英國文學重點

1、Anthology of English and American LiteratureEnglish English LiteratureLiteraturePart IThe Renaissance Period文藝復興時期文藝復興時期William Shakespeare 一. The dramatic career: (4 periods )o Apprenticeship period； o High individualized period； o Greatest tragedies and dark comedies period；1. Romantic tragicomedi

2、es period. 二. The themes of Shakespeares works 1. The history plays :A. The theme -Shakespeares history plays are mainly written under the principle that national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity .B. The examples :-Henry VI (I, II, III) are the beginning of Shakespeares epic tr

3、eatment of English history. Henry IV (I, II, III) are undoubtedly the most widely read among his history plays .2. The romantic comedies:A . The theme :takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth , and the romantic elements are brought into full play . The example:The important play among the

4、 comedies is The Merchant of Venice. a. The traditional theme: to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. b. The modern theme: to regard the play as a satire of

5、the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews. 3. The tragedies :A . The theme :-The play, though a tragedy, is permeated with optimistic spirit . B. The example :-The successful roma

6、ntic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which praises the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 三三. The greatest tragedies:1. The common features :u Shakespeares greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and M a c b e t h . T h e y h a v e s o m e characteristics in common.

7、Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole nation. 2. The realistic spirits u Along with the portrayal of the weakness or bias of the hero, we see the sharp conflicts betwe

8、en the individual and the evil force in the s o c i e t y, w h i c h s h o w s t h a t Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. The analysis of Hamlet (p33-34)a. Hamlet, the first of the great tragedies , is generally regarded as Shakespeares most popular play on the stage. b. Hamlet has no

9、ne of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revengers. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action. c. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its

10、 possibility. d. By revealing the power-seeking, the jostling for place, shakespeare condemns the hypocrisy and treachery and general corruption at the royal court. The Tempest:a. The Tempest, an elaborate and fantastic story, is known as the best of his final romances. b. The Tempest is a typical e

11、xample of his Pessimistic view toward human life and society in his late years. 四四. The artistic achievements:1. The characters:A. Shakespeares major characters are neither merely individual ones or type ones. B. By applying a psyche-analytical approach, Shakespeare succeeds in exploring the charact

12、ers inner mind. C. Shakespeare also portrays his characters in pairs. Contrasts are frequently used to bring vividness to his characters. 2. Construction:A. Shakespeares plays are well-known for their skillful plot construction. He borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Gree

13、k and Roman sources. B. He would shorten the time and intensify the story. There are usually several threads running through the play. 3. Language and style:A. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. Disguise is also an important device to create dramatic irony, usually with woman disguised

14、as man. B. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His influence on later writers is immeasurable. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in artistic point of view, in literary form or in language. 重點：o莎士比亞各個時期的作品有何特點？o重要作品的主題。o四大悲劇四大悲劇的共同特色。oSonnet 18分析。o哈

15、姆萊特人物分析哈姆萊特人物分析。John Miltono 一. Works :o Miltons literary achievements can be divided into three groups. o 1. The early works :o Milton appears as the inheritor of all that was best in Elizabethan literature. Lycidas is a typical example. o 2. The middle works :o His powerful pamphlets written durin

16、g this period make him the greatest prose writer of his age. o 3. The last great poems :o Milton wrote his three major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise regained and Samson Agonistes. 二. The masterpieces:1. Paradise Lost :A. The theme and structure :-Paradise Lost is a long epic divided into 1

17、2 books .The theme is the Fall of Man . B. The humanistic spirits a. Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost intending to expose the way of Satan and to justify the ways of God to man. b. At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty li

18、es Miltons fundamental concern with freedom and choice. c. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed . 2. Paradise Regained:A. The content:-Paradise Regained shows how mankind, in the person of Christ, withstands the tempter and is established once more in the divine favor. B. Theme:-

19、Christs temptation in the wilderness is the theme . 3. Samson Agonistes:A. The source:-In Samson Agonistes, Milton again borrows his story from the Bible. But this time he turns to a more vital and personal theme. B. The purpose:-The poets aim was to present on English a pure tragedy, with all the p

20、assion and restraint . 真題采擷19Among the three major works by John Milton _ is indeed the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf.AParadise Regained BSamson Agonistes CLycidas DParadise Lost （08）D4Paradise Lost is actually a story taken from _.Athe RenaissanceBthe Old Test

