Chapter03 International Cargo Transport運(yùn)國(guó)際集裝箱輸

1、Chapter 3International Cargo Transport2022-7-42CONTENTSv3.1 Modes of transport v3.2 Clause of shipment v3.3 Major shipping documents2022-7-433.1 Modes of transport2022-7-44Ocean CarriagevAlso called Ocean Shipping, or Marine transportation. vMost widely used mode of transportation + low cost + large

2、 discharge capacity + large freight volume + long distances Vulnerable to weather Less punctual High risk Low speed2022-7-45Types of cargo vesselsvGeneral cargo vessels (雜貨船)vOil tankers（油輪）vContainer vessels（集裝箱船）vOil/bulk/ore (OBO) vessels（油品、散貨兼運(yùn)船）vRo/Ro vessels（滾裝船）vLASH (lighter aboard ship)（載駁

3、船）vRefrigerated ship（冷藏船）vTimber ship（木材船）2022-7-46Types of Shipping ServicesvLiner Transport（班輪運(yùn)輸）vCharter Transport （租船運(yùn)輸）/Tramp Shipping（不定期船運(yùn)輸）2022-7-47Liner Transport（班輪運(yùn)輸）（班輪運(yùn)輸）v A liner is a vessel with regular sailing and arrival on a stated schedule between a group of specific ports.v fixed

4、 route, ports, schedule and relatively fixed freightv loading and unloading charges included in freightv simple procedures and ideal for cargo of small quantityv The B/L drawn by the shipping company is the shipping contract between the carrier and the consignor. 2022-7-48Liner freightv Basic freigh

5、t rates基本運(yùn)費(fèi) 件雜貨運(yùn)費(fèi)v Weight重量法: for items marked with “W” in the tariff, the freight thereon are to be calculated per metric ton on weight (weight ton).v Measurement體積法: for items marked with “M”, the freight is to be calculated per cubic meter on measurement of the cargo (measurement ton).v Ad Val.從價(jià)

6、法: for items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of the price or value of the cargo concerned. For some valuable goods like gold, silver, expensive fur, usually 1-5% of the price.2022-7-49Liner freightvWeight or Measurement， W/M or Ad val ，W/M plus ad val（選擇法）vPer Hea

7、d、Per Unit（按件法）vOpen Rate（議定法）2022-7-410vSurchargesv超重附加費(fèi)（Heavy-Lift Additional ）v超長(zhǎng)附加費(fèi)（Over-Length Additional ）v選卸附加費(fèi)（Additional on Optional Discharging Port）v直航附加費(fèi)（Directed Additional ）v轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)（Transhipment Additional）v港口附加費(fèi)（Port Additional）v繞航附加費(fèi)（ deviation surcharge）v燃油附加費(fèi)（bunker surcharge）2022-7-

8、411How to calculate liner freight1. Select relevant freight list/freight tariff2. Determine the freight basis and class of the goods3. Find the basic freight in the freight grades list according to the sailing route, port of shipment and destination4. Find the types of receivable surcharges5. Add su

9、rcharges to basic rate to get actual freight6. freight = actual freight x freight ton2022-7-412舉例v廣東A公司與法國(guó)B公司簽訂某商品出口合同。商品總重10公噸，400箱裝，每箱毛重25千克，體積20cm30cm40cm，單價(jià)CFR馬賽每箱55美元。查表知該貨為8級(jí)，計(jì)費(fèi)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為W/M，每運(yùn)費(fèi)噸運(yùn)費(fèi)80美元，另征收轉(zhuǎn)船附加費(fèi)20%，燃油附加費(fèi)10%。試計(jì)算應(yīng)收總運(yùn)費(fèi)。2022-7-413基本運(yùn)費(fèi)計(jì)收標(biāo)準(zhǔn)集裝箱包箱費(fèi)率vFAK包箱費(fèi)率（Freight for All Kinds），即不分貨物種類，按每個(gè)集

