分情況下都是錯(cuò)的,除
21、非是要表達(dá)被動(dòng)或者做進(jìn)行時(shí)/助動(dòng)詞(THX U for being my bro),而冗余的情況基本是三種:多余、冒充as、冒充to beyou should avoid being when expressing the IDENTITY or CHARACTERISTICS of some individual or thing.8. VED肯定是作為adj修飾名詞的,但是compared with不僅可以修飾其前的核心名詞,也可以修飾主語(yǔ)(Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are H
22、ispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.)9. ONLY:Many careful writers will insist that only be placed immediately before the word or phrase it modifies.10. VED:過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)在句尾,一般優(yōu)先就近作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞,ed分詞短語(yǔ)在句首,其邏輯主語(yǔ)等于句子的主語(yǔ)。Pronoun指代不明不是絕對(duì)錯(cuò)誤1. 可以容忍指代不明的情況(同時(shí)滿(mǎn)足):文章意思很明確;與要指代的代詞平行且與其他代詞都不平行;只有當(dāng)指代的名詞與錯(cuò)誤的名詞
23、平行且與正確的名詞不平行時(shí),才一定排除,否則就先保留看看。2. 不滿(mǎn)足上述條件,可以安全排除的條件:if you see an AMBIGUOUS PRONOUN that is SPLIT AGAINST A SPECIFIC NOUN(可能是that明確修飾的某個(gè)詞做具體的名詞) - i.e., it is replaced by a specific noun in other answer choices - then you can probably feel safe in eliminating it. if the ambiguous pronoun is NOT split
24、against a specific noun, then you may want to think twice about eliminating it.3. 遇到代詞看幾點(diǎn):1)根據(jù)intend meaning,是否可以有一個(gè)名詞指代;2)是否在其他答案中被一個(gè)具體的名詞替代;3)數(shù)量是否正確;4)是否在意思上是要指代句中做形容詞成分的詞4. 只要是要指代某個(gè)概念的詞,即使不是modifier,也要盡量跟要指代的詞離得近。5. Pronoun within modifiers:從句內(nèi)已經(jīng)由引導(dǎo)詞代指過(guò)的成分位子又出現(xiàn)了代詞(the book that I read it yesterda
25、y was exciting。錯(cuò),it和that重復(fù);the book is hard to read it。這里it和the book主語(yǔ)也是重復(fù)了的,錯(cuò)。)6. this不能裸奔,如果要指代前面整句,需加上別的概括性名詞組成this + n。同理的還有those/these。(these有例外)7. they, their, it都是完整指代,即指代包含了被指對(duì)象的所有修飾成分,而one和that,those是核心詞指代。而且前者指代同名同物,后者指代同名異物。2)one是泛指(a/an)而that是特質(zhì)(the);3)one只能代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù),that可指代可數(shù)+不可數(shù)。8. Thes
26、e的單獨(dú)指代:1)除非很明顯,these不能單獨(dú)指代,如果these單獨(dú)指代,指代離他最近的那個(gè)N;2)these不能作direct object(直接賓語(yǔ)),34中的these是主語(yǔ), 不是直接賓語(yǔ)(單獨(dú)指代eg:Besides adding complementary flavors to many foods, hot sauces stimulate the release of endorphins in the brain, just as exercise does, and these have a pain-relieving effect like morphines.)9
27、. 關(guān)注未劃線(xiàn)部分的代詞,可能會(huì)有數(shù)量上的問(wèn)題而影響選項(xiàng)。10. 主從句對(duì)位指代:如果主從句主語(yǔ)相同,那么當(dāng)主句在前時(shí),主句主語(yǔ)要用名詞,從句主語(yǔ)要用代詞;當(dāng)從句在前是,從句主語(yǔ)可以用名詞也可以用代詞,當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)用代詞時(shí),主句要用名詞,當(dāng)從句主語(yǔ)用名詞時(shí),主句主語(yǔ)用代詞指代從句主語(yǔ)。11. 判斷單復(fù)數(shù)的方法:1)單數(shù)名詞如果單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)前面沒(méi)有a也有the,否則就是復(fù)數(shù);2)S-V agreement1. 不能做主語(yǔ)的部分:動(dòng)詞和介詞的對(duì)象(因此比較級(jí)如harder之類(lèi)的就不能做主語(yǔ),他是形容詞);從句不能是主語(yǔ)(名詞性從句是可以的。)主語(yǔ)一定要是名詞;TO DO在GMAT里面屬于awkward,
28、因?yàn)檫€有可能被當(dāng)做adv。2. 盡量避免VING做主語(yǔ),因?yàn)閂ING很容易被當(dāng)做是修飾詞,可能會(huì)造成歧義之類(lèi)的。3. “a body of/a collection of/an array of/a series of/a set of/a portion of/a group of/ a constellation of/a team of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)后面謂語(yǔ)都用單數(shù)形式,因?yàn)閎ody/collection等被視作集合名詞(collective noun),后面是of引導(dǎo)的介賓短語(yǔ)做形容詞。4.Parallel只有意思是平等的,表達(dá)這些意思的詞語(yǔ)才需要平行。(如雜交題,一定要注意意
