PostgraduateEnglish

1、高等院校專業(yè)外語課程Postgraduate Medical EnglishPostgraduate Medical EnglishUnit 1 Unit 1 Medical English Research Paper Unit 1StandardThe Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical JournalsPublished by the International Committee of Medical JournalEditors1.1 Title1.1.1 Requirements: a. Expl

2、icit (Innovative) b. Convenient for Index c. Concise (20/14 Words) Unit 11.1.2 Structures for Titles名詞短語：名詞短語： a. 名詞名詞+介詞短語：介詞短語： 用食管鏡檢查預(yù)測曲張靜脈出血用食管鏡檢查預(yù)測曲張靜脈出血 Prediction of varicose hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy b. 定語定語+名詞：名詞： 原發(fā)性肝癌二級預(yù)防的隨機分組前瞻性研究原發(fā)性肝癌二級預(yù)防的隨機分組前瞻性研究 Randomized Controlled prospec

3、tive study of secondary prevention for primary liver cancer C. 名詞名詞+分詞短語：分詞短語： 霍金病放射治療引起的甲狀腺癌霍金病放射治療引起的甲狀腺癌 Thyroid Carcinoma induced by irradiation for Hodgkins disease Unit 1(2) 動名詞短語：動名詞短語：心房纖顫患者中風的防御心房纖顫患者中風的防御Preventing Stroke in Patients with atrial fibrillation(3) 介詞短語：介詞短語：原發(fā)性肝癌的臨床診斷探討原發(fā)性肝癌的

4、臨床診斷探討On clinical diagnosis of primary liver carcinoma(4) 陳述句型：陳述句型：人類人類 hR24L 基因參與基因參與DNA切除修復(fù)和重組修復(fù)的研究切除修復(fù)和重組修復(fù)的研究Human hR24L gene is involved in DNA excision repair and recombination repair(5) 疑問句型（疑問句型（Review）：）：家族性高膽固醇血癥患者何時開始治療為宜？家族性高膽固醇血癥患者何時開始治療為宜？When should patients with familial hypercholes

5、terolemia be treated? Unit 1Practice：1. 尚未解決的問題：酗酒者得冠心病更少嗎？尚未解決的問題：酗酒者得冠心病更少嗎？2.胃切除后的回流與回流病胃切除后的回流與回流病 Unit 1Practice：1. Unsolved Issue：Do drinkers have less coronary disease?2. Reflux and reflux disease following gastric resection Unit 11.1.3 Subtitle If your title is too long, you can use subtitle

6、 and apply : or - in between. Some examples: 1) 突出病例數(shù)量：突出病例數(shù)量： Original: A retrospective study of 180 consecutive cases of abdominal pain in the emergency room Revised: Abdominal pain in the emergency room: Retrospective study of 180 consecutive cases Unit 1 2) 突出研究重點：突出研究重點： Original: The chest X-r

7、ay appearance and its clinical significance on aorto-arteritis Revised: Aorto-arteritis : chest X-ray appearance and its clinical significance 3) 突出研究方法：突出研究方法： Original: A follow-up study on diabetes after infectious hepatitis Revised: Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: a follow-up study 4) 突出研究時

8、間：突出研究時間： Original: One year clinical experience with endoscopic varicose sclerosis Revised: Endoscopic varicose sclerosis: one year clinical experience Unit 1 翻譯：靜脈曲張內(nèi)鏡療法：一年期臨床經(jīng)驗翻譯：靜脈曲張內(nèi)鏡療法：一年期臨床經(jīng)驗 Practice ： 1）慢性腹痛是手術(shù)癥狀還是精神癥狀）慢性腹痛是手術(shù)癥狀還是精神癥狀 2）中國燒傷護理綜合研究：）中國燒傷護理綜合研究：2010-2014 Unit 1 Practice ： 1）C

9、hronic abdominal pain: A surgical or psychiatric pain 2）A collaborative study of burn nursing in China: 2010-2014 Unit 11.1.4 標題中心詞標題中心詞 The Core of the title：名詞、名詞短語、動名詞短語：名詞、名詞短語、動名詞短語 Examples： 1) 針療對冠心病心絞痛患者左心功能的影響針療對冠心病心絞痛患者左心功能的影響 找到中心詞？找到中心詞？ Unit 1 中心詞：中心詞：Effect The acupuncture effect on le

