6西格瑪綠帶基礎(chǔ)知識簡介(ppt 91頁)

1、6 綠 帶 介 紹Introduction to 6 Green Belt Content1. 6 Quality System -Why need2. 6 - Overview3. 6 - Methodology3.1. 6 - Define3.2. 6 - Measure3.3. 6 - Analysis3.4. 6 - Improve3.5. 6 - Control4. Conclusion1. 6 Quality System -Why need1.1. 從產(chǎn)品飽受競爭威脅的觀點以美國為例， 1975-1985年，日本挾其反向技術(shù)(Reversed Technology)優(yōu)勢，將其高品

2、質(zhì)的產(chǎn)品推向美洲大陸，使得美國一向以經(jīng)濟(jì)與技術(shù)領(lǐng)先的盟主地位發(fā)生動搖。在1970-1989年間美國的市場佔有率： 電視機(jī)從50%降至2% 收音機(jī)從50%降至2% 汽車從78%降至28% 影印機(jī)從90%降至20% 照相機(jī)從90%降至5% 鋼鐵從40%降至30%其結(jié)果造成美國貿(mào)易赤字每月高達(dá)80-100億美元美國與日本製程能力之比較年代 美國 日本 製程能力 品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn) 製程能力 品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn)1970 0.67 2 1.00 31980初 41980中 4 51980末 1990初 Motorola 6方法： 不合格率3.4PPM 相當(dāng)於 6美國企業(yè)競爭力衰退的原因美國管理文化中含有不信任的氣氛，這種表

3、現(xiàn)在嚴(yán)格的審核、管制、檢查的管理制度上，無形造成過度的管理成本上漲。這種管理監(jiān)督的作風(fēng)，大體受到泰勒式科學(xué)管理影響的結(jié)果。日本經(jīng)營之神松下幸之助在一次對美國企業(yè)界人士發(fā)表演說，提到：你們的公司經(jīng)營是以泰勒法則為基礎(chǔ)，更糟的是頭腦皆已泰勒化，因此堅信正確的管理，應(yīng)是管理者在一邊，工人在另一邊，一邊的人只管思考，另一邊的只管工作。給你們一句忠告：管理是執(zhí)行者將觀念轉(zhuǎn)移到員工身上的一種藝術(shù)。因此美國開始檢討其品質(zhì)，各種品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)亦相繼提出，其中包含6 品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)。1.2. 由需求的觀點在70年代，產(chǎn)品達(dá)到2便達(dá)到標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 在80年代，品質(zhì)要求已提升至3 ，但此標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美國會發(fā)生以下事件：每年有20,000次配

4、錯藥事件每年有超過15,000個嬰兒出生時會 被拋落地上每年平均有9小時沒有水、電、暖氣供應(yīng)每星期有500宗做錯手術(shù)事件雖然3合格率已達(dá)到99.73%的水平，但相信各位對以上品質(zhì)要求並不滿意。所以有很多公司已要求6的品質(zhì)管理，其合格品率為99.99966%。在3水準(zhǔn)，由1000個零件組成的產(chǎn)品中，每15個產(chǎn)品中只有1個產(chǎn)品是好的。在6水準(zhǔn)則1000個產(chǎn)品卻有996.6好的。傳統(tǒng)以百分率水準(zhǔn)作為設(shè)計品質(zhì)水準(zhǔn)，如今變更為以百萬分率(ppm)作為衡量品質(zhì)的水準(zhǔn)。1.3. 從成本的觀點1.4. 從時代趨勢的觀點(1)時間經(jīng)濟(jì)附加價值開端成長成熟衰退典型的產(chǎn)品生命週期1.4. 從時代趨勢的觀點(2)經(jīng)濟(jì)

5、附加價值大型電腦主機(jī)迷你電腦與微電腦個人電腦掌上型電腦、電子書網(wǎng)路電視、GPS、行動電話電腦晶片的生命週期1947 1985 1990 2000 1.4. 從時代趨勢的觀點(3)全球化與經(jīng)濟(jì)附加價值農(nóng)業(yè)時代工業(yè)時代資訊時代?時代時間與主要的技術(shù)時代6000BC 1760 1950 20001.5. 從品管大師的觀點J. M. Juran, 1994年在美國品質(zhì)管理學(xué)會年會會上說,“20世紀(jì)以生產(chǎn)力的世紀(jì)載入史冊, 未來21世紀(jì)是品質(zhì)的世紀(jì)”1.6. 從策點管理的觀點欲建立及維持組織競爭優(yōu)勢，效率、創(chuàng)新、品質(zhì)及顧客回應(yīng)扮演著主要角色。較佳的效率競爭優(yōu)勢低成本差異化較佳的創(chuàng)新較佳的品質(zhì)較佳的顧客回

