高考非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞講解

1、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Non-infinitive非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Richard Li非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成時(shí)態(tài)語(yǔ)態(tài)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)否定式主動(dòng)被動(dòng)不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never完成式to have doneto have been done進(jìn)行式to be doing/完成進(jìn)行式to have been doing/Vb-ing一般式doingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主語(yǔ)要用sbs doing在前加not特別注意復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not hav

2、ing done完成式having donehaving been done三。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式變化I.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)形式對(duì)照表： 語(yǔ)態(tài)類別 時(shí) 態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)ing 一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生)makingbeing made完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)having made(不作定語(yǔ)）having been made(不作定語(yǔ)）ed只有一般式:(不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后，只說(shuō)明原因、條件等) made(表被動(dòng)）inf一般式:(與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(幾乎)同時(shí)發(fā)生)to maketo be made完成式:(先與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞之前發(fā)生)to have madeto have been made進(jìn)行式

3、:(在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作發(fā)生時(shí)正在進(jìn)行)to be making 在成份上非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞大都可在句中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等.1.To see you is glad. =Its glad to see you. 2.I want to see you.3.I want him to see you. 4.My hope is to see you.5.He is the man to see you.6.Im glad to see you.7.I went to see you.8.He went so early as to see you（作主語(yǔ)）(作賓語(yǔ)）（作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語(yǔ)

4、）（作定語(yǔ)）（作原因狀語(yǔ)）（作目的狀語(yǔ)）（作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)）1.This cup is broken. 2.This is a broken cup. 3.I found the cup broken.4.Broken by Tom, the cup cant be used.(作表語(yǔ)）(作定語(yǔ))(作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）(作狀語(yǔ)）1.Swimming is his favorite sport. 2.He enjoys swimming. 3.I found him swimming in the river. 4.His favorite sport is swimming.5.He is the man

5、 swimming in the river just now. 6.Swimming in Summer, we can get cool.(作主語(yǔ)）(作賓語(yǔ)）(作賓補(bǔ)）(作表語(yǔ)）(作定語(yǔ)）(作狀語(yǔ)）主語(yǔ)表語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)定語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)狀語(yǔ) to do -ing form pp非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞功能比較ed+主句（不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）;Being ed+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)主句和從句動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生）;Having been ed+主句（強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后）如不強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間先后可用ed,一般式來(lái)代替. 1.Used as a means of traffic in China, the bike is very useful.2.Being

6、used by me now, the bike cant be lent to you.3.Having been used for many years, the bike needs repairing.4.Written in simple English, the book is easy to read.5.Having been told several times, 可以寫成=Told several times,he couldnt understand what I meant. 1. to do 表示具體的動(dòng)作，-ing form表示泛指的動(dòng)作。eg. Seeing is

7、 believing. I like skating,but I dont like to skate today. Playing with fire is dangerous. Look out！To play with fire is dangerous.2.“there is no +主語(yǔ)”句型中，多用-ing form.eg.There is no joking about such matters.一、 作主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)注意過(guò)去分詞一般不作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ).二、ing-form和to do 作賓語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：.下列動(dòng)詞常用不定式作賓語(yǔ)： aim ,ask, dare ,appear, arran

8、ge ,demand, help, hesitate, pay, plan, wait, fail, seek, prepare, happen, mean, prove, expect, wish, hope, decide, refuse, offer, learn, agree, choose, promise, pretend, manage, care, determine, afford等。 如：He offered to help us .I didnt expect to find you hereThey refused to accept his invitationThe

9、 little boy pretended to be asleep when his mother came in(2)下列動(dòng)詞通常用ing形式作賓語(yǔ)：admit, report, appreciate, deny, explain, mention, resist, stand, stop, imagine, recall, suggest, mind, finish, enjoy, keep, practise, miss, avoid, delay, excuse, escape, consider, advise等。如：Would you mind my smoking here ?

