Rules of WTO-Lecture 3-2014-2015(1)

1、Rules of WTOLecture 3 Zhaodan WuNov.26, 2014Chapter 3 Basic PrincipleslReciprocitylNon-discrimination(key)nMost-favored-nationnNational TreatmentlLiberalization of TradelTransparencyOutlineTargetunderstanding the concept of principles;mastering the principle of Non-discrimination;understanding the r

2、elevant articles in the GATT, GATS, and TRIPS;giving suggestions for Chinese international trade.Vocabularybis; with due regard towith respect to; in connection withimposed on; levy; enforcementinternational transfer of paymentcustoms duties; tariffformalityPrivilege; immunityoriginate in; destine f

3、orbe accorded to; territoryvReciprocityDefinition: 與“滴水之恩，當(dāng)涌泉相報(bào)” 異同點(diǎn)of equal value 對(duì)等性對(duì)等性Realization:Reciprocal Reductions in Tariff BindingsBetween Developed Countries: Equal Between Developed Country and Developing Country: Can be unequalChapter 3 Basic PrinciplesSignificance: Standpoint, Foundati

4、onClassification: Bilateral; Multi-lateralRules: p83Reciprocityv第第28條之二條之二 關(guān)稅談判關(guān)稅談判 1 各締約方認(rèn)識(shí)到，關(guān)稅經(jīng)常對(duì)貿(mào)易構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重障礙；各締約方認(rèn)識(shí)到，關(guān)稅經(jīng)常對(duì)貿(mào)易構(gòu)成嚴(yán)重障礙；因此，在因此，在互惠互利基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行談判互惠互利基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)行談判，以實(shí)質(zhì)性削減關(guān)，以實(shí)質(zhì)性削減關(guān)稅和其他進(jìn)出口費(fèi)用的總體水平，特別是削減甚至阻稅和其他進(jìn)出口費(fèi)用的總體水平，特別是削減甚至阻礙最低數(shù)量進(jìn)口的高關(guān)稅，并在談判中適當(dāng)注意本協(xié)礙最低數(shù)量進(jìn)口的高關(guān)稅，并在談判中適當(dāng)注意本協(xié)定的目標(biāo)和各締約方的不同需要，對(duì)于擴(kuò)大國(guó)際貿(mào)易定的目標(biāo)和各締約方

5、的不同需要，對(duì)于擴(kuò)大國(guó)際貿(mào)易非常重要。因此，締約方全體可時(shí)常發(fā)起此類(lèi)談判。非常重要。因此，締約方全體可時(shí)常發(fā)起此類(lèi)談判。 ReciprocityvCase Study1994年美國(guó)根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)法年美國(guó)根據(jù)國(guó)內(nèi)法美國(guó)空氣清潔法美國(guó)空氣清潔法制定了新的汽制定了新的汽油標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，限制委內(nèi)瑞拉和巴西的汽油在美國(guó)的銷(xiāo)售地點(diǎn)。油標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，限制委內(nèi)瑞拉和巴西的汽油在美國(guó)的銷(xiāo)售地點(diǎn)。委內(nèi)瑞拉和巴西投訴：美國(guó)對(duì)委內(nèi)瑞拉和巴西投訴：美國(guó)對(duì)進(jìn)口汽油與國(guó)產(chǎn)汽油進(jìn)口汽油與國(guó)產(chǎn)汽油實(shí)施不同實(shí)施不同環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)要求，對(duì)進(jìn)口石油的化學(xué)性質(zhì)比對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)煉制環(huán)境標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的技術(shù)要求，對(duì)進(jìn)口石油的化學(xué)性質(zhì)比對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)煉制的石油適用更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則，該規(guī)定具有

6、的石油適用更嚴(yán)格的規(guī)則，該規(guī)定具有歧視性歧視性，違反，違反GATT第第3條條國(guó)民待遇原則國(guó)民待遇原則。美國(guó)申辯：美國(guó)申辯：GATT第第20條一般例外條款條一般例外條款美抗辯失敗美抗辯失敗Resource: http:/ StudyNon-discriminationDiscriminationNon-discrimination，非歧視，即平等非歧視，即平等或無(wú)差別或無(wú)差別 非歧視待遇原則非歧視待遇原則, ,又稱(chēng)無(wú)差別待遇又稱(chēng)無(wú)差別待遇Non-discriminationlWhen implementing some preference or restriction, a country s

7、hould not discriminate between its trading partners (giving them equally “most-favored-nation” treatment，最惠國(guó)待遇最惠國(guó)待遇); and between its own and foreign products, services or nationals (giving them “national treatment”，國(guó)民待遇國(guó)民待遇).Non-discriminationlComplementaryMost-favored-nation: Compared foreign trad

8、ing partners with other foreign ones, i.e. treating its trading partners equallyNational Treatment: Compared foreign products, services or nationals with domestic ones, i.e. treating foreigners and locals equally lMeaninglArticlelAbout Chinese ServiceOpportunitySuggestionMost-favored-nationMFNThe co