6、應(yīng)1.7. 從近代品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的觀點 ISO-9000Effectiveness: 5 QS-9000Effectiveness: 10 Malcolm Baldrige Guideline Effectiveness: 25 European Quality Award Effectiveness: 30 TQMEffectiveness：35 6 -The Little QEffectiveness: 50 The Ultimate 6 -The Big QEffectiveness: 90 (上述品質(zhì)系統(tǒng)均於80年代末期開展出) 6 & The Ultimate 6 將是一趨勢2. 6 Ov

7、erview6 , the way to create profit.SigmaImproveCustomer Satisfaction&Profits increaseDefectsDecreasecostsDecrease 6 History (1)Something must be wrong1975Motorola TV business failed due to poor profit and sold to a Japanese CompanyAssign corporate quality offices1980Corporate movement “Great Quality

8、 Awakening” program1981Focus on Quality and Total Customer Satisfaction (TCS) 6 History (2)Establish Motorola Training & Education Center1981Launch Quality System Review (QSR) program19825 years, 10Quality improvement goal set6 theory and concept initialized1986Bill Smith & Mikel Harry presented the

9、 idea to CEO Galvin 6 History (3)Quantitative Operation Quality Initiative1987Motorola Texas InstrumentBusiness-wide Strategic Management1995Nokia, GE, Allied Signal, Hitachi, Panasonic, Sony, Whirlpool, Honeywell, Boeing, Dupont6 Innovation Modeling(3c-customer, competitor, company)(3e-excitation,

10、employment, entertainment)(3p-product, process, person)Innovation BoxChange of Business Situation (3C)Object (3P)Method (3E)Purpose. Profit. Skill-UpThe Many Aspects of 6 ToolSymbolMetricMethodValueGoalVisionBenchmarkPhilosophy6 as a Metric-The high level of sigma, the lower the probability of produ

11、cing a defect.Spec. LimitTarget LimitSome Chanceof Defect3 Spec. LimitTarget LimitMuch Less Chanceof Defect6 6 as a Metric1691,5002308,537366,80746,210523363.4 (Shifted 1.5)From 3 process to 6 process: about 20,000 times improvement6DPMO如何 6 導(dǎo)入一般來說，從3 到4 階段，是企業(yè)可以自行改善的範(fàn)圍，但這樣的品質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)並沒有辦法讓企業(yè)變得很有競爭力；從4 到5

12、 階段，就必須找尋可以學(xué)習(xí)的標(biāo)竿企業(yè)(Benchmarking)，當(dāng)成比較與學(xué)習(xí)的對象；而5 到6 階段時，品質(zhì)就已經(jīng)不是製造出來的，而是設(shè)計出來的(DFSS-Design for Six Sigma)。6 Activity6 activity is to find out critical factors to quality (CTQ) at customers point of view and to reduce the defects less than 3.4 DPMO(PPM).LSLUSL？ DefectM6 in R&D6 in MFG.CompanyCustomerCust

13、omerCTQVOCVOB63.4 DPMONew Std.366800 DPMOPast Std.How Do We Improve Process Capability? Increase the tolerance Decrease the spread or variation of the process Shift the average by: Centering the average if the spec. has two limits Decrease or increase the average for spec. with one limitThe Cost Opp

14、ortunity1.523456051015202530About 15% of Sales, Cost Opportunity on 3 CompanyCost of Failure(% of Sales)The Cost of Poor Quality (COPQ)Long Cycle Times, More Setups, Expediting Costs, Lost Sales, Engineering Change order, Overtime, Late delivery, Lost Opportunity,Lost Customer Loyalty, Excess Invent

15、oryRejects, Warranty, Inspection, Scrap, ReworkWho is Implementing 6 Motorola1987Texas Instrument1988ABB (Asea Brown Boveri)1993Allied Signal1995General Electric1995Kodak1995Siemens, Nokia, Sony1997 6 Benefits(Case 1) -Motorola over 12 yrsIncrease productivity an average of 12.3% per yearReduced the

16、 cost of poor quality by more than 84%Eliminated 99.7% of in process defectsSave more than $11billion in manufacturing costRealized an average annual compounded growth rate of 17% in earnings6 Benefits(Case 2)General Electric(Million Dollars) Cost Profit1996240, 2001997400, 7001998450, 12001999520,

