微生物題庫(kù)英文

1、Test 1: Development of Microbiology Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. The fundamental unit （基本單位）of all living organisms is the: C .membrane .cell .nucleus .cell wall 2. Organisms that do not contain a true nucleus are referred to as:C .fungi 真菌 .eukaryotic 真核生物 .prokaryotic 原核生物 .nankaryotic 3.

2、 The three kingdom classification system （三界分類系統(tǒng)）of organisms was proposed by:D .Pasteur .Bacon .Winogradsky .Woese 4. Fungi differ from bacteria in a number of characteristics. The cell walls in fungi are composedof , while the cell walls of bacteria are composed of peptidoglycan. A .chitin 殼多糖 .ph

3、ospholipid 磷脂 .protein 蛋白質(zhì) .glucosamine 葡糖胺5. The first microscopes were developed by: C .Ehrlich .Metchnikoff .Leewenhoek .Lister 6. Control of microbial infections can be accomplished by chemical or immune mechanisms. The first report on the production of an antibiotic（抗生素） is credited to:C .Liste

4、r .Fleming .Ehrlich .Koch 7. The term "antibiotic" means:C .a substance produced by the laboratory that kills or inhibits other microorganisms .a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits molds （霉菌） .a substance produced by microorganism that kills or inhibits other micro

5、organisms .a substance produced by microorganisms that kills or inhibits cancer cells 8. The first documented use of a vaccine（疫苗） for smallpox天花was reported by the English physician:D .Lister .Florey .Fleming .Jenner 9. Active immunity （主動(dòng)免疫）can be distinguished from passive immunity in that the fo

6、rmer requires:B .development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies .development of antibodies in one's own body by stimulation with external antigens（抗原） .Flemingdevelopment of antibodies in a foreign host and transfer to one' s own body .development of

7、antigens in one's own body by stimulation with external antibodies 10. The process of nitrification （硝化作用）by bacteria described by Winogradsky converts:A .ammonia to nitrate ions 將氨轉(zhuǎn)化成硝酸鹽 .nitrate ions to ammonia 將硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)化成氨 .N2 to ammonia 將氮?dú)廪D(zhuǎn)化成氨 .ammonia to urea 將氨轉(zhuǎn)化成尿素11. The transfer of DNA fro

8、m one organism to another through the use of a viral vector （病毒載體）is referred to as:B .electroporation 電穿孔 .conjugation 接合生殖 .transformation 轉(zhuǎn)化 .transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)12. The genetic material of a bacteria is located in the molecule:B .RNA .DNA .protein .lipid Fill in the Blank1. Organisms that contain a t

9、rue nucleus are called_eukaryotic_ 2. Bacteria do not have a true nucleus and are considered _prokaryotic_ 3. Bacteria can be divided into two groups, the _archeabacteria_and the _eubacteria（真細(xì)菌）_. 4._anaerobes（厭氧菌）_ are organisms that can grow without using molecular oxygen.5. Microorganisms that c

10、an synthesize complex organic compounds from CO2:are called _autotrophs_（自養(yǎng)菌）_.6. _photoautotrophs（光能自養(yǎng)生物）_ are microorganisms that obtain their energy to synthesize organic compounds from light.7. _heterotroph_（異養(yǎng)菌）_ require organic compounds for growth. 8. Organisms that survive only at very high

11、temperatures are referred to as_thermophile_（適溫性）_. 9. _methanogen_（產(chǎn)甲烷菌）_ are organisms that produce methane （甲烷）from CO2.10. _halophile_（好鹽的）_organisms grow under conditions of high salinity.11. Eubacteria can exhibit a number of morphological shapes. Identify four: a._spherical or cocci_ b._cylin

12、drical or rod_ c._spirals_ d._irregular_12. Fungi, algae and protozoa can be differentiated from bacteria by the following characteristic:_eukaryotic_ .13. Fungi have cell wall consisting of _chitin（殼多糖）_. 14. Viruses consist of _nucleic acid_surrounded by a protein coat. 15. The scientific method u

13、tilizes deductive reasoning （演繹推理）and observations or experiments to prove or disprove a _hypothesis_（假說(shuō)）_.16. The theory _spontaneous generation_of held that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter.（非生命物質(zhì)）17. The process used to reduce the number of viable organisms（活菌） by moderate heati

14、ng is called:_pasteurization_（巴士消毒法）_ .18. The process of tyndallization（間歇滅菌法） uses repeated heating to eliminate or_sterilize（殺菌）_ microorganisms from solutions. 19.An _antibiotic（抗生素）_is a substance produced by microorganisms that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.20. The process of stimulat