10、裝箱收取的費(fèi)率。v FCS包箱費(fèi)率（Freight for Class）。即按貨物等級(jí)制定的包箱費(fèi)率。v FCB包箱費(fèi)率（Freight for Class & Basis），即按貨物等級(jí)及不同類型的計(jì)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)制定的費(fèi)率。 2022-7-414中國(guó)一新加坡航線集裝箱運(yùn)費(fèi) 2022-7-4152022-7-416Charter Transport （租船運(yùn)輸）（租船運(yùn)輸）vMuch cheaper than that of the liner. vShippers may choose direct route. vWidely used in transporting bulk carg

11、oes.2022-7-417Charter Transport （租船運(yùn)輸）（租船運(yùn)輸）It falls into 3 kinds: vvoyage charter（定程租船）vtime charter（定期租船）vdemise charter（光船租賃）2022-7-418voyage charter（定程租船）vThe voyage charter is one for the carriage of goods from one specified port to another, or for a round trip. It includes single voyage charte

12、r, return voyage charter and successive voyage charter. According to the route stipulated in the charter party, the ship-owner is responsible for delivering the goods to the port of destination and for managing the ship as well as bearing all expenses. 2022-7-419time charter（定期租船）vThe charterer char

13、ters the ship for a period of time during which the ship is deployed and managed by the charterer. What concerns the charterer most is the period, not the voyage. The chartering may be for a period of 1 year or of several years. 2022-7-420demise charter（光船租賃）v Demise charter, is also called bare-boa

14、t charter, the charterer takes a lease of the entire ship for an agreed time. So demise charter belongs to time charter, but there are some differences: as to time charter, during the period of chartering, the ship-owner provides the charterer with a crew, while as to bare-boat charter, the ship-own

15、er only provides the charterer with a bare-boat, the charterer shall employ the crew and pay the crews wages and provisions, ships maintenance and stores etc. by himself, apart from those expenses he is responsible for under the time charter. 2022-7-421租船運(yùn)輸?shù)慕?jīng)營(yíng)方式定程租船定期租船按航程租用船舶按期限租用船舶船方負(fù)責(zé)船舶的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理租船方負(fù)責(zé)

16、調(diào)度和運(yùn)營(yíng)運(yùn)費(fèi)按照數(shù)量計(jì)算租期內(nèi)每月每噸若干金額計(jì)算滯期費(fèi)和速遣費(fèi)不計(jì)算滯期費(fèi)和速遣費(fèi)2022-7-422Charter party（租船合同）vThe charter party is a contract concluded between the ship-owner and the charterer when the latter charters the ship or booking shipping space from the former. It stipulates the rights and obligations of the two parties. The ma

17、in terms on the charter party include the interested parties, name and flag of the ship, description and quantity of the shipments, time of chartering, freight, loading and unloading expenses, time limit of loading and unloading, demurrage（滯期費(fèi)） and dispatch money（速遣費(fèi)）. 2022-7-423定程租船的裝卸費(fèi)用v班輪條件 liner

18、/berth/gross termsv船方管裝不管卸 free out, F.O. v船方管卸不管裝 free in, F.I. v船方不負(fù)擔(dān)裝卸費(fèi) free in and out - F.I.O. (F.I.O.S.T.)2022-7-4242022-7-4252022-7-426Container transportvContainerization is a method of distributing merchandise in a unitized form, suitable for ocean, rail and multi-modal transport. It is the

19、 most modern form of physical international distribution and overall is highly efficient in terms of reliability, cost, quality of service, advanced technology and so on.2022-7-427Features of containerizationvIncrease the efficiency of handlingvImprove the transportation qualityvSave operating costs

20、vSimplify delivery formalitiesvPromote multi-modal transportation2022-7-428Types of ContainersvThe majority of containers are built to the ISO specification. The 20-foot and 40-foot containers are most popular. (8 X 8 X 40 and 8 X 8 X 20). The container capacity is measured in TEUs (Twenty-feet Equi