10、ft ventricular function in patients with coronary heart disease and angina pectoris 2) 氟烷麻醉治療損傷新生兒肺功能氟烷麻醉治療損傷新生兒肺功能 中心詞？中心詞？ Unit 1 中心詞：中心詞：Halothane anesthesia Halothane anesthesia impairs pulmonary function in newborns 1.1.5 Concise Title 1) Abbreviation: Use standard ones e.g. DNA/AIDS/LC100 (絕對至

11、死濃度絕對至死濃度)/HBsAg(乙型肝炎表面乙型肝炎表面抗原抗原)2）省略冠詞：）省略冠詞： a. 標題首：標題首： Treatment of gram-negative shock b. 疾病或藥品名稱前：疾病或藥品名稱前：Diabetes after infectious hepatitis: Unit 1 c. 省略開頭詞：省略開頭詞：Natures of/ Study of/Evaluation of Preliminary evaluation of clinical significance in the. 3）形容詞選擇：）形容詞選擇： a. 定量：定量： increased/

12、decreased/reduced Reduced metabolic rates in rates. b. 修飾性：修飾性：improved/impaired/altered Altered pulmonary fluid balance induced by Unit 11.1.6 介詞搭配介詞搭配 （1） in a. 與病人結(jié)合與病人結(jié)合 乳腺癌患者的甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)乳腺癌患者的甲狀腺功能狀態(tài) b. 與疾病結(jié)合與疾病結(jié)合 疑似胰腺病患者的聲圖分析疑似胰腺病患者的聲圖分析 Unit 11.1.6 介詞搭配介詞搭配 （1） in a. 與病人結(jié)合與病人結(jié)合 乳腺癌患者的甲狀腺功能狀態(tài)乳腺癌患者

13、的甲狀腺功能狀態(tài) Thyroid function in patients with breast cancer b. 與疾病結(jié)合與疾病結(jié)合 疑似疑似胰腺病患者的聲圖分析胰腺病患者的聲圖分析 Analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease Unit 11.1.6 介詞搭配介詞搭配 （2）due to 等同于等同于caused by （because of/owing to are less preferred） Infections due to group C streptococci in man (3)

14、after (可用可用following 替換替換) Postoperative syndromes after liver surgery (4) during/in: During+ treatment/experiment (5) as: 表現(xiàn)為肺動脈高壓的瘤栓表現(xiàn)為肺動脈高壓的瘤栓 Unit 1 Tumor emboli presenting as pulmonary hypertension1.1.7 標題書寫格式標題書寫格式 （1）只有第一個首字母大寫（副標題首字母也大寫）只有第一個首字母大寫（副標題首字母也大寫） (2) 每個單詞首字母大寫（虛詞，連詞，介詞小寫）每個單詞首字母大

15、寫（虛詞，連詞，介詞小寫） (3) 所有字母大寫所有字母大寫 （常見于期刊廣告、短信等等）（常見于期刊廣告、短信等等） Base on the requirements of the journal Unit 1 1.1.8 標題頁標題頁 （1）Contents： 標題、所有作者姓名、單位、部門名稱、稿件聯(lián)系人信息、標題、所有作者姓名、單位、部門名稱、稿件聯(lián)系人信息、 資助、設(shè)備藥品來源等資助、設(shè)備藥品來源等 (2) 常用句型：常用句型： a. to be supported by b. Funded/granted/sponsored by c. Grant support + Organi

16、zation d. Sources of funding + Organization e. to thank sb for sth f. sb/sth be acknowledged Unit 1 收稿日期收稿日期 Received + time 出版日期出版日期 Accepted for Publication + time 1.1.9 名詞與介詞搭配名詞與介詞搭配 (1) 探討：探討：discussion of/on, approach to, probe into, investigation of/on An approach to subclinical liver cancer

17、(2) 影響：影響：effect/influence of/on Toxic effect of benzene on leucocytes (3) 意義：意義：Significance/importance of/in 血清肌漿球蛋白臨床評價對于診斷急性心肌梗死的意義血清肌漿球蛋白臨床評價對于診斷急性心肌梗死的意義 Unit 1 (3) 意義：意義：Significance/importance of/in 血清肌漿球蛋白臨床評價對于診斷急性心肌梗死的意義血清肌漿球蛋白臨床評價對于診斷急性心肌梗死的意義 Significance of clinical assessment of serum