17、25202000600, 30006 Benefits( Case 3)Texas InstrumentsBefore (1988)After (1993)COPQ30%7%DPMO1040009000Scrap$3M$0.3MYield84.5%98.9%Cycle Time (Week)114Inventory Cost$3.9M$1.1MThe Focus of 6 If we are perfectly control X, should we constantly test and inspect Y?Y = f (X)YX1X2X3X4X1、X2、XnIndependentInpu

18、t-ProcessCauseProblemControlYDependentOutputEffectSymptomMonitor6 is Applying Overall Business SystemR&D6Trans-actionMfgDesign SSManufacturing SSTransactional SS6 MethodologyMeasureAnalyzeDesignVerifyMeasureAnalyzeImproveControlDefineTranslateYNNew Process/ Product ?Achievable Goal ?NYWhat is differ

19、ent with 6 Traditional Quality6Central OrganizedNot Formal Structure for Tool ApplicationLack of Support in using ToolsLack of Structured TrainingInspect Quality in (Focus on “Y”)Black Belt Report Directly Into FunctionStructured Use of Statistical Tools to Aid Problem SolvingData-Based DecisionsStr

20、uctured Training in Applied StatisticsControl Process Input (Xs) 6 Organization6 OrganizationExecutive Project Selection and Support6Technical Lead6 Coach Project &BB6 Project Team Lead6 Project Team MemberAll staffs (6 overview) ChampionMaster Black Belt(MBB)Black Belt (BB)Green Belt(GB)White Belt(

21、WB)3. 6 Methodology5 Stage of DMADV and New Tools- Design For Six Sigma (DFSS)- Black Belt5 Stage of DMAIC methodology - Green Belt3.1. DMAIC Methodology5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical ToolsPhase: DefineSteps; Work Breakdown & ToolD1 Validate Business Opportunity;3C Analysis, Identify Cus

22、tomer, Cost/Effect AnalysisD2 Define Customer Requirement;VOC, VOB, QFDD3 Project Planning;Project Team, Project Charter, COPQDefine Steps (1)VisionBusiness StrategyBig Y (CTQ)Small y -Project(Goal, Scope, Performance Index)Define Steps (2-1)Vision:最具競爭力的企業(yè)(GE)Strategy-The Three Circle (GE)核心事業(yè)照明大型家

23、電馬達(dá)高科技事業(yè)醫(yī)療系統(tǒng)工業(yè)電子航太服務(wù)事業(yè)信用公司資訊服務(wù)核能服務(wù)Define Steps (2-2) -The Three Circle (GE)Jack Welch (GES CEO)畫三個圓圈：核心、高科技與服務(wù)。GE公司未來都要在其中一個圓圈內(nèi)。公司任何人不再任一個圓圈內(nèi)者，未來將會被解雇。圓圈外的的事業(yè)將被整頓、關(guān)閉或出售。三個圓圈的策略讓GE公司找到焦點，不再是集團(tuán)(似乎什麼都做)。Define Steps (3)Select TargetProduct/ServiceAnalysis BusinessProcessAnalysis Core ProcessIdentifyCus

24、tomerListen to VOCSpecify CustomerRequirementSelect CTQ(Big Y)Specify CTQ(Small Y)Evaluate PotentialProjectsSelect Project & Build Effective TeamDefine Steps (4)CTQ - Critical to Quality只要是顧客要求的，就是關(guān)鍵品質(zhì)(CTQ)。亦稱為重要成果、特殊限制或流程的Y變數(shù)。CTQ係任何會直接影響顧客對產(chǎn)品/服務(wù)品質(zhì)觀感之因素。顧客在乎的事，就是企業(yè)或組織在乎的事。新點子要採納外部觀點(Outside-in Persp

25、ective)，即從顧客的眼光來看企業(yè)或組織的一切。3.2. DMAIC Methodology5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical ToolsPhase: Measure Steps; Work Breakdown & ToolM1 Specify Project;CTQ Tree, Process Map, Performance IndexM2 Assess Measurement System;Measurement System Analysis, Gage R&RM3 Identify Sigma Level;Graph Analys

26、is, Capability Analysis, Confidence IntervalM1 Specify ProjectM1 step covers the followings:CTQ BreakdownDefine ScopeProcess Mapping Pareto AnalysisDefine performance index and specificationsThe success of any 6 activities relies mostly on the CTQ definition and selectionDefine Performance IndexCust