29、思一致才能確定平行,不要秒選?。?. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)的確認(rèn):1)標(biāo)志詞后面的部分都是平行結(jié)構(gòu)的組成部分,如有介詞則平行的部分也一定要有介詞;2)如果平行詞有兩個(gè)部分如either or則比較好辦,看either or中間的部分來(lái)確認(rèn)平行結(jié)構(gòu),如平行詞只有一個(gè)部分如and,則從右邊看到左邊,and后面的一定就是平行結(jié)構(gòu),如果是to do則前面也一定要是to do。2. 平行的規(guī)則(作用應(yīng)該是相同的詞性):1)Complex Ving(the rating of)和active nSUCH AS ADOPTION/DESTRUCTION,他們并沒(méi)有表達(dá)主語(yǔ)做這個(gè)動(dòng)作的意思,而是總體上與這個(gè)動(dòng)作有關(guān)。;2
30、)Simple Ving這個(gè)就表達(dá)主語(yǔ)發(fā)出了這個(gè)動(dòng)作。幾乎還是相當(dāng)于動(dòng)詞的作用;3)具體名詞;4)V和v;5)TO DO和TO DO;6)ADJ和現(xiàn)分和過(guò)分;7)從句和從句主要還是看充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑╩odifier,verb,clause。,從句引導(dǎo)詞不能變)8)不要把特別wordy的內(nèi)容和特別concise的內(nèi)容放在一起平行,一般都有問(wèn)題(不絕對(duì))3. HLEPING VERB(be,have,do,will,can,may,must,should。) when need?1)遇到either or這種兩個(gè)平行詞的時(shí)候,因?yàn)橐?)會(huì)產(chǎn)生歧義的時(shí)候(I know more about S tha
31、n my brother。) Where to place?1)I know more about S than my brother do2)I know more about S than do my brother who(helping verb可以放在主語(yǔ)之前,特別是這個(gè)主語(yǔ)有個(gè)名詞修飾詞時(shí))。如果這個(gè)名詞修飾詞放在my brother,who, do則會(huì)awkward,RON不建議使用。3)I know more about S than I know my brother(有些情況下know可以換成do,不確定這里是否可以)6. whenever you use a parall
32、el structure with omitted/elided words, the EXACT omitted word(s) MUST be present, IN PARALLEL STRUCTURE, elsewhere in the sentence. this means in exactly the same form - no alterations, no tense changes, no nothing.(eg:BE和TO DO之間不能替換)7. not only。(but)(also)But和also可以省略,但一次只能省略一個(gè):1)表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系,是并列的而非轉(zhuǎn)折;2
33、)but(also)是可以單獨(dú)出現(xiàn)的,此時(shí)表示轉(zhuǎn)折,跟這個(gè)詞語(yǔ)沒(méi)有關(guān)系,所以還是語(yǔ)義為王;3)短語(yǔ)中間不能加入任何成分:not only。but it also是錯(cuò)的;4)此短語(yǔ)適用就近原則,且不能用于否定句;8. are.but are.也是一種平行,即not在平行之外.(many biological traits are not the products, but are simply random出現(xiàn)在OG中,是對(duì)的)9. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)需要達(dá)到bullet points,就是說(shuō)要點(diǎn)在重要性和描述的類(lèi)型上要平行(my bro is RON and teaches in MGAMT,他們是特點(diǎn)
34、和物質(zhì)的關(guān)系,并沒(méi)有相互獨(dú)立,是錯(cuò)的)10. whereas:OG說(shuō)“Whereas introduces two contrasting situations or events and should be followed by parallel structures.”(例外:Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in
35、 Germany.),但是如果whereas后面接介詞短語(yǔ)要求位子上的平行,那么主句的開(kāi)頭也必須需要是介詞短語(yǔ)(whereas后出現(xiàn)介詞短語(yǔ)或者狀語(yǔ)都會(huì)非常對(duì)稱(chēng)),如果whereas后接單純主謂賓(或主系表),主句也要盡量這個(gè)歸納是有例外的用單純的主謂賓(或主系表)來(lái)對(duì)應(yīng)Subordinate Clause1. When:除了表示具體的時(shí)間外,還有一種成立的條件的感覺(jué),如果說(shuō)when X Y,則X發(fā)生的時(shí)候,Y一定為真,強(qiáng)調(diào)了發(fā)生的狀況,需要注意句子是否有這個(gè)意思。(eg:when you look closely at the house,its on fire。是錯(cuò)的,他等于the hou
