常見詳細(xì)說明文寫作模式

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)專心-專注-專業(yè)精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上專心-專注-專業(yè)常見說明文寫作模式 根據(jù)歷年來的考試題型，介紹一些常用模式，供參考。一 比較性說明文的模式此模式用于比較兩個(gè)事物表明作者傾向。模式一第一段： 引言句（現(xiàn)象或事實(shí)陳述法）引出要比較的兩個(gè)事物（A與B），用一句話表達(dá)自己的觀點(diǎn)（觀點(diǎn)要明確，切忌模棱兩可）。第二段：段落主題句承接首段中的觀點(diǎn)，并對(duì)本段內(nèi)容加以限定。比較之一：指出A事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之一，用拓展句加以說明。通過轉(zhuǎn)折指出B事物缺點(diǎn)，用拓展句加以說明。比較之二，指出A事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之二，用拓展句加以說明。通過轉(zhuǎn)折指出B事物的缺

2、點(diǎn)，用拓展句加以說明。第三段：得出比較結(jié)論，注意首尾觀點(diǎn)一致。要求：因字?jǐn)?shù)限制，建議大家采用正面敘述方法，不要采用正反兩方敘述的方法，如講A事物的優(yōu)點(diǎn)之后，再敘述A事物的缺點(diǎn)。西方人習(xí)慣采用“一切二分”（one-sided view）的方法，即把好的方面說透，或把不足的方面說清楚。例1： Television as a Better Source of News Among the three mass mediatelevision, newspaper and radio (短語作引言句), I regard television as a better source of news (自

3、己的觀點(diǎn)，即全文的中心思想). My statement that television is a better source of news（段首局用同位語從句與首段中心思想銜接） is based on the following two reasons (對(duì)全段內(nèi)容加以限定). The first reason is that television can report news more quickly (層次1). We can get the news at the same time when something is happening or immediately after

4、 something happened (拓展句). While (轉(zhuǎn)折，引出其它媒體的缺點(diǎn)不足) newspapers can only offer the news that happened a day or two days ago. The second reason is that television can report news more vividly and impressively (層次2). With sounds and pictures on TV, we can be deeply impressed by the news as if we were per

5、sonally on the spot (拓展句舉例說明). But (轉(zhuǎn)折，指出不足) when we try to get news from the newspaper, we have to concentrate our mind on the lines and use our imaginations to form a concrete image, which is always tiresome and time-consuming. According to the above mentioned reasons, we can easily draw a conclus

6、ion that television is really a better source of news (總結(jié)，重申首段觀點(diǎn)).需要說明的是，比較性說明文一般內(nèi)容容量較大，宜作長(zhǎng)文，不宜做短文，因此，專四作文考試部分幾乎不出這樣的題目。如果出的話，也只是將話題限定在“主要的不同”上面。二 闡述性說明文的模式此模式一般用于說明某事物的意義、重要性或危害性，是專四作文較常見的題型。需要注意的是，作文的標(biāo)題本身就是全文的中心思想，如：“偽劣商品的危害”，“課外活動(dòng)的重要性”，“迷信活動(dòng)必須取締”等等，這些標(biāo)題已經(jīng)是“定論”，只要沿著這個(gè)“定論”，分幾個(gè)方面加以闡述就行了。對(duì)這種題目，學(xué)生應(yīng)該把內(nèi)

7、容相應(yīng)地放在what和why上。第一段：用引言句（概括式、描寫法、數(shù)據(jù)法和提問發(fā)）引出要討論或闡述的事物或現(xiàn)象，表明作者對(duì)這一事物的基本看法。在某種程度上，就是再現(xiàn)標(biāo)題所給的“定論”。第二段：段落主題句承上啟下，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容加以限制和限定（如重要性或危害性主要體現(xiàn)在哪幾個(gè)方面），接下來分述重要性或危害性，注意層次，注意句式。概括重要性之一（或危害性之一）用拓展句加以說明。概括重要性之二（或危害性之二）用拓展句加以說明。第三段：結(jié)論。如果文章主要闡述其重要性，結(jié)尾段宜用建議式或展望式；如果文章重點(diǎn)在于闡述其危害性，則用警示式結(jié)尾。例3： Faleng Cult Should Be Banned i