15、ing the immune defenses of the body is referred to as_immunization_. 21. White blood cells that engulf （吞食）foreign particles（異物顆粒） are referred to as_phagocytes_（吞噬細(xì)胞）_.22. A substance in serum（免疫血清） that can neutralize（中和）foreign material is referred to as _antitoxin_（抗毒素）_or _antibody_（抗體）_.23. Ce

16、lls infected with a virus produce a substance called _interfewn_ that inhibits viral replication. 24. Avery, Colin and MacLeod first demonstrated that transformation of nonpathogenic（非病原的）to pathogenic strains （致病菌株）of bacteria could be carried out by the transfer of _DNA_. 25. Exchange of genetic i

17、nformation by direct contact is referred to as_conjugation_.26. _transformation_（轉(zhuǎn)化）_ is the process in which DNA is transferred from one bacteria to another. Matching l. Francis Bacon a. phagocytosis 吞噬作用2. Anton Leeuwenhoek b. antibody 抗體3. Paul Ehrlich c. nitrification 硝化作用4. Hans Gram d. immuniz

18、ation 免疫法5. Louis Pasteur e. three kingdom classification based on rRNA 6. Robert Koch f. structure of DNA 7. Joseph Lister g. first microscope 第一臺(tái)顯微鏡8. Alexander Fleming h. conjugation or transduction 接合和轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)作用9. Edward Jenner i. differential stain for bacteria 10. Eli Metchnikoff j. interferon 干擾素11

19、. Emil von Behring k. rabies vaccine 狂犬病疫苗12. Alick Isaac 1. penicillin 青霉素13. Sergei Winogradsky m. antiseptic（防腐劑） technique 14. Joshua Lederberg n. established that bacteria can cause disease 15. Watson and Crick o. magic bullet 16. Carl Woese p. scientific method 1.p 2.g 3.o 4.i 5.k 6.n 7.m 8.l

20、9.d 10.a 11.b 12.j 13.c 14.h 15.f 16.e Test 2: Methods for Studying Microorganisms Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Light microscopy （光學(xué)顯微鏡術(shù)）is dependent on the interaction of light with on object. The ability of light to pass through an object is referred to as:B .transported light .transmitte

21、d light 透射光 .reflected light 反射光 .refracted light 折射光2. The resolving power (R)（分辨率） of a microscope is dependent on the wavelength（波長(zhǎng)） of light (;) and the numerical aperture (NA) of the lens. The formula （公式）for R is: B .R = 0.5. xNA .R = 0.5;/NA .R = NA/0.5Jr .R = Square root of 0.5)./NA ？3. The

22、gram stain（革蘭氏染色） uses as a mordant （媒染劑）to fix the primary stain:A .iodine 碘 .alcohol 乙醇 .acetone 丙酮 .safranin 番紅4. The acid-fast stain （抗酸性染色）is useful in the identification of which of the following organisms:C .Staphylococcus aureus 金黃色葡萄球菌 .Mycoplasma mycoides 霉菌樣支原體 .Mycobacteria tuberculosis

23、結(jié)核分枝桿菌 .Moraxella osloensis 奧斯陸摩拉克菌,5. Botulism（肉毒中毒） is a serious disease that can develop from the improper cooking of food containing bacterial spores（孢子）. Which of the following genera （屬）are capable of producing spores?D .Salmonella 沙門(mén)氏菌屬 .Listeria 利斯塔氏菌屬 .Escherichia 埃希氏菌屬 .Clostridia 梭菌屬6. Wh

24、ich of the following types of microscopes utilizes electron beams （電子束）to visualize （使可見(jiàn)）objects?B .Nomarski .TEM 投射型電子顯微鏡 .PCM 脈沖 .Confocal 共焦的7. A mixture of organisms was isolated from a patient suspected of having "Strep Throat." （膿毒性咽喉炎）Which type of media would you use to isolate the

25、 suspected pathogen（病原體）? D .defined .enriched .selective .differential 8. Sterilization（滅菌）of material with an autoclave（高壓滅菌鍋） utilizes steam to kill microorganisms. The correct procedure for sterilization with an autoclave is:A .15 min at 121at 15 lb/in2 .15 min at 256 at 15 lb/in2 .15 min at 121

26、at 1 lb/in2 .15 rain at 121at 30 lb/in2 9. An antibiotic was added to a culture of bacteria to determine its effect. What method of enumeration would you use to determine the efficacy of the antibiotic? B .direct count 直接計(jì)數(shù) .viable count 活菌數(shù) .turbidimetric count 濁度計(jì)數(shù) .absorbance 吸光度10. Identificatio