36、se isnt on fire unless you look closely。但是另一個(gè)句子:when you look closely at him,the ant runs away。是對(duì)的,因?yàn)槭悄憧拷斐闪薬nt runs away。)2)一說(shuō)是when發(fā)生的時(shí)候,從句可以發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前,而且when不能表示伴隨,表伴隨用AS。2. Which:1)修飾其前的名詞或名詞+prep(如果是n+prep以外的修飾詞都是不可以用which指代的Eg:I took pictures in1995, which are。 這里which如果修飾picture in 1995,感覺(jué)是說(shuō)199
37、5年的pictures才有這個(gè)特點(diǎn),是說(shuō)不通的,所以不對(duì)。這是特例,不是說(shuō)which不能跳過(guò)in prep短語(yǔ)指代,還是要通過(guò)語(yǔ)意和單復(fù)數(shù)判斷。但一般來(lái)說(shuō),which遵守right next to the comma的規(guī)則,除非五個(gè)選項(xiàng)都是N+PREP,則可以不追究這個(gè)事情。),當(dāng)然不能代指前面一整句話(huà),不過(guò)in which case就可以,屬于固定搭配;2)如果which單獨(dú)使用必須用逗號(hào),如果是與介詞一起使用則逗號(hào)可以省略;3)which不能跳過(guò)用兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的句子修飾前面的名詞;4)the gmat tends to write sentences in which which stan
38、ds for the ELIGIBLE noun thats closest to the comma. by eligible, i mean that the noun has to AGREE IN TERMS OF SINGULAR/PLURAL with the FOLLOWING VERB.;4)注意which肯定是不能指人的,因此an overwhelming proportion of women work, many of which are in middle management and light industry.這個(gè)句子里,which的指代是錯(cuò)誤的。3. While
39、:1)表示同時(shí),此時(shí)與at the same time是重復(fù)的(while driving home, I listened to the music);2)表達(dá)相反的意思,此時(shí)與at the same time不重復(fù),不過(guò)此時(shí)也有同時(shí)發(fā)生的含義在,所以如果是while then就會(huì)有矛盾而不對(duì)。(while most of us like dogs,he hates it。)4. 狀語(yǔ)從句的省略:1) 正確形式: 表示時(shí)間/條件/轉(zhuǎn)折/讓步的連詞(when/while/if/unless/although/even though/even if) + 形容詞短語(yǔ)/-ing短語(yǔ)/-ed短語(yǔ) *
40、:(邏輯主語(yǔ)等于句子主語(yǔ)) (所以when a child/ when children是錯(cuò)的; if + n.也是錯(cuò)的);2)錯(cuò)誤形式: 表示時(shí)間/條件/轉(zhuǎn)折的連詞 + 介詞短語(yǔ)/名詞短語(yǔ) (although just inside the orbit of Jupiter是錯(cuò)的);3)省略的只能是邏輯主語(yǔ)和BE;4) 特殊情況:once可以加介詞短語(yǔ)/名詞短語(yǔ); whatever可以加名詞短語(yǔ)5. Where:Where必須代指一個(gè)特定的地點(diǎn),這個(gè)地點(diǎn)要是有意義的;而in which則代表有比喻意義的如situation,condition,case,circumstance,arrang
41、ement。prep中有正確答案是非特定地點(diǎn)是用where指代,因此where作為排除點(diǎn)要慎用;不過(guò)OG是這樣說(shuō)的:“Where is a nonstandard way to refer to a noun that does not name a location.”Meaning1. Except a report loss:這個(gè)report很大可能是別人做的;except to report a loss:這個(gè)report是自己做的。2. * if you say subject + clause + BY VERBing, then by VERBing must explain H
42、OW the main clause occurred.eg:i prepared for the test by reviewing takeaways on the MGMAT forums.說(shuō)明的是我復(fù)習(xí)正式通過(guò)這樣的方法。3. 定語(yǔ)從句與VING的區(qū)別:1)定語(yǔ)從句強(qiáng)調(diào)具體動(dòng)作、具體時(shí)間以及動(dòng)作的一次性;而VING則表示籠統(tǒng)、抽象、多次性的行為;2)含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞或需要用完成時(shí)態(tài)是,使用定語(yǔ)從句而非VING;4. OF與THAT:1)a of b +修飾b的詞,這里表達(dá)了a是某一類(lèi)型的b的意思;而如果用that,a that b+修飾b的詞,表達(dá)了b+ 修飾b的詞是用來(lái)解釋a的,b的那一
43、部分僅是a的一個(gè)特點(diǎn);2)兩者重心不同,of的重心是一個(gè)詞,that的重心是一件事,要分清句子意思要說(shuō)明的是什么,Eg:the fact of在GMAT中從未成為過(guò)正確選項(xiàng),必須用that引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句修飾fact,因?yàn)閛f不足以說(shuō)明that的過(guò)程。5. VINGThey are personalized,conveying the direct involvement of the subject。和VERBAL NOUN(ACTION NOUN)They are general ideas/notions. 的區(qū)別:I dedicated my career to the exposure