27、omer RequirementsInternal ProcessImprovedProcessCustomer SatisfactionIndex of current levelIndex of improved levelPerform project for improvement ClearQuantifiableSimpleExample of Performance IndexYieldCycle time Defect rateMachine failure rateCustomer stand-by hoursNumber of invoice errorsElapse Ti

28、me from loan application to money transfer to the customer accountHours taken from receiving order to delivery to the customerM2 Measurement System AnalysisM2 step covers the followings:Statistic fundamentalsSampling planData collection planVariation of measurement systemGage R&R studyImprovement of

29、 measurement systemWithout accurate measure, cant identify any symptom of problem6 MetricsData TypeStatistic measurement dataComparison to specificationZ-valueDiscrete DataContinuousDataDefect unit opportunity (DPMO)Average, Standard variation, ShapeSPECZ-valueSigma calculationDefinition of DPMO ter

30、minologyDPU: Defect per Unit (Defect: Anything that results in customer dissatisfaction; Anything that results in nonconformance)DPO: Defect per OpportunityDPMO: Defect per Million OpportunitiesExample of Sigma calculation: Discrete DataCase (1): Over the last several years, you have collected data

31、on trips to the airport. Of the 100 trips sampled, you have missed only 5 flights. If you indicate this situation as Sigma level, what will it be?Sol. DPU = DPO =5/100 = 0.05 1-0.05 = 0.95, Z = 1.65 level = Z + 1.5 =1.65 + 1.5 = 3.15Case (2). An accounting term conducted an internal audit for the fi

32、nancial report of year 2001 and they observed 25 nonconforming record. There were 2 steps of probable incorrect entry identified in the process and the total observation was 25,000 records. What is DPO? What is DPMO? What is Sigma level of financial reporting process?Sol. DPU = 25/25000,DPO = 25/(2*

33、25000) =0.002, DPMO = 0.002*106 =20001- 0.002 = 0.998,Z = 2.878 level = Z + 1.5 = 2.878 + 1.5 = 4.378Example of Sigma calculation: Continuous Data(1)1 MeanMedianMode 70 80 90 100 110 120 130+ - Normal Distribution with mean = 100 and std. = 10Continuous Data(2)(1) Mathematical Model；(2) Continuous；(

34、3) Smooth；(4) Symmetrical; (5)Tail asymptotic to X-axis；(6) Bell shaped；(7) Mean = Median = Mode (8) Total area under curve = 1(1) The normal distribution has the following properties.68.27% of the data fall within 195.45% of the data fall within 299.73% of the data fall within 3(2) In order to asse

35、ss the quality of the process, we must compare the process characteristics (via the location, spread and shape) to the specification limits and targeted value.Continuous Data(3)Standardization of Normal Distribution The Sigma of a Process is the number of standard deviation between the mean and the

36、Specification Limits.1 Z = (X-)/ No. of standard deviationUSLSigma of the process Z = 4.5Measurement System and Measurement Error(1)Measurement system is viewing as a process.Sources of variation: 5M1EValidate possible sources of variation in the measurement processVariation in measurementSystemMeas

37、urement System and Measurement Error(2)Averagem (Total) = m (Product) + m(Measurement)Variabilitys2 (Total) = s2 (Product) + s2(Measurement)Deflection of measurement system(To be decided by calibration)Variation of measurement system(To be decided by R&R assessment)Process VarianceObserved Process V

38、ariationActual Process VariationMeasurement VariationLong term process variationShort term process variationVariation within a sampleVariation due to operatorsVariation due to gageReproducibilityLinearityStabilityRepeatabilityAccuracyGage R&R AnalysisTypes of Gage R&R Analysis MethodologyX bar- R Me

39、thodANOVATypes of Variation estimation by the Gage R&REquipment Variation: EVAppraiser (Operator): AVGR&R Decision and Improvement DirectionGage R&R Decision Criteria%GR&R 10% (Good measurement system)10% %GR&R 30% (May be used)%GR&R 30% (Can not used)Gage improvement directionFor repeatability erro

40、r reproducibility error(Need to taken an action to operator)For reproducibility error repeatability error(Need to taken an action to gage)M3 Identify Sigma LevelM3 step covers the followings:Data stratificationGraphical cause eliminationUnderstand product capability and product performanceCalculate

41、current sigma levelGraphical AnalysisRun Chart Scatter Diagram Box PlotHistogramChanges to the process may be more easily recognized graphically than tabularly. Understanding VariationWhat is Variation? Different outcome of a process or result of a product or serviceMeasurement index scattered from