18、 myosin in the diagnose of acute myocardial infarction (4) 總結(jié)：總結(jié)：experience of Myocarditis among children: an eight-year clinical experience (5) 研究：研究： Study on/of/in Wilsons disease: A clinical and pathological study of 10 cases Unit 1 (6) 關(guān)系、對比、對照：關(guān)系、對比、對照：relationship/ correlation/association of

19、A and B/of A with B/between A and B （其他詞性）（其他詞性） Correlation between cardiovascular disease and smoking (7) 特征、特點、方法：特征、特點、方法：Property/characteristics/feature/method of/for/in sth/doing sth Biological properties of the human colonic adenocarcinoma cell lines SW620 (8) (藥物藥物)治療：治療： A治療治療B；A in the tr

20、eatment of B; treatment of B with A; use of A in the treatment of B; A in/for B Clonidine in the treatment of hypertension Unit 1 Treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia with high dose methotrate (8) (非藥物非藥物)治療：治療： A治療治療B；A in the treatment of B; treatment of B by A; A in/for B 左心室部分切除術(shù)治療晚期原發(fā)性擴張心肌病左

21、心室部分切除術(shù)治療晚期原發(fā)性擴張心肌病 Partial left ventriculectomy in the treatment of end-stage dilated cardiomyopathy (9) 診斷：診斷：A診斷診斷B；A in B；A in the diagnosis of B; diagnosis of B by/with A; detection of B by A 膽結(jié)石超生診斷膽結(jié)石超生診斷 Ultrasonography in the diagnosis of gallstones Unit 1 Practice (1) 慢性腎衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法慢性腎衰竭的甲

22、狀旁腺切除療法38例調(diào)查例調(diào)查 (2) 35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)（經(jīng)驗）例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)（經(jīng)驗） Unit 1 Practice (1) 慢性腎衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法慢性腎衰竭的甲狀旁腺切除療法38例調(diào)查例調(diào)查 Survey of 38 cases of parathyroidectomy in chronic renal failure (2) 35例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)（經(jīng)驗）例惡性高血壓治療總結(jié)（經(jīng)驗） Treatment for malignant hypertension: An experience of 35 cases Switch Unit 1 Practice (1) 心

23、臟病患者血小板功能的研究心臟病患者血小板功能的研究 (2) 靜脈造影術(shù)診斷門診患者靜脈血栓形成靜脈造影術(shù)診斷門診患者靜脈血栓形成 Unit 1 Practice (1) 心臟病患者血小板功能的研究心臟病患者血小板功能的研究 Platelet function studies in heart disease or？ (2) 靜脈造影術(shù)診斷門診患者靜脈血栓形成靜脈造影術(shù)診斷門診患者靜脈血栓形成 Diagnosis of venous thrombosis in the outpatients by venography or ？ Unit 1 1.3 Abstract and Key Words

24、 Four Parts: Objective/Method/Result/Conclusion 1.4 Introduction: 對于背景、研究內(nèi)容以及目的的簡明介紹：對于背景、研究內(nèi)容以及目的的簡明介紹： Example： 幽門螺桿菌（幽門螺桿菌（Hp）被認為被認為是成人慢性胃炎中最普遍的是成人慢性胃炎中最普遍的B型胃炎型胃炎 的主要病因。的主要病因。B型胃炎病變部位一般型胃炎病變部位一般在在胃竇和幽門；而胃竇和幽門；而A型胃型胃 炎炎是是典型的自身免疫性胃炎，主要典型的自身免疫性胃炎，主要發(fā)生于發(fā)生于胃底。現(xiàn)已胃底?，F(xiàn)已發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，Hp 的陽性慢性胃竇炎與十二指腸潰瘍的陽性慢性胃竇炎與十二

25、指腸潰瘍有密切關(guān)系有密切關(guān)系，并，并能引起能引起胃萎胃萎 縮，后者縮，后者系系胃癌前兆。胃癌前兆。 Unit 1 Translation： Helicobacter pylori is considered to be the main aetiological agent of the most common form of chronic gastritis in the population-type B gastritis. Type B gastritis is localized in the antrum and pylorus, whereas type A gastritis