21、amentCGreek MythologyDthe New Testament （07）B06AA重點失樂園失樂園主題分析（閱讀理解） The Neoclassical Period新古典主義時期新古典主義時期Daniel Defoe一. The works 1. The first novel: Robinson Crusoe 2. four other novels: Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders, Colonel Jack and Roxana.3. The pseudo-factual account of Great plague: A Jour

22、nal the Plague Year. 二. The masterpieces :1. Robinson Crusoe: Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece.2. The rest four novels: His rest four novels deal with the personal history of some hero or heroine. The group of four nov

23、els clearly manifests Defoes deep concern for the poor and the unfortunate in his society. They are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.三三. The Artistic features:1.The realistic novels :o A. Defoe spoke for and to the members of his class and his novel

24、s enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated. o B. In most of his works, he gave his praise to the middle class and showed his sympathy for the poor.2. The language feature :o A. He had a gift for organizing minute details. o B. His sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometim

25、es long and rambling. o C. His language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular. 四四. Selected Reading : Robinson Crusoe(p99-p100) 1.The outline:o The novel consists actually of three parts though only the first part is most well-known and widely read. In this part the hero of the story, Ro

26、binson Crusoe, narrates in the first person his stories. 2. The hero:o A. In Robinson Crusoe, Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a nave and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man. o B. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-classman. o C. He is the very

27、 prototype of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robisons life on the island, Defoe glorifies human labor and the Puritan fortitude. 真題采擷18All of the following novels by Daniel Defoe are the first literary works devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people EXCEPT _

28、.ARobinson Crusoe BCaptain SingletonCMoll Flanders DColonel Jack (08)A08.449Daniel Defoes novel Robinson Crusoe was a great success partly because the protagonist was a real middle-class hero. Discuss Crusoe, the protagonist of the novel, as an embodiment of the rising middle-class virtues in the mi

29、d-eighteenth century England.071 1 . D a n i e l D e f o e d e s c r i b e s _ as a typical English Middle-class man of the eighteenth century, the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.ATom Jones BGulliverCMoll FlandersDRobinson CrusoeD0413. Which of the following works best

30、represents the national spirit of the 18th-century England?oRobinson CrusoeB. Gullivers TravelsC. Jonathan Wild the Great D. A Sentimental JourneyA重點o Robinson Crusoe的人物分析。o 笛福小說的文學特色。Jonathan Swift一. The works:1. The works to establish his name: A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books establish

31、ed his name as a satirist . 2. The Drapiers Letters: He published, under the pseudonym of Drapier, a series of letters. Even today Swift still respected as a national hero in Ireland. 3. The greatest satiric work: He wrote and published his greatest satiric work Gullivers Travels. And A Modest Propo

32、sal.二. The artistic features:1. The master satirist:A. Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness (一本正經(jīng)，認真). B. His A Modest Proposal is generally taken as a perfect model. 2. the master of English prose:o A. Swift is one of the great m

33、asters of English prose, His writing is simple, direct, precise prose. He defined a good style as proper words in proper places. o B. Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings. 三. Selected Reading : Gullivers Travels(

34、p107-109) 1. Gullivers Travels, Jonathans best fictional work. The book contains four parts: His experience in Lilliput(小人國小人國), Alone in Brobdingnag(大人國大人國), visit to the Flying Island and Account of his discoveries in the Houyhnhnm land. In structure, the four parts make an organic whole. 2. The b

35、ook is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European lifesocially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.真題采擷17As one of the greatest masters of English prose, _ defined a good style as “proper words

36、in proper places”.o AHenry Fieldingo BJonathan Swifto CSamuel Johnsono DAlexander Pope （08）B07o 12_ is a typical feature of Swifts writings.o ABitter satire BElegant styleo CCasual narrationDComplicated sentence structureA06CA0410. As a whole, _is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms

37、 and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.oMoll Flanders B. Gullivers TravelsC. Pilgrims ProgressD. The School for ScandalB重點o Swift代表作Gullivers Travels的寓意。Henry Fieldingo 一一. The works :1. The p

38、lays o A. Forms of plays：o Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of plays: witty comedies of manners, farces or ballad operas, and burlesques(滑稽模仿) or satires. o B. The best known plays:o The best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Histo

39、rical Register for the Year 1736 . o The Novels:o A. The first novel :o The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew and of his friend Mr. Abraham Adams, the book quickly turns into a great novel of the open road, a comic epic in prose .o B. The ironical novel:o The History of Joseph wild the Grea

40、t, points out the Great Man is no better than a great gangster(流氓，惡棍). o C. The masterpieces:o The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling and The History of Amelia. The former is a masterpiece on the subject of human nature and the latter the story of the unfortunate life of an idealized woman. 二. The Ar