42、center valueVariation will be appeared in every process and the target of improvement is to reduce its variationsWhy a variation might be occurred? By a common cause By a special cause 5M1EWhat impacts will be happened if a variation become big?Can not predict/ forecast outcomesOccur re-inspection a

43、nd/ or reworkDelay schedule Increase customer dissatisfactionShort-Term/Long-Term RelationshipsInherent Capability of the Process-Short Term CapabilitySustained Performance of the Process-Long Term PerformanceOver time, a “typical” process will shift and drift by approximately 1.5Product Capability(

44、Cp)Cp = |USL-LSL| / 6st ； Zst = 3 CpCapability Index(Cpk)Cpu = min (Cpu, Cpl)，Where Cpu = (USL-)/3st；Cpl = (-LSL)/3st；Zst = 3 CpkPerformance Index(Cpk)Cpk = min (Cpu, Cpl)，Where Cpu = (USL-)/3lt；Cpl = (-LSL)/3lt；Zst = 3 Cpk3.3. DMAIC Methodology5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical ToolsPhase:

45、Analysis Steps; Work Breakdown & ToolA1 Set up Improvement Goal;Benchmarking, Entitlement, KANOA2 Identify Potential Causes;Pareto, Brainstorming, Cause & Effect Diagram, Logic TreeA3 Verify Potential Causes;Regression, Hypothesis Test, ANVOA, Multi-Vari AnalysisA1 Set Up Improvement GoalIn M3 the c

46、urrent product capabilities were defined.Step A1 provides the tools to define performance objectives.The purpose is to set objective to establish a balance between improving customer satisfaction and available resources.A1 step covers following topics:Establish performance goalsAssess short-term and

47、 long-term sigma in terms of measurement benefits (decrease in COPQ, increase in revenue)Determine improvement direction by the gap analysis between goal and current levelPaths to Performance GoalsPerformanceGoalsProcess Improvement(Entitlement)Process Change(Breakthrough)BaselineProcess Measurement

48、Benchmarking - Why Benchmark (1)?InnovationContinuous ImprovementBreakthrough ImprovementContinuous ImprovementTimePerformanceBenchmarking - Why Benchmark (2)?Develop and Improvement Strategic GoalsEstablish actionable objectivesProvide sense of urgencyEncourage breakthrough thinkingCreate a better

49、understanding of your industryA2 Identify Potential CausesFinding main independent variables, and making the listY = f (X)ObjectMake list of potential independent variables for changing & improving Y value methods Brainstorming Cause & Effect Diagram Multi-voting Logic TreeCause & Effect DiagramVari

50、ation in measurementSystemA3 Verify Potential CausesOverviewIn step A3, setting a possible priority as to their importance to the potential variables (Xs) identified in step A2PurposeGeneral a list of important factors (vital few) from the potential variables.Y = f (x1,x2,x3) (x4,x5,.,xn)Vital FewTr

51、ivial ManyPareto AnalysisCorrelation AnalysisA statistical analysis to investigate / measurement of association between two variables (X, Y) is called analysis.Correlation tells you the trend of Y when X value increase/decrease.Correlation Analysis using Scatter Diagram Analysis.Correlation coeffici

52、ent indicates closeness of a relationship between X and Y.Regression Analysis (1)Y = f (x1, x2, x3,)Status and characteristics of a processModelingMathematical equationXYRegression Analysis (2)Types of Regression ModelSimple linear regressionMultiple linear regressionNon-linear regressionY = f(X)Y:

53、dependent variableX: independent variableTypes of Hypothesis TestTypes of DataDiscrete DataContinuous DataMean Testt TestANOVAVariance TestF TestChi- Square3.4. DMAIC Methodology5 Stages DMAIC Methodology and Statistical ToolsPhase: ImproveSteps; Work Breakdown & ToolI1 Identify Vital Few;Screening

54、DOE, Streamlining, Force Field AnalysisI2 Formulate Optimum Model;Optimizing DOE(RSM), Solution Selection MatrixI3 Set Up Operating Window;Operating Window, Responsibility MatrixI1 Identify Vital FewIn analysis step, potential Xs were identified with a possible prioritization as to their importance in controlling Y. Improve step provides tools to explore and uncover the vital Xs and how much impact each X has on the response Y.One of the major tools used for both exploration and confirmation of the effect of Xs on the Ys is experimental design