26、, the classic autoimmune gastritis, mainly occurs in the fundus, H pylori positive chronic gastric of the antrum has been found to be closely related to duodenal ulcer and can lead to gastric atrophy, a precursor of cancer. Unit 1 1.4.1 Tense Principles: (1)背景、現(xiàn)狀、待解決問題、報告病例等常用一般現(xiàn)在或者現(xiàn)背景、現(xiàn)狀、待解決問題、報告病例

27、等常用一般現(xiàn)在或者現(xiàn) 在完成在完成 時，時，謂語動詞大多用被動語態(tài)謂語動詞大多用被動語態(tài)。 Example: 然而然而，我們，我們認為認為這種隊對這種隊對HCM過分悲觀的觀點過分悲觀的觀點可能有誤可能有誤，因為，因為 有關(guān)于該病自然病史有關(guān)于該病自然病史 的資料的資料幾乎均來自幾乎均來自少數(shù)第三極中心。這類少數(shù)第三極中心。這類 中心對于病情的介紹在傳統(tǒng)上中心對于病情的介紹在傳統(tǒng)上偏重于偏重于重癥、病危患者。重癥、病?；颊?。 Unit 1 Translation: However, we believe that this rather ominous perception of HCM is

28、likely to be skewed since available natural history data for this disease have been derived almost exclusively from a few tertiary centers in which the patterns of the referral have traditionally been biased toward those patients judged as severely affected or at high risk. Unit 1 1.4.1 Tense Princi

29、ples: (2)資料來源、收集方法、研究起止時間、研究結(jié)果以及直接引用資料來源、收集方法、研究起止時間、研究結(jié)果以及直接引用原文獻等常用過去式或過去完成原文獻等常用過去式或過去完成 時，謂語動詞大多用被動語態(tài)。時，謂語動詞大多用被動語態(tài)。 Example: 1）從）從2007年年1月到月到2014年年7月，月，138例患者因感染性心內(nèi)膜炎并發(fā)例患者因感染性心內(nèi)膜炎并發(fā)癥而癥而接受接受心瓣膜置換心瓣膜置換術(shù)術(shù)。 From January 2007 to July 2014, 138 patients underwent cardiac valve replacement because of

30、complications of infective endocarditis. Unit 1 Example: 2）一例）一例16年前隱患霍金病年前隱患霍金病接受放射治療接受放射治療的的22歲男子歲男子患有患有放療放療誘誘發(fā)的發(fā)的甲狀腺癌。甲狀腺癌。 In a 22-year-old male, who had been irradiated for 16 years previously for Hodgkins disease, a radiation-induced thyroid carcinoma developed. (3) 說明研究的內(nèi)容和目的常用一般過去時。說明研究的內(nèi)容和目

31、的常用一般過去時。 本研究的目的本研究的目的是通過是通過詳盡的心臟解剖詳盡的心臟解剖檢查檢查，研究研究急性斑塊破裂與急性斑塊破裂與用力導(dǎo)致的冠狀動脈猝死之間的聯(lián)系。用力導(dǎo)致的冠狀動脈猝死之間的聯(lián)系。 Unit 1Translation： The purpose of the study was to examine the association between acute plaque rupture and exertion-related sudden coronary death in a series of carefully studied autopsy hearts. (4)

32、由由determine/demonstrate/discuss等動詞引出的賓語從句的謂語等動詞引出的賓語從句的謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時，動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時， 如：如： 本研究本研究旨在以旨在以前瞻性前瞻性試驗試驗測定測定兩種治療方法的結(jié)果兩種治療方法的結(jié)果是否有是否有顯著性顯著性差異。差異。 The aim of our study was to perform such a prospective trial to determine whether there is a significant difference in the results of both treatments.。 Unit

33、 1 (5) 提及今后的結(jié)果和價值時，常用一般將來時，提及今后的結(jié)果和價值時，常用一般將來時， 如：如： 隨著隨著人們?nèi)藗儗τ趯τ诩谞钕偾虻鞍姿脚c臨床的相關(guān)性甲狀腺球蛋白水平與臨床的相關(guān)性認識的提高認識的提高，測定甲狀腺球蛋白的測定甲狀腺球蛋白的必要性必要性也在提高也在提高。 As greater clinical correlation is obtained, the usefulness of thyroglobulin determination will increase.1.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 1）表示不同觀點和意見）表示不同觀點和意見 (有無有無t

34、here be)： Studies have differed in their conclusion on/about/regarding There have been different reports regarding/on There has been considerable professional debate/controversies on/about Unit 11.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 3）表示待解決的問題：）表示待解決的問題： Sth was found/reported/mentioned by sb Little research h