27、n of microorganisms（微生物）can be accomplished（完成）by a number of techniques. Which of the following requires the growth of the organism?C .enzyme linked assay （含量測(cè)定） .gene probe 基因探針 .metabolic 代謝 .fluorescent 熒光Fill in the Blank1. A media （培養(yǎng)基）where all the ingredients （成分）are known is called a _defin

28、ed_media. 2. _aseptic（無(wú)菌的）_technique is used to maintain a pure culture（純培養(yǎng)物） and avoid contamination. （污染）3. Sterilization instrument（滅菌器械）that utilizes steam under pressure: _autoclave_（高壓滅菌鍋）_. 4.A_streak_ plate utilizes a loop （接種環(huán)）or needle（接種針） to distribute and isolate colonies on a culture p

29、late.（培養(yǎng)皿）5._serological（血清學(xué)的）_ identification utilizes antibodies（抗體） for naming of bacterial species. 6. Bacteria can be preserved（保藏） for long periods of time by freeze-drying（冷凍干燥） or_lyophilization_（凍干保藏法）. 7. The mrbidimetric method of counting bacteria utilizes a _spectrophotometer（分光光度計(jì)）_ to

30、 measure the amount of light passing through a solution. 8. The viable plate （平板細(xì)菌計(jì)數(shù)）count counts live bacterial colonies （菌落）in the range or_30_ to_300_ . 9. A counting chamber （計(jì)數(shù)板）and a microscope （顯微鏡）are used in the_direct_ count of bacteria. 10. The _gene probe_（基因探針）_technique utilizes a labe

31、led（示蹤的）complementary strand of nucleic acid to identify specific bacteria in a specimen.（樣本）MatchingMatching I: l. Primary stain for gram stain a. Negative stain 負(fù)染色2. Stains bacterial cell b. Carbohl fuchsin 品紅3. Used to fix stain c. Crystal violet 結(jié)晶紫4. Decolorize脫色 d. Malachite green 孔雀綠5. Spore

32、 stain e. Safranin 番紅6. Acid-fast stain f. Positive stain 正染7. Gram- bacteria take up this counterstain g. Alcohol 乙醇8. Stains background h. Mordant 媒染劑Matching II: 1. Media used to inhibit growth of unwanted organisms a. Enrichment 富集2. Media where all components are not known b. Selective 選擇性的3. M

33、edia used to contrast organisms on same plate c. Differential 4. Media used to enhance growth d. Complex Matching I: 1.c 2.f. 3.h 4.g 5.d. 6. b 7.e 8.a Matching II: 1.b 2.d 3.c 4.a Test 3: Organization and Structure of Microorganisms Multiple Choice (choose one answer)1. Eukaryotic membranes can be

34、differentiated from prokaryotic membranes because eukaryotic membranes contain_as part of the lipid（脂質(zhì)） component of the membrane. D .phosphates 磷酸鹽類 .fatty acids 脂肪酸類 .proteins 蛋白類 .sterols 甾醇類2. The arrangement of proteins and lipids in the membrane is referred to as the:B .bilayer model 雙層膜模型 .fl

35、uid mosaic model 流動(dòng)鑲嵌模型 .trilayer model .permeable（有滲透性的） model 3. The movement of water molecules across the membrane in response to a concentration gradient is referred to as: B .diffusion 擴(kuò)散 .osmosis 滲透 .translocation 易位 .transport 運(yùn)輸4. The membrane of a cell is able to differentiate molecules th

36、at enter or exit the cell and act as a _ barrier（屏障）. C .semipermanent 半永久性 .semitransparent 半透明的 .semipermeable 半滲透性的 .semidiffuse 5. Movement of molecules at an enhanced rate across the membrane is called: A .facilitated diffusion 易化擴(kuò)散 .passive diffusion 被動(dòng)擴(kuò)散 .osmosis 滲透作用 .permeation 6. Which of

37、the following mechanisms transports molecules without chemical alteration? A .active transport 主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸 .group translocation基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)位 .facilitated diffusion易化擴(kuò)散 .binding protein transport 蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)7. Which of the following transport mechanism occurs only in Gram-negative bacteria?D .active transport 主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸 .group

38、translocation 基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)位 .facilitated diffusion 易化擴(kuò)散 .binding protein transport蛋白質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)8. Which of the following transport mechanisms occurs only in prokaryotes? B .active transport .group translocation .facilitated diffusion .binding protein transport 9. Lysozyme（溶菌酶） and penicillin （青霉素）have activity again