9、untry which is the recipient of this treatment must, nominally, receive equal trade advantages as the “most favoured nation” by the country granting such treatment.Most-favored-nation 最惠國(guó)待遇指締約國(guó)一方現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)給予另最惠國(guó)待遇指締約國(guó)一方現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)給予另一方的優(yōu)惠和豁免都必須給予締約國(guó)的任何一方的優(yōu)惠和豁免都必須給予締約國(guó)的任何第三方。第三方。 Favouring country, favoured cou

10、ntryCharacter:Automaticity; Identity; Reciprocity; Universality.Most-favored-nationArticle 1 in the GATTArticle 2 in the GATS Article 4 in the TRIPSExceptionsArticles of MFN Article 1 of GATT: General Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment (p86)1. With respect to customs duties and charges of any kind impos

11、ed onthe method of levying such duties and chargesall rules and formalities in connection withall matters referred to in paragraph 2 and 4 of Article 3 (National treatment,p94-95)MFN in GATT Article 1 of GATT: General Most-Favoured-Nation TreatmentAny advantage, favour, privilege or immunity granted

12、 by any contracting party to any product originating in or destined for any other country shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the like product originating in or destined for the territories of all other contracting parties.MFN in GATT GATT第第1條條“普遍的最惠國(guó)待遇普遍的最惠國(guó)待遇” 第第1款：款：“在對(duì)進(jìn)出口或有關(guān)進(jìn)出口而

13、征收的、或者為進(jìn)出口在對(duì)進(jìn)出口或有關(guān)進(jìn)出口而征收的、或者為進(jìn)出口產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際支付轉(zhuǎn)移而征收的關(guān)稅及任何稅費(fèi)方面，產(chǎn)品的國(guó)際支付轉(zhuǎn)移而征收的關(guān)稅及任何稅費(fèi)方面，在征收此類(lèi)稅費(fèi)的方法方面，在與進(jìn)出口有關(guān)的所在征收此類(lèi)稅費(fèi)的方法方面，在與進(jìn)出口有關(guān)的所有規(guī)則和手續(xù)方面，以及在第有規(guī)則和手續(xù)方面，以及在第3條第條第2款與第款與第4款所指款所指所有問(wèn)題方面，任何締約方給予原產(chǎn)于或運(yùn)往任何所有問(wèn)題方面，任何締約方給予原產(chǎn)于或運(yùn)往任何其他國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品的任何好處、優(yōu)惠、特權(quán)或豁免，其他國(guó)家的產(chǎn)品的任何好處、優(yōu)惠、特權(quán)或豁免，應(yīng)當(dāng)應(yīng)當(dāng)立即無(wú)條件立即無(wú)條件的給予原產(chǎn)于或運(yùn)往所有締約方境的給予原產(chǎn)于或運(yùn)往所有締約方境內(nèi)

14、的內(nèi)的相似產(chǎn)品相似產(chǎn)品”。 Non-discriminationLike product:A product which is identical, alike in all respects or, in the absence of such product, although not alike in every respects, has characteristics closely resembling(P186)Unconditional MFNRelevant Concept Article 2 of GATS: Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment (

15、p87)1. With respect to any measures, each Member shall accord immediately and unconditionally to services and service suppliers of any other Member treatment no less favourable than that it accords to like services and service suppliers of any other country.MFN in GATS Article 4 of TRIPS: Most-Favou

16、red-Nation Treatment (p88)1. With regard to , any advantage, favour, privilege or immunity shall be accorded immediately and unconditionally to the nationals of all other Members.MFN in TRIPSGATT(P88)（1）Article 20: General Exceptions（2） Article 21: Security Exceptions（3） Article 24: Territorial Appl

17、ication, Frontier Traffic, Customs Unions and Free-trade Areas（4）Section 9 of Article 15: Exchange ArrangementExceptions of MFN1.特殊產(chǎn)業(yè)特殊產(chǎn)業(yè): 紡織及服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)紡織及服裝產(chǎn)業(yè)2.反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼等保障措施在實(shí)施對(duì)象上的某些反傾銷(xiāo)、反補(bǔ)貼等保障措施在實(shí)施對(duì)象上的某些例外例外3.關(guān)稅同盟和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)關(guān)稅同盟和自由貿(mào)易區(qū)4.邊境貿(mào)易安排例外邊境貿(mào)易安排例外5.對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的優(yōu)惠例外對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家的優(yōu)惠例外6.服務(wù)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域?qū)τ字僧a(chǎn)業(yè)保護(hù)的例外等服務(wù)貿(mào)易領(lǐng)域?qū)τ字僧a(chǎn)業(yè)保護(hù)的例外等例外情況例外情況lFor the leading industrylFor the weak industryOpportunity for Chinese Service IndustryRelevant clause1、根據(jù)、根據(jù)服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定服務(wù)貿(mào)易總協(xié)定，最惠國(guó)待遇的豁免、經(jīng)濟(jì)一體，最惠國(guó)待遇的豁免、經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化、勞動(dòng)一體化、毗鄰國(guó)家之間交換服務(wù)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)及其化、勞動(dòng)一體化、毗鄰國(guó)家之間交換服務(wù)生產(chǎn)和消費(fèi)及其他某些例外規(guī)定，不受最惠國(guó)待遇條款約束。他某些例外規(guī)定，不受最惠國(guó)待遇條款約束。2、根據(jù)、根據(jù)服務(wù)貿(mào)