10、 The girl was told to practise playing the piano for three hours every day Good news keeps coming. Tina suggested spending the weekend on her farm Have you finished correcting the students papers?(3)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing形式意義相近：like，love, hate, dislike, begin, start, prefer，continue, intend，attempt等.如：I pref

11、er making (to make) an outline before I do my oral composition We all like playing (to play) table tennisThen they began making (to make) plans for the work但是它們之間也有細(xì)微區(qū)別：*指具體某次的行為常用不定式，指慣常的行為常用ing形式.如：I like reading books of this kind(慣常行為) I hate to say so，but really I cant go with you(具體某次行為) I pre

12、fer to stay at home today(具體某次行為) He prefers walking to cycling(慣常行為)*一般說(shuō)來(lái)不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞如：realize，know，understand，see，lose等，多用不定式 如：I began to realize I had been wrong.We hate to lose the chance . Now we are beginning to see it more clearly. (4)下列動(dòng)詞接不定式與接ing形式時(shí)意義不同：stop to do 停下(正在做的事)去做另一件事 / stop doin

13、g 停下正在做的事如：Seeing an old man carrying a big bag, I stopped to help him Hearing the bell ,the students stopped playing and ran into the classroomforget to do忘記做某事(此事未做)/ forget doing忘記曾做過(guò)某事(此事已做)如He forgot to post the letter when he walked past the post office Ill never forget seeing him for the firs

14、t timeremember to do記得要做某事(此事未做)/ remember doing記得某事已做過(guò)(此事已做)如：I remember seeing her once somewhere You must remember to take your umbrella when you leave homego on to do繼續(xù)做另一件事 go on doing接著做同一件事如：She stood up and shook hands with me, and then she went on writing somethingAfterIfinishedmyhomework,1

15、wentontoreadthenoveltry to do企圖想做某事 try doing試著做某事(看看有什么后果發(fā)生)如：We tried to persuade him to go with us, but he wouldnt listenLets try doing the work some other way.mean to do (意思是)想做某事 mean doing意味著做某事如：Revolution means librating the productive forceSorry ,I didnt mean to hurt youregret to do遺憾地做某事(通

16、常后接say ,tell等動(dòng)詞)/ regret doing后悔做了某事如：I regret to tell that you didnt pass the exam againHe regretted having told her the bad news(5)注意有些動(dòng)詞如：advise，permit ,allow，admit，forbid，imagine，consider接不定式與接ing形式的不同結(jié)構(gòu)。這些動(dòng)詞后面跟復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，用不定式作賓補(bǔ)。advisepermitallowadmitforbidimagineconsidersbto do sth如：The doctor advi

17、sed me not to go to bed too late.Please permit me to introduce myself to you firstYou surely cant consider him to be a selfish manMy parents forbid me to stay out after mid-nightI allowed the children to play in my room for another five minutes.這些動(dòng)詞后面直接跟非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，用動(dòng)名詞doing.advisepermitallowadmitforbidi

18、magineconsiderdoing sth.如：The little boy admitted having broken the glassThey shouldnt allow parking in the street ; its too narrow.Can you imagine my being so stupid ?I forbid smoking in my houseWe do not permit smoking in the office在表示“除外”的介詞but和except后有時(shí)可接不定式，當(dāng)前面有行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，不定式不帶to，當(dāng)前面有行為動(dòng)詞do時(shí)，要帶to1

19、).I had no choice but _( lie ) down and have a rest.2).I could do nothing but _(watch) TV for half an hour.to liewatch注意查看講解第11三.不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)的區(qū)別：*現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作在進(jìn)行。如：I saw him falling off his bike just at that moment (看到他時(shí)他正從自行車上掉下來(lái)。) He found himself lying on the ground when he came t

20、o himself (他蘇醒過(guò)來(lái)時(shí)正躺在地上。)*不定式作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有主動(dòng)關(guān)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的過(guò)程。 如：I saw him fall off his bike and hurt his left leg(看到他從自行車上掉下來(lái)，并且摔傷了腿。動(dòng)作有先后，是全過(guò)程。) They were made to work day and night (他們被迫日夜干活，天天如此，不是某個(gè)時(shí)刻正在干活。)*過(guò)去分詞作賓補(bǔ)和賓語(yǔ)在邏輯上有被動(dòng)關(guān)系。 如：I heard my name called by someone (我的名字被叫，my name和called是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。) I felt a gr