21、valent Units). Containers of other sizes and capacities are also available but not widely used.vThree major types of containers:v8 X 8 X 40 (IA); 8.6 X 8 X 40(IAA); 8 X 8 X 20 (IC)2022-7-4292022-7-4302022-7-4312022-7-4322022-7-4332022-7-434箱管作業(yè)場(chǎng)地 2022-7-435七層堆高機(jī) 2022-7-43640噸叉車 2022-7-437進(jìn)口拆箱和出口裝箱 2

22、022-7-438集裝箱貨物的裝箱方式v整箱貨（Full Container Load, FCL） 發(fā)貨人負(fù)責(zé)裝箱、計(jì)數(shù)并加鉛封 整箱貨的拆箱一般由收貨人辦理，但也可以委托承運(yùn)人在貨運(yùn)站拆箱 承運(yùn)人對(duì)整箱貨以箱為交接單位v拼箱貨（Less Than Container Load, LCL） 承運(yùn)人要負(fù)責(zé)裝箱與拆箱，裝拆箱費(fèi)用仍向貨方收取2022-7-439集裝箱貨物的交接方式v門到門（Door to Door）v門到場(chǎng)（Door to CY）v門到站（Door to CFS）v場(chǎng)到門（CY to Door）v場(chǎng)到場(chǎng)（CY to CY）v場(chǎng)到站（CY to CFS）v站到門（CFS to Doo

23、r）v站到場(chǎng)（CFS to CY）v站到站（CFS to CFS）2022-7-440CONTAINER YARD2022-7-441Container Freight Station2022-7-4422022-7-4432022-7-444集裝箱貨物的交接方式國(guó)際上通用的表示方式為： vFCLFCL或CYCY（整裝整拆） vFCLLCL或 CYCFS（整裝拼拆） vLCLFCL或CFSCY（拼裝整拆） vLCLLCL或CFSCFS（拼裝拼拆） 2022-7-445Container FreightvBased on container capacity/origin and destina

24、tion of the merchandisev Inland transportation cost is includedv Based on the type of commodityv For LCL, each commodity is charged separately for the freight 2022-7-446Role of shipping and forwarding agents(貨運(yùn)代理貨運(yùn)代理)vThey are experts in their field with an up-to-date and specialized knowledge of al

25、l the various methods of transport, relative freight and carriage rates, constantly changing conditions at ports, and requirements of customs authorities.vConsolidation or groupage of a number of cargoes from different exporters into one consignment makes transportation more economical.2022-7-447Pro

26、cedures to arrange the shipment The selection of a vessel and shipping line for the required destination The procuring of space on board a specific vessel The consideration and calculation of freight rate Payment of freight Preparation of the bill of lading Dispatch of the consignment to the docks U

27、tilization of standard shipping order (裝貨單)form2022-7-448vBooking notevShipping ordervMates receiptvBill of ladingvDelivery order2022-7-4493.2 Clause of shipmentvTime of shipment vPort of shipment and port of destination vPartial shipment and transshipment vShipping advicevLay time, demurrage and di

28、spatch money 2022-7-450Time of shipment vHow to stipulate the time of shipment in the contract?v1、A definite time is given for shipment. Shipment at or before the end of March . Shipment on or before May, 15th. Shipment not later than October 31st. (the latest time)Shipment during January.Shipment w

29、ithin sixty days. Shipment during Jan./Feb.( a certain period of time)2022-7-451v2. When the payment is made by L/C, the time of shipment is usually made in connection with the time of receipt of L/C. The Buyer must open the relative L/C to reach the Sellers before 15 Oct. Shipment within 45 days af

30、ter receipt of L/C. 2022-7-452v3. Recent shipment（） Immediate shipment Prompt shipment Shipment as soon as possibleUCP600/ART.3vUnless required to be used in a document, words such as prompt, immediately or as soon as possible will be disregarded.2022-7-453Considerations for deciding the time of shi