41、tistic features:1. About novel :o A. The purpose of the novel was not just to amuse, but to instruct. The object of his novel was to present a faithful picture of life, to each men to know themselves. o B. Fielding has been regarded by some as Father of the English Novel. o a. He was the first to se

42、t out , to write specifically a “comic epic in prose “(散文體戲劇史詩).o b. The first to give the modern novel its structure and style . o c. Fielding adopted the third-person narration.o d. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps

43、faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.2. About language:o A. Fieldings language is easy, unlabored and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. o B. H i s s e n t e n c e s a r e a l way s distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an i

44、nevitable ending. 二. The Artistic features:真題采擷o 2Henry Fielding has been regarded by some as “_”,for his contribution to the establishment of the form of the modern novel. AFather of the English Novel BFather of the English PoetryCFather of the English DramaDFather of the English Short Story（08）A6.

45、 Of all the 18th century novelists Henry Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a“（）in prose”, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.A. tragic epic B. comic epicC. romance D. lyric epicB04o 11. An honest, kind-hearted young man, who

46、 is full of animal spirit and lacks prudence, is expelled from the paradise and has to go through hard experience to gain knowledge of himself and finally to have been accepted both by a virtuous lady and a rich relative. The above sentence may well sum up the theme of Fieldings work .oJonathan Wild

47、 the Great B. Tom JonesC. The Coffee-House PoliticianD. AmeliaB重點o Tom Jones中的人物分析。P122o 為什么Henry Fielding 被稱為“英國小說之父”?（ Henry Fielding 的小說特色與風格）o The Romantic Period浪漫主義時期浪漫主義時期William Blake一. The thoughts:1. Black never tried to fit into the world. He was politically of the permanent left and mixe

48、d a good deal with the radicals.2. Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists cruel exploitation. 3.Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet, showing contempt for the rule of reason .二. The works:1. The earlier period :o A. The first printed work :o Poetical Sketches is hi

49、s first printed work, which is a collection of youthful verse . o B. The songs of Innocence :o It is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world.o C. The song of Experience o It paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy to

50、ne. Childhood is central to Blakes concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference . o D. Marriage of Heaven and Hell :o Blakes Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. In this poem, Blake expl

51、ores the relationship of the contraries. o 2. The later period :o A. In this later period, Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books, and showed the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. o B. The major ones are: The Books of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas and Milton. 三. The Artistic feature

52、s :1. The strong visual mind:o From Childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; Whatever he imagined, he also saw. 2. The language:o Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language. His poems often carry the lyric beauty with immense compression of meaning. o 3. The symbolism in wide range is a

53、lso a distinctive feature of his poetry . 真題采擷o 5William Blakes central concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is_, which gives the two books a strong social and historical reference. o AyouthhoodBchildhoodo ChappinessDSorrow （08）B05o 7.In his poem “Tyger, Tyger,” William Blake ex

54、presses his perception of the “fearful symmetry” of the big cat. The phrase “fearful symmetry” suggests（）.A. the tigers two eyes which are dazzlingly bright and symmetrically setB. the poets fear of the predator(食肉動物)C. the analogy of the hammer(鐵錘) and the anvil(鐵砧)D. the harmony of the two opposit

55、e aspects of Gods creationD重點o 選讀詩歌分析William Wordsworth一. The works :o 1. Wordsworth had a long poetic career. His first volumes are Descriptive Sketches, an Evening Walk. o 2. The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry, notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the lang

56、uage, the lyrical Ballads are among the best of his achievement . o 3. The Prelude is regarded as Wordsworths greatest work. o 4. In 1807 Poems in Two Volumes was published. The work contains much of Wordsworths finest verses. 二. The subject : According to the subjects, Wordsworths short poems can b

57、e classified into two groups: poems about nature and poems about human life. o 1. The worshipper of nature:o Wordsworth is regarded as a Worshipper of nature. He can penetrate to the heart of things and give the reader the very life of nature. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginati

58、ve and intellectual engagement. Its nature that give him strength and knowledge full of peace.o 2. The theme of his works :o Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes . 三. The Artistic features:1. The memory

59、of the past:o Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past . To him, life is a cyclical journey. His philosophy of life is presented in his masterpiece The Prelude. 2. The deliberate simplicity:o Wordsworths deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure

60、and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled. He maintained that the scenes and events for everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made . 四.The contributions:o 1. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English rom