35、as been done on Relatively little knowledge is available related to Sth is/remains controversial/ unexplored/ unclear/ unsolved 4）表示研究的重要性：）表示研究的重要性： Has practical significance/implication for. Has been the focus of much interest and debate Unit 11.4.3 引言部分的常用句型：引言部分的常用句型： 5）表示內(nèi)容和目的：）表示內(nèi)容和目的： The pu

36、rpose/objective/aim/goal of this study/research was to This study aimed to/at. This study was designed/ undertaken/ carried out to 1.5 材料與方法材料與方法 : Research design/Research Objective/Methods/Statistical Analysis 1.5.1 Research Design: Unit 1 1.5.1 Research Design: Example: 采集采集每個實驗對象的血清標本，每個實驗對象的血清標

37、本，用于測定用于測定Hp的的IgG抗體。血清標抗體。血清標 本在本在采用采用酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法（酶聯(lián)免疫吸附測定法（ELISA）之前之前，一直，一直保持保持在在-20C 的環(huán)境中。的環(huán)境中。根據(jù)根據(jù)制造商的制造商的介紹介紹（敏感性（敏感性96%，特異性，特異性93%） ，以以 10ug/ml為為抗體臨界效價，將受試者抗體臨界效價，將受試者分為分為陽性和陰性。最近，意大陽性和陰性。最近，意大 利的另一項多中心研究也利的另一項多中心研究也采用采用了一種了一種IgG抗體測定，抗體測定，與與單一吉姆薩單一吉姆薩 （Giemsa）染色組織學標本）染色組織學標本比較比較，敏感性為，敏感性為98%，特異性，

38、特異性78%。 Unit 1 1.5.1 Research Design: Translation: We obtained a serum sample for evaluation of IgG antibodies to H pylori from each participant. Serum samples were stored at -20C befor assessment by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A cut off antibody titre of 10ug/ml was used to classify

39、subjects as positive or negative, as recommended by the manufacturer (sensitivity 96%, specificity 93%). The same IgG antibody assay has been recently used in another multicenter Italian study and showed a sensitivity of 98% and a specificity of 78% when compared with a single Giemsa stained histolo

40、gy specimen. Unit 1 1.5.2 Research subjects: Example: 研究對象征集研究對象征集是通過是通過報紙廣告和給醫(yī)生去信報紙廣告和給醫(yī)生去信完成的完成的。入選標準：。入選標準：（1）年齡）年齡55歲以上；（歲以上；（2）失眠）失眠持續(xù)持續(xù)至少至少6個月；（個月；（3）覺醒時至少）覺醒時至少 有一種失眠引起的有一種失眠引起的負負效應(yīng)效應(yīng) （如疲倦、無力、心情煩躁）。排除標（如疲倦、無力、心情煩躁）。排除標 準為準為：（：（1）失眠與某種疾病或藥物失眠與某種疾病或藥物不良作用不良作用直接相關(guān)；（直接相關(guān)；（2）有）有 重癥抑郁癥重癥抑郁癥或或其他嚴重精神

41、病其他嚴重精神??；（；（3）小型智力測驗低于）小型智力測驗低于23分，表分，表 明有認知障礙。明有認知障礙。(注意形容詞注意形容詞) Unit 1 1.5.2 Research Subjects: Prospective subjects were recruited through newspaper advertisements and letters to physicians. Inclusion criteria were (1) age 55 years or older; (2) insomnia duration of at least 6 months; (3) a comp

42、laint of at least one negative effect during waking hours (fatigue, impaired functioning, mood disturbances). Exclusion criteria were (1) evidence that insomnia was directly related to a medical disorder or adverse effect of medication; (2) presence of major depression or other severe psychopatholog

43、ic conditions; (3) cognitive impairment as suggested by a score lower than 23 on the mini-Mental State Exam. Unit 1 1.5.3 Research Procedures: Example: 在研究的開始，在研究的開始，用用西門子奧斯丁生產(chǎn)的骨分析器對骨質(zhì)進行西門子奧斯丁生產(chǎn)的骨分析器對骨質(zhì)進行測量測量， 測量單位為測量單位為g/m。 掃描掃描橈骨遠端和中段以及跟骨，平均變量系數(shù)橈骨遠端和中段以及跟骨，平均變量系數(shù) 分別為分別為1.5%，2.0%和和1.3%。2012年至年至2014