44、 of injustice。使用了N,沒(méi)有表達(dá)主語(yǔ)直接參與的意思,因此可以理解為可能把錢(qián)都捐出去了之類(lèi)的;I dedicated my career to exposing injustice。使用VING的形式,表示主語(yǔ)直接參與其中。6. TO DO和FOR DOING: for doing是指某事物的具體用途,而to do 則有目的的意思,但用途和目的本來(lái)就有交叉的地方,所以沒(méi)有絕對(duì)規(guī)則,for doing有持久性的趨勢(shì),而to do往往是一次性行為Eg:a plan TO DO X means that people now have the intention of doing X,
45、whereas before they did not; (=purpose)a plan FOR DOING X means a plan for how to actually execute this action; usually, this construction implies that the intention was already there, but that the plan of execution is new.TO DO和DOING:* to serve implies a sense of purpose or intention, and * serving
46、 implies that the systems were already serving boston at the time when they were being constructed.7. Increase in X 和 increasing X的區(qū)別:重點(diǎn)不一樣,eg:political situations in the middle east have caused an increase in gas price;political situations in the middle east have caused increasing gas price。前者是對(duì)的。W
47、e suffer from the increasing oil price;we suffer from an increase in oil price。前者正確,讓我們suffer的是增長(zhǎng)的油價(jià)。8. by someone修飾的動(dòng)詞,所以不能receive support by labor9. 如果本來(lái)那個(gè)詞有active n,則不能用VING形式表達(dá)名詞的意思,這個(gè)選項(xiàng)可以排除。10. 有沒(méi)有there be的區(qū)別:humans walk on two legs. - meaning: all humans (or at least all normal humans) walk on
48、 two legs.;然而there are humans that walk on two legs. - there are at least some.11. According to:這個(gè)后面不能加客觀(guān)事實(shí),而是說(shuō)明一個(gè)依據(jù)。這個(gè)短語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)the basis for doing something, or for believing something。2)而In accordance with不同, This expression emphasises the rule, principle, law etc, which is followed, and which states w
49、hat should happen.12. In order to和to: IN ORDER TO specifies the GOAL or PURPOSE of an action.(eg:i took four days to finish the project correct; i took four days in order to finish the project incorrect; i took four days off work in order to finish the project - correct);in order to do是目的狀語(yǔ),不能做為名次成分
50、,因此即使TO DO可以做主語(yǔ),IN ORDER TO也不可以。13. WITH和BY:1)BY表示使用某種方法,WITH表示使用某種有形工具;2)with表示行為動(dòng)作的工具,后面的名詞一般要有冠詞;by表示動(dòng)作的手段,后面的名詞一律不用冠詞。14. 關(guān)于THAT從句做主語(yǔ):its perfectly fine to use that + clause as the subject of a sentence, provided that you are trying to refer to some fact as an abstraction, rather than to an actu
51、al action.(eg:that you arrived on time today was a surprise to everyone.)15. 在前面有多個(gè)名詞如名詞1+介詞+名詞2結(jié)構(gòu),而要用分詞修飾名詞1時(shí),為避免歧義要重復(fù)名詞1即用同位語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu):名詞1+介詞+名詞2,名詞1+分詞.見(jiàn)OG208。16. using new technology to be more efficient in pumping oil,這句話(huà)里面,to be more efficient修飾technology,(即使指代use也不對(duì))所以變成用更有效率地用新技術(shù)。與此對(duì)應(yīng)的句子是:using new