31、pment The supply of the goods Transportation The opening date of L/C The nature of the cargo2022-7-454Port of shipment and destinationPort of shipmentPort of destinationThe port where goods are shipped and departThe port at which goods are ultimately discharged2022-7-455How to stipulate port of ship

32、ment and destinationOne specific port of shipment or destinationOptional portsPort of Shipment: ShanghaiPort of Destination: LondonOne port out of London/ Hamburg/ Rotterdam2022-7-456Considerations for deciding port of shipment and destination Try to make them as clear as possible; Provide some flex

33、ibility by allowing optional ports; Take into account port regulations, facilities, charges and possible sanctions; Be alert to the possibility of different ports having the same name.2022-7-457Partial shipment and transshipment Partial shipmentTransshipmentShipping the commodity under one contract

34、in more than one lots.The movement of goods in transit from one carrier to another at the ports of transshipment before the goods reach the port of destination. 2022-7-458合同中的分批、轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)條款v5/6/7月份裝運(yùn)，允許分批和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) (Shipment during May/June/July, with partial shipments and transhipment allowed)v6/7月份分兩批裝運(yùn)，禁止轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) (D

35、uring June/July in two shipments, transhipment is prohibited)v11/12月份分兩次平均裝運(yùn)，由香港轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn) (During Nov./Dec. in two equal monthly shipment, to be transhipped at Hong Kong)2022-7-459案例v 某年，我某進(jìn)出口總公司與非洲國(guó)家某進(jìn)口商簽訂了出口1萬噸大米的合同，合同中明確規(guī)定進(jìn)口商必須開出可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證。不久，我方即收到進(jìn)口商所在地銀行開來的可轉(zhuǎn)讓信用證，但規(guī)定不得分批。總公司隨之將信用證全部轉(zhuǎn)讓給沿海5家分公司使用。這5家分公司按照來證

36、規(guī)定的裝運(yùn)期在各自口岸，通過同一條班輪按質(zhì)按量完成了交貨任務(wù)，并在各自當(dāng)?shù)劂y行就地議付，取得了貨款。但貨到目的港后，因市場(chǎng)發(fā)生了變化，大米價(jià)格下跌，進(jìn)口商不想接受貨物。為了達(dá)到這一目的，進(jìn)口商借口交貨地點(diǎn)不同，裝運(yùn)期不同，說我方違反了信用證的規(guī)定，對(duì)貨物進(jìn)行了“分批裝運(yùn)”，所以要求退還貨款。我方堅(jiān)持沒有違反信用證要求的觀點(diǎn)。雙方產(chǎn)生爭(zhēng)議。試分析。2022-7-460Relevant link to UCP600v Article 31 Partial Drawings or Shipments v a. Partial drawings or shipments are allowed. v

37、b. A presentation consisting of more than one set of transport documents evidencing shipment commencing on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey, provided they indicate the same destination, will not be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if they indicate different dates of

38、 shipment or different ports of loading, places of taking in charge or dispatch. If the presentation consists of more than one set of transport documents, the latest date of shipment as evidenced on any of the sets of transport documents will be regarded as the date of shipment. 2022-7-461vA present

39、ation consisting of one or more sets of transport documents evidencing shipment on more than one means of conveyance within the same mode of transport will be regarded as covering a partial shipment, even if the means of conveyance leave on the same day for the same destination. 2022-7-462vc. A pres

40、entation consisting of more than one courier receipt, post receipt or certificate of posting will not be regarded as a partial shipment if the courier receipts, post receipts or certificates of posting appear to have been stamped or signed by the same courier or postal service at the same place and