44、年，對同一人群年，對同一人群進行進行 第二次第二次測量測量，并，并用用雙能源雙能源X射線液體容氣計對股骨近端和腰椎射線液體容氣計對股骨近端和腰椎 （1-4）進行了）進行了測量測量，平均變量系數(shù)分別為，平均變量系數(shù)分別為1.2%和和1.5%。 Unit 1 1.5.3 Research Procedures: Bone Mass Density at the entry into the study was measured in grams per square centimeter, using Osteo Analyzer (Simen-Osteon, Wahiwa, Hawaii). W

45、e scanned the distal and mid radius and calcaneus with mean coefficients of variation of 1.5% for the distal radius, 2.0% for the mid radius and 1.3% for the calcaneus. During a 2nd examination of the cohort (2012-2014), measurement of the BMD of the proximal femur and lumbar spine (L-1 to L-4) were

46、 Made using dual-energy X-ray absorption meter with mean coefficients of variation of 1.2% and 1.5%, respectively. Unit 1 1.5.4 Statistical Analysis: Example: 用用卡方檢驗卡方檢驗評估評估抽樣偶然性與差異比例的關(guān)系的程度，抽樣偶然性與差異比例的關(guān)系的程度，P值小于值小于0.05 有統(tǒng)計學意義。為了探討兒童有統(tǒng)計學意義。為了探討兒童Hp陽性的可能性，我們陽性的可能性，我們用用了兩種方了兩種方 法法了解了解待定協(xié)變量的相對權(quán)重。首先，待定協(xié)變

47、量的相對權(quán)重。首先，采用采用一種多變量模型，將一種多變量模型，將 兒童兒童作為作為分析單位，其自身特性分析單位，其自身特性 （年齡和性別）及其家庭特性（年齡和性別）及其家庭特性（人口調(diào)查，親屬感染）（人口調(diào)查，親屬感染）為為因變量。兒童因變量。兒童Hp檢驗結(jié)果檢驗結(jié)果 （陽性和陰（陽性和陰 性）與個體協(xié)變量間的關(guān)系，可以性）與個體協(xié)變量間的關(guān)系，可以用用95%置信區(qū)間差額比置信區(qū)間差額比表示表示。 Unit 1 1.5.4 Statistical Analysis: We assessed the extent to which differences in proportions were

48、due to chance alone using X square test, and P values below 0.05 were considered significant. We used two approaches to explore the relative weight of specific covariates on a childs likelihood of being H pylori positive. Firstly, we used a multivariate model with children as the unit of analysis an

49、d their own characteristics (age and sex) as variables. The associations between childrens H pylori test result (positive vs negative) and individual covariates were expressed as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Unit 1 1.5.6 材料與方法部分的時態(tài)材料與方法部分的時態(tài): 1. 回顧性描述多用一般過去時，多用被動語態(tài)?；仡櫺悦枋龆嘤靡话氵^去時，多用被動語態(tài)。

50、 例子：例子： 本項目對于冠心病猝死的男性心臟本項目對于冠心病猝死的男性心臟進行進行前瞻性前瞻性研究研究。2009年年1月至月至 2013年年5月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學人員在咨詢服務(wù)中月馬里蘭州的醫(yī)學人員在咨詢服務(wù)中對對這些患者的心臟進這些患者的心臟進行過行過研究研究。 Unit 1 1.5.6 材料與方法部分的時態(tài)材料與方法部分的時態(tài): 1. 回顧性描述多用一般過去時，多用被動語態(tài)。回顧性描述多用一般過去時，多用被動語態(tài)。 Example： Hearts of men who died of sudden coronary death were studied in a prospective fa

51、shion (research). These hearts were seen (studied) in consultation with the medical examiner in the state of Maryland between Jan 2009 and May 2013. Unit 1 1.5.6 材料與方法部分的時態(tài)材料與方法部分的時態(tài): 2. 試驗或者研究發(fā)生前的動作或情況用過去完成時。試驗或者研究發(fā)生前的動作或情況用過去完成時。 例子：例子： 877例胃癌患者中，有例胃癌患者中，有9例例原已確診為原已確診為惡性貧血。惡性貧血。 Among 877 patients