52、 technology to pump oil more efficiently,用新技術(shù)更有效率地榨油;還要注意夾心修飾。17. 反身代詞:you dont use x itself unless you are trying to emphasize some element of the inherent nature of x (as opposed to something associated with x, or with some part of x).18. Along with,as well as和and:1)along with是伴隨狀語(yǔ),有一種前面的出現(xiàn)激發(fā)了后面的內(nèi)
53、容的感覺(jué);2)as well as和and不是一個(gè)層次的,所以A, B, and C, as well as D是對(duì)的,但be vulnerable to A, B, as well as C是錯(cuò)的;19. EACH表示單獨(dú)行動(dòng),是有分別的;而ALL表示大家都是一樣的OG16有一題:all states對(duì)應(yīng)一個(gè)similar的情況,那就要跟each state的不同情況比較才有意義。20. 1.* if you say subject + clause + IN VERBing, then subject + clause must be an ACTUAL PART of the actio
54、n of VERBing.本句里面,convince的一部分并不是organize;2.* if you say subject + clause + BY VERBing, then by VERBing must explain HOW the main clause occurred.(a successful grassroots campaignusing Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings/ a successful grassroots campaign which used Web sites, public m
55、eetings, and mass mailingsin convincing;前者是通過(guò)組織做到了,后者convincing是組織的一部分)Verb tense only determined by meaning1. 句子里有沒(méi)有時(shí)間標(biāo)志詞,句子的內(nèi)容還有發(fā)生了什么。(1)出現(xiàn)within/during/in/over+ the past/recent/last表示最近/ since考慮現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);2)出現(xiàn)original/first考慮一般過(guò)去時(shí),還有確定的過(guò)去時(shí)間段、點(diǎn);3)2. Present tense:一般沒(méi)有特別的時(shí)間詞,描述general actions/states(cur
56、rently true and pretty much will forever ture)/facts。因此,在過(guò)去式的從句中(he discovered that。),如是客觀(guān)事實(shí)也是可以用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的;在這樣的句子中如果用了過(guò)去式,則說(shuō)明已經(jīng)不是事實(shí)了。3. Could&would:1)句子的一部分是過(guò)去式,他們也表示過(guò)去式;2)假設(shè)語(yǔ)氣。如果看到使用這個(gè),拿這兩個(gè)詞去對(duì),看有沒(méi)有問(wèn)題。4. 過(guò)去完成時(shí):1)過(guò)去的過(guò)去;2)發(fā)生在前面的要對(duì)發(fā)生在后面的有影響,否則兩個(gè)都用過(guò)去式就可以了。5. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí):1)一般不需要明顯的時(shí)間詞就可以使用,因?yàn)樗[含的時(shí)間是現(xiàn)在now.2)表明還沒(méi)有
57、結(jié)束,不過(guò)注意也暗含最終會(huì)結(jié)束。6. 關(guān)于時(shí)態(tài)使用:除非1)原句有明顯的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和狀語(yǔ)搭配錯(cuò)誤。(比如用過(guò)去時(shí)修飾NEVER,用完成時(shí)修飾YESTERDAY);2)原句有明顯的語(yǔ)法問(wèn)題,而語(yǔ)法正確答案之中,沒(méi)有和原句一致的時(shí)態(tài);其他情況,慎重修改原句時(shí)態(tài)。Comparison1. 類(lèi)型:數(shù)量上的比較,like/as,意思上表達(dá)的比較(mistook a for b)2. 語(yǔ)法和意思上要求平行:同樣的重要性;同樣的類(lèi)型(如果前面是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu),后面也要是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行比較而不能是that of,eg:Only seven people this century have been killed b
58、y the great white shark, the man-eater of the moviesfewer than those killed by bee stings是錯(cuò)的,因?yàn)楸容^的對(duì)象不僅僅是seven people,還包括謂語(yǔ)被殺);同樣的狀況或者內(nèi)容3. AS后面加介詞詞組或者句子,LIKE注意不能加prep,eg:Shoppers in sporting goods stores, unlike in department stores,這個(gè)是錯(cuò)的。后面只能加N且N要與主句主語(yǔ)(必須是主句主語(yǔ),即使有其他的看起來(lái)像比較對(duì)象的修飾詞)進(jìn)行對(duì)比。(as is the case with)4. Compare to/with: 1)有兩個(gè)事情要比較;2)沒(méi)有其他的比較標(biāo)志詞如比較級(jí)、times等,如有則都是錯(cuò)的。(錯(cuò)誤舉例:compare to GMAT,GRE is much easier;as compared t
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