41、date and for the same destination. 2022-7-463案例v某糧油A公司于某年以CIF條件與英國(guó)貿(mào)易B公司達(dá)成交易，向其出售一筆棉籽油。總數(shù)量為840公噸，允許分批裝運(yùn)。對(duì)方開來信用證中有關(guān)裝運(yùn)條款規(guī)定：“840公噸棉籽油，裝運(yùn)港：廣州，允許分二批裝運(yùn)；460公噸于9月15日前至倫敦，380公噸于10月15日前至利物浦”。糧油進(jìn)出口公司于8月3日在廣州黃埔港裝305公噸至倫敦，計(jì)劃在月末再繼續(xù)裝155公噸至倫敦，9月末再裝至利物浦的380公噸。第一批305公噸裝完后即辦理議付，但單據(jù)寄到國(guó)外，開證行于8月15日提出單證不符。試分析。2022-7-464Rel

42、evant link to UCP600vArticle 32 Installment Drawings or ShipmentsvIf a drawing or shipment by installments within given periods is stipulated in the credit and any installment is not drawn or shipped within the period allowed for that installment, the credit ceases to be available for that and any s

43、ubsequent installment.2022-7-465Shipping advice(裝運(yùn)通知)v When the goods are shipped on board the vessel, the seller needs to give the buyer prompt notice of: Port of shipment The date of sailing The name of the carrying vessel The estimated time of arrivalSample of Shipping Advice2022-7-466Lay time, d

44、emurrage, and dispatch moneyvLay time is the time allowed for completion of loading and unloading.vThere are several ways of stipulating lay time:Days or running daysWeather working days of 24 hoursWeather working days of 24 consecutive hours2022-7-467Demurragecompensation paid for detention of a sh

45、ip, freight car, or other cargo conveyance during loading or unloading beyond the scheduled time of departure.Dispatch moneyamount paid by a vessels operator to a charterer if loading or unloading is completed in less time than stipulated in the charter party.2022-7-4683.3 Major shipping documentsvB

46、ill of ladingvConsignment note (for Rail and Road)vAir waybillvCombined transport documents (CTD)2022-7-469Bill of ladingvDefinition and FunctionvA bill of lading (sometimes referred to as a BOL,or B/L) is a document issued by a carrier to a shipper, acknowledging that specified goods have been rece

47、ived on board as cargo for conveyance to a named place for delivery to the consignee who is usually identified.2022-7-470vA bill of lading is a shipping document that serves as: v1) a receipt of the goods(貨物收據(jù)) v2) a document of title(物權(quán)憑證) v3) the evidence of the contract between the consignor and

48、the carrier (運(yùn)輸契約的證明)2022-7-471Types of B/Lv As per whether the goods are shipped on board: Shipped (on board) B/L已裝船提單 Received for shipment B/L備運(yùn)提單v As per whether the B/L is clean or not: Clean B/L清潔提單 Unclean/Foul B/L不清潔提單Some remarks can not be regarded as “ unclean”.不明白地表示貨物或包裝不能令人滿意，如：不明白地表示貨

49、物或包裝不能令人滿意，如：“舊包裝舊包裝”，“舊箱舊箱”強(qiáng)調(diào)承運(yùn)人對(duì)于貨物或包裝性質(zhì)引起的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)任強(qiáng)調(diào)承運(yùn)人對(duì)于貨物或包裝性質(zhì)引起的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)不負(fù)責(zé)任否認(rèn)承運(yùn)人知悉貨物內(nèi)容、質(zhì)量、重量等否認(rèn)承運(yùn)人知悉貨物內(nèi)容、質(zhì)量、重量等發(fā)貨人裝載并計(jì)數(shù)發(fā)貨人裝載并計(jì)數(shù)2022-7-472vAs per the issuer of B/L Master B/L船東單 House B/L貨代單vAs per the name of the consignee Straight B/L記名提單 Blank B/L /Bearer B/L不記名提單 Order B/L指示提單 (widely used)2022-7-

50、473 提單抬頭提單抬頭 是否背書是否背書 能否轉(zhuǎn)讓能否轉(zhuǎn)讓 Straight B/L No endorsement The consignor can not transfer.The consignee can if necessary. Blank B/L No endorsement TransferableOrder B/Lto orderto order of shipperto order of consigneeto order of bankBy the consignorBy the consigneeBy the bankTransferable after endors