21、eat weight taken off my mind. (重?fù)?dān)被卸下來(lái)了，a great weight和taken off是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。)省to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)：賓補(bǔ)省to記11,一感二聽(tīng)三使役;五看一幫兩均可,被動(dòng)該to不能棄. feel,hear,listen to,have,let,make,see,look at,notice,observe,watch,helpWe often see them play football; They are often seen to play football He was made to stand outside for two hours

22、四. to do, ing-form和ed-form作定語(yǔ)(1)動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)通常放在被修飾的名詞后面。如：I have something important to tell you The poor children had little to eat它和被修飾的名詞有時(shí)有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：There is some books for you to read(可看成：to read some books)Id like to get something to drink(可看成：to drink something)如果這這個(gè)作定語(yǔ)的不定式是一個(gè)不及物動(dòng)詞，注意不可忽略不定式短語(yǔ)中的副詞或

23、介詞。如：I need a pen to write with(可看成：to write with the pen) She now has nothing to worry about(可看成：to worry about nothing)(3)不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)有時(shí)在時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)上有區(qū)別：*不定式作定語(yǔ)表示將來(lái)的動(dòng)作。如：The bridge to be built next month is the third bridge across the river*現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)表示正在進(jìn)行或與先行詞是主動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)作。如：The bridge being built now is

24、the third bridge across the river*過(guò)去分詞作定語(yǔ)表示已完成或與先行詞是被動(dòng)關(guān)系的動(dòng)作。如：The bridge built last year is the third bridge across the riverto do表示 1.目的; 2.結(jié)果表示出人預(yù)料的情況或結(jié)果。常用only強(qiáng)調(diào)。 3.原因表示造成情感變化的原因eg.they worked hard to pay for the necklace. I went to see him only to find him out. I am glad to see you.五. To do、 Ing

25、-form和ed-form 作狀語(yǔ) 分詞作狀語(yǔ)可以表示時(shí)間，條件，原因，結(jié)果，伴隨或方式 ，及獨(dú)立成分。 分詞作狀語(yǔ)的首要條件是分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)是句子的主語(yǔ)，分詞與邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的，用現(xiàn)在分詞，反之，用過(guò)去分詞1, Hearing the news ,he couldnt help laughing .（時(shí)間）=2, Given enough time ,I can do it better （條件）=3, Being ill ,he didnt go to school （原因）=4, The glass fell to the ground ,breaking into pieces.

26、 (結(jié)果）=5, Our teacher came in ,followed by many students (伴隨）=6, Judging from his accent, he is from America.7, Generally speaking, one must be confident.when he heard the news,If I am given enough time,Because he was ill,so that it broke into pieces.and he was followed by many students2. Ing-form、ed

27、-form 作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別不定式和分詞表示結(jié)果時(shí)的區(qū)別： *不定式表示結(jié)果，含有沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的情況的意味。如：I got up only to find it was raining outside (起來(lái)時(shí)沒(méi)有料到在下雨。) He was too excited to say a word (太激動(dòng)了說(shuō)不出話，是沒(méi)有預(yù)料到的情況。)*分詞表示結(jié)果包含著一種必然發(fā)生的情況。如：His parents died，leaving him a lot of money(父母去世，錢留給兒子。這是自然的事。)The output of iron decreased by 23last year, reaching 80，000 tons (產(chǎn)量下降，到了80，000噸，這是必然結(jié)果。)注意時(shí)態(tài)：不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞的動(dòng)作若發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，用完成式，否則，就用一般式。若與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，并強(qiáng)調(diào)正在進(jìn)行的情景或持續(xù)性，可用進(jìn)行式。 _ A _ such h