8、n Our CountryFaleng Cult, a superstitious organization, was abolished by our government last year（用事實(shí)陳述作引言）. Its abolition was applauded by most of the Chinese people and the overseas Chinese（隱含式中心思想，表達(dá)作者支持取締法論功的態(tài)度）.Faleng Cult should be banned because it worked against science, society and human be

9、ings（段落主題緊扣全文主題思想，并對(duì)內(nèi)容加以限定）. Faleng Cult worked against science by implanting pseudo-scientific ideas in its believers (層次句1“反科學(xué)”). Its main doctrine was that when people were ill they shouldnt go to see the doctors and take any medicine, but stay at home and practice the Faleng Gong for recovery. S

10、uch a doctrine resulted in the death of many people (舉例說明其危害性). Faleng Cult worked against society (層次句2“反社會(huì)性”). It urged its practitioners to demonstrate protests against the non-believers who criticized its abnormal behaviors and some new agencies that exposed its illegal activities. Its purpose w

11、as to make chaos in our society and undermine the stability of our normal social and family life (舉例說明其危害性). Faleng Cult also worked against human beings (層次句3“反人類”). Many followers turned out to be so indifferent to normal daily life after practicing Faleng Gong that many families were brought to t

12、he edge of break-up. Many tragedies proved that Faleng Cult was really an evil organization (舉例說明其危害).Faleng Cults motives are very vicious (指出其邪惡本質(zhì)性), therefore, it should be rooted out in our country (點(diǎn)題，得出結(jié)論).這篇文章有幾個(gè)地方值得模仿，也就是說，這篇文章有幾個(gè)“閃光點(diǎn)”應(yīng)該引起注意。一是靈活使用同義詞?！叭【啞币来畏謩e使用了ban, abolish和 root out，從而避免了重

13、復(fù)。二是使用三個(gè)work against作為平行句，以增強(qiáng)語氣。三是用具體動(dòng)詞代替抽象動(dòng)詞，如用 applaud 代替 welcome, 用root out代替 ban, 增加表達(dá)生動(dòng)性。三 解釋性說明文的模式此模式用于解釋圖表，或是一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)象或某種問題。作文的標(biāo)題中通常會(huì)帶有不加問號(hào)的how, why， 有的雖然沒有how或why 但 how 與why 隱含在標(biāo)題里，如“怎樣使面試獲得成功”， “如何解決城市交通問題”， “我們?yōu)槭裁匆匾曮w育鍛煉”， “學(xué)習(xí)壓力大是好事”（隱含的意思是讓學(xué)生解釋為什么學(xué)習(xí)壓力大是好事）， “青少年吸煙者在增加”（隱含的意思也是讓學(xué)生解釋為什么會(huì)增加這一問

14、題）等等。這類文章內(nèi)容的展開也是圍繞how 和why 進(jìn)行的。第一段：用引言句 （數(shù)據(jù)法，現(xiàn)象表述法，提問法）引出某一現(xiàn)象或問題。第二段：段首句 （亦可視作主題句）承上啟下，對(duì)本段內(nèi)容加以限定。用固定句式（For one thing, first, the first is ）引出造成這一問題或現(xiàn)象的原因之一，用拓展句加以具體說明。用固定句式（For another, second, the second is）引出造成這一問題或現(xiàn)象的原因之二，用拓展句加以具體說明。第三段：在結(jié)論段中，提出建議、展望或解決方法。例4Teenager Smoking SoarsIt is reported th

15、at in the past ten years China has experienced an alarming increase in teenager smoking: about 28% teenagers are puffing at cigarettes. （用數(shù)據(jù)法引出青少年吸煙人數(shù)增多這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象） The factors for a great increase in teenager smoking are both external and internal（段落主題句指出造成這一社會(huì)現(xiàn)象的原因有二：外在原因和內(nèi)在原因）. For one thing （原因之一，外在的

16、）, with the improvement of living standard, teenagers have more pocket money to get access to cigarettes. And with so many cigarette advertisements around them, teenagers are easily lured. For another（原因之二，內(nèi)在的）, teenagers begin to smoke just out of curiosity. They have a strong desire to experience

17、the pleasure of smoking as some adults do. They have a subconscious feeling that smoking will make them mature and cool.It has become a common recognition that teenage smoking has to be prevented. The whole society may conduct a more extensive campaign to make them aware of the importance of giving

18、up smoking. （提出解決問題的方法）這篇文章的標(biāo)題實(shí)際上就是隱含著“為什么”，是讓學(xué)生解釋青少年吸煙者增加的原因的。文章也有在選詞方面的“閃光點(diǎn)”，如表示抽煙的動(dòng)詞puffing at cigarettes，表示感覺很好的cool。例5：Why College Students Have Difficulty Finding JobsA recent survey shows that about 30% college students can not find a suitable job after their graduation from college. And the

19、number seems to be increasing （用數(shù)據(jù)法開頭，通過具體數(shù)據(jù)提出問題）.The causation of this phenomenon lies in three aspects (段落主題句，分析其原因，并用三個(gè)方面加以限定）. First （原因之一）, our society can not provide sufficient job vacancies for the graduates because of the economic depression and the reform of labor force division. Second （原

20、因之二）, the academic subjects of the college students fail to meet the needs of a certain job. What they have learned in college falls far behind the practical working requirements. Third （原因之三）, college students are too particular about their future job. Many graduates only want to have a job with hi

21、gh salary. They refuse to work in the area of harsh living and working conditions （具體說明）.The above mentioned analyses tell us that the causes are various. But if college students do not take personal interests into consideration too much and if they change their employment concept, they can still ha

22、ve chance to find a job（用條件句提出解決問題的建議）.這篇文章完全符合專四作文的要求：觀點(diǎn)明確：語句通順：說理清楚：表達(dá)的當(dāng)。但文章缺乏的高分的“閃光點(diǎn)”。說明的方法概括說明概括說明是對(duì)事物作簡(jiǎn)明扼要的說明，也就是概括介紹事物的特征。如：Faleng cult is an evil superstitious organization which works against science, society and human beings.Friends play a very important role in everyones life. Almost ever

23、yone has some life-long friends.定義說明 定義說明就是通常所說的下定義，是用簡(jiǎn)練而明確的語言，指出被說明對(duì)象的性質(zhì)特點(diǎn)。它是通過揭示概念的內(nèi)涵來明確概念的一種邏輯方法。下定義的語言要求科學(xué)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，指出事物本質(zhì)，必須用肯定判斷句式。如：1A friend is a person who shares the same feelings of natural liking and understanding, the same interest, etc.2. The media refers to the message carriers, including ne

24、wspapers television, and radio.分類說明分類說明就是把被說明的對(duì)象按照一定的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)劃分成不同的類別，分成若干類或若干方面來說明。這種方法運(yùn)用得好，不僅可以給人以概括的了解，幫助人們掌握被說明對(duì)象的各個(gè)特征，而且頭緒清楚，層次分明。例如：Friends can be divided into two kinds: true friends and superficial friend. A true friend is a person who while a superficial friend is Every educated person has at lea

25、st two ways of his mother tongue. The first is that which he employs in his family, among his familiar friends, and on ordinary occasions. The second is that which he uses in discoursing on more complicated subjects, and in addressing persons with whom he is less intimately acquainted. 舉例說明 舉例說明就是舉出

26、實(shí)例來說明事物。它的好處是能把比較抽象、復(fù)雜的事物或事例說的具體而明晰。采用舉例說明的方法，所舉例子一定要有代表性，并力求具體生動(dòng)，有一定的啟發(fā)性。例如；Some selective courses have been offered