51、ement. 2022-7-474vAs per the content of the B/L Long form B/L全式提單 Short form B/L簡(jiǎn)式提單vAs per the effect of B/L Original B/L正本提單 Copy B/L副本提單2022-7-475vAs per the modes of transport Direct B/L直達(dá)提單 Transshipment B/L轉(zhuǎn)船提單 Through B/L聯(lián)運(yùn)提單vAs per the types of shipping services Liner B/L班輪提單 Charter party B

52、/L租船提單2022-7-476As per the issuing date of B/L Stale B/L過期提單 Ante-dated B/L倒簽提單 Advanced B/L預(yù)借提單vOther types of B/L Container B/L集裝箱提單 On deck B/L艙面提單2022-7-477案例分析v我國(guó)某公司與瑞士某公司簽訂某農(nóng)產(chǎn)品3500公噸的合同，每公噸CIF鹿特丹24英鎊共值84000英鎊。裝船日期為當(dāng)年12月至次年1月，對(duì)方以不可撤銷的即期信用證進(jìn)行支付。我國(guó)某公司在租船裝運(yùn)時(shí)，因原訂貨船臨時(shí)損壞，在國(guó)外修理，不能在預(yù)定的時(shí)間到達(dá)我國(guó)口岸裝貨，臨時(shí)改派香港

53、某公司租船裝運(yùn)，但又因連日風(fēng)雪，遲至2月11日才裝完畢，2月13日開航。我某公司了取得符合信用證所規(guī)定的裝船日期（即19年12月1日至次年1月31日）提單，要求外輪代理公司按次年1月31日簽發(fā)提單，并以此提單向我銀行辦理議付。2022-7-478v貨物到達(dá)鹿特丹，經(jīng)買方聘請(qǐng)律師上船查閱航行日志，查實(shí)提單的簽發(fā)日期是偽造的立即憑證向當(dāng)?shù)胤ㄔ浩鹪V，并由法院發(fā)出扣船通知。船由外輪公司以30000英鎊擔(dān)保放行，我方經(jīng)四個(gè)月的談判，共賠償20600英鎊，買方才撤回上訴而結(jié)案，既損失了外匯，又對(duì)外造成了不良的影響。v試對(duì)此案進(jìn)行分析。2022-7-479v分析: 倒簽提單是一種違法行為，一旦被識(shí)破，產(chǎn)生的

54、后果是嚴(yán)重的。但是在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中，倒簽提單的情況相當(dāng)普遍。尤其是當(dāng)延期時(shí)間不多的情況下，還是有許多出口商會(huì)鋌而走險(xiǎn)。當(dāng)?shù)购灥娜兆虞^長(zhǎng)的情況出現(xiàn)，就容易引起買方懷疑，最終可以通過查閱船長(zhǎng)的航行日志或者班輪時(shí)刻表等途徑加以識(shí)破。2022-7-480Contents of Bill of Ladingv 1提單的號(hào)碼（提單的號(hào)碼（B/L.NO._）v 2托運(yùn)人（托運(yùn)人（Shipper）v 3收貨人或指示（收貨人或指示（Consignee or Order）v 4被通知人（被通知人（Notify Party）v 5前段運(yùn)輸（前段運(yùn)輸（pre-carriage by） v 6收貨地點(diǎn)（收貨地點(diǎn)（place of receipt）v 7船名船次（船名船次（ Vessel/VOY NO.）v 8裝貨港（裝貨港（Port of Lading）v 9卸貨港（卸貨港（Port of Discharge）v 10交貨地點(diǎn)（交貨地點(diǎn)（Place of Delivery）2022-7-481v 11運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志（運(yùn)輸標(biāo)志（Marks and Nos）v 12包裝種類和件數(shù)，貨名（包裝種類和件數(shù)，貨名（Number and Kind of Packages, Description of Goods）v 13毛重（毛重（Gross Weight）v 14尺碼（尺碼（