52、 with gastric cancer, pernicious anaemia had previously been diagnosed in 9 patients. Unit 1 1.5.7 材料與方法部分的常用句型材料與方法部分的常用句型: 1）選擇受試者標準：）選擇受試者標準： Inclusion/Entry criteria were Exclusion criteria included . Were selected based on/ entered into the study. 2) 表示研究對象分組：表示研究對象分組： were randomized into were

53、 divided/grouped/ stratified/seperated/ classified into 3) 材料來源：材料來源： was from/was provided by/was purchased from/was obtained from Unit 1 1.5.7 材料與方法部分的常用句型材料與方法部分的常用句型: 4）借鑒別人的研究法：）借鑒別人的研究法： was isolated by the procedure of. was prepared according to the method described by was carried out as prev

54、iously described. was determined by/ measured by 5) 表示實驗標本制備：表示實驗標本制備： Samples of were obtained/taken from was collected/harvested inconditions. was fixed with/stained with Sections（切片）（切片） were cut on aultramicrotome(超薄切片機超薄切片機). was sectioned at a thickness of Unit 1 1.5.7 材料與方法部分的常用句型材料與方法部分的常用句型

55、: 6）表達稀釋、培養(yǎng)：）表達稀釋、培養(yǎng)： was diluted to. was incubated withatforhours was suspended to/at a concentration of. 7) 表示年齡與性別：表示年齡與性別： above/more than the age of under/below the age of between the age of A and B/have an age range of A to B years with a mean age of years/ with an average age of years male-to

56、-female ratio/ with female-male ratio/ Unit 1 1.5.7 材料與方法部分的常用句型材料與方法部分的常用句型: 8）表達診斷：）表達診斷： was diagnosed as . was diagnosed with was diagnosed on the basis of. miss diagnosis of/was misdiagnosed as 9) 表示治療：表示治療： be treated by/with/be treated for/was ontherapy/ be treated on an outpatient/inpatient

57、basis 10) 表示實驗動物：表示實驗動物： was fasted/starved 12 hours prior to operation was anesthetized with was sacrificed with Unit 1 1.5.7 材料與方法部分的常用句型材料與方法部分的常用句型: 11）表達比例倍數(shù)：）表達比例倍數(shù)： A is 3 times as long as B/ A is 3 times longer than B A increases 3 time (增長了幾倍？增長了幾倍？) ratio of A to B/ A to B ratio/ A:B ratio

58、 12) 表示表示 數(shù)值：數(shù)值： a total of/ a series of/ a period of/ a maximum of/ an incidence of/ a mortality of/ an accuracy of/ a dose of/ an average duration remission of (平均持續(xù)緩解時間平均持續(xù)緩解時間) Unit 1 1.6 結(jié)果結(jié)果 1.6.1 內(nèi)容與寫法：內(nèi)容與寫法： Results is the core of a paper/ Related to introduction/ Including results both supp

59、orting and not supporting hypothesis/ Graphs Error and failure should be demonstrated. Examples: 手術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn)手術(shù)發(fā)現(xiàn) 發(fā)現(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)29名患者（名患者（83%）患）患有有膽結(jié)石，膽結(jié)石，6名（名（17%）有有非結(jié)石性膽囊炎。非結(jié)石性膽囊炎。17名患名患 者（者（49%）有有急性膽囊炎，其中急性膽囊炎，其中3人人有有壞疽性病變。壞疽性病變。18名患者名患者有有慢性膽囊炎或慢性膽囊炎或 只只有有亞亞急性炎癥。急性炎癥。4人（人（11%）患有患有膽總管結(jié)石。一名兒童，結(jié)石已膽總管結(jié)石。一名兒童，結(jié)石已磨穿磨穿膽總

60、膽總 管，管，形成形成膿腫。膿腫。13名名接受接受緊急膽囊切除，緊急膽囊切除，1人膽囊切除人膽囊切除 （合計（合計40%）。本組的）。本組的 手術(shù)指證包括：手術(shù)指證包括：12人人有有不同程度的膿毒癥，不同程度的膿毒癥，另外另外兩人為膽結(jié)石胰腺炎。兩人為膽結(jié)石胰腺炎。 Unit 1 1.6 結(jié)果結(jié)果 1.6.1 內(nèi)容與寫法：內(nèi)容與寫法： Translation: Operative findings Gallstones were found in 29 patients (83%) and acalculous cholecystitis in 6(17%) Seventeen patient