39、st the cell wall. Lysozyme breaks this component;penicillin prevents its formation. C .lipopolysaccharide 脂多糖 .phospholipid 磷脂 .peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 .teichoic acid 磷壁酸10. Partial destruction of the cell wall with lysozyme leaves a cell called a: B .protoplast 原生質(zhì)體 .spheroplast 原生質(zhì)球 .periplast 周質(zhì)體 .caps

40、ule 莢膜11. A capsule （莢膜）can be differentiated from a slime layers（粘液層） since the capsule: D .is made up of complex carbohydrates （復(fù)合糖）and the slime layer contains protein .is bound to the cell membrane .is bound to the cell wall .is bound to the outer membrane 12. The chromatin of eukaryotic cells i

41、s composed of DNA and_ A .histone proteins 組蛋白 .non histone proteins .RNA .ribosomes 13. DNA transfers information to make proteins in molecules referred to as:B .iRNA .mRNA .rRNA .tRNA 14. Mitochondrial ribosomes （線粒體核糖體）are_in size. C .40S .60S .70S .80S 15. The process whereby ATP is generated by

42、 the flow of protons （質(zhì)子）across a membrane is: B .substrate level phosphorylation 底物水平磷酸化 .chemiosmosis 化學(xué)滲透作用 .protokinesis .glycolysis 糖酵解16. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)（內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)） is a membranous structure within eukaryotic cells. It is the site for protein synthesis and for storage and transportati

43、on of molecules out of the cell. Which part of the ER is used for protein synthesis? B .golgi apparatus 高爾基體 .rough ER 粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng) .smooth ER 光面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng) .microbody 微體17. Flagella of bacteria are composed of protein subunits called flagellin（鞭毛蛋白）; eukaryotic flagella are composed of subunits called: D .flagell

44、in鞭毛蛋白 .cilin .spectrin 血影蛋白 .tubulin 微管蛋白18. Flagella （鞭毛）are used to propel the cell in response to an environmental signal. Bacterial flagella and eukaryotic flagella can be differentiated since the former moves by:A .rotating around its base .pulling itself once it is attached to a surface or ma

45、te .waving or whipping to move the cell .twisting and releasing similar to a rubber band 19. Endospores（內(nèi)生孢子） are multilayered structures that provide protection from environmental stress and are composed of: B .peptidoglycan（肽聚糖） and lipopolysaccharide （脂多糖） .peptidoglycan and calcium dipicolonate

46、.peptidoglycan and calcium bicarbonate 碳酸脂 .lipopolysaccharide and succinic acid （琥珀酸）20. Gram-positive bacteria can be differentiated from Gram-negative bacteria since the peptidoglycan （肽聚糖）layer of later comprises_% of the cell wall. D .90 .50 .30 .10 Fill in the Blank1. Most cells use energy in

47、the form of_ATP_ to run the cell. 2. Phospholipids（磷脂類） of eubacterial cells are composed of a _phosphate （磷酸鹽）_group and a _fatty acid_on a glycerol（甘油） backbone.3. Membrane proteins found on the surface are called _peripheral（次要的）_ proteins. 4.The energy source for active transport in eukaryotes i

48、s derived from ATP.The energy for active transport in prokaryotes is derived from _protomotive force_.5. The region between the outermembrane in Gram-negative（革蘭陰性） bacteria and the cell wall is called the _periplasmic space_（壁膜間隙）_. 6. Extrachromosomal（染色體外的）DNA elements found in bacteria are calle

49、d_plasmids_.7. Ribosomes are structures composed of _proteins_ and _rRNA_. 8. The fluid inside a cell is referred to as the _cytoplasm_. 9.The hereditary organelle （具遺傳效應(yīng)的細(xì)胞器）of eukaryotic cells is called the _nucleus_.10. The process by which a cell engulfs（吞食）and internalizes （陷入）particles such as

50、 bacteria or other cells is called _phagocytosis_（吞噬作用）_. Matchingl. Prokaryotes原核生物 a. hook and basal body 2. Eukaryotes真核生物 b. end of cell 3. hydrophobic 疏水的 c. microtubles 4. Hydrophilic親水的 d. pill 5. Permease通透酶 e. eukaryotes 6. eubacteria 真細(xì)菌 f. surrounding cell 7. Archeobacteria古細(xì)菌 g. 9 + 2 arrangement 8. cellulose 纖維素 h. prokaryotes 9. chitin 幾丁質(zhì) i. fatty acid 10. circular chromosome 環(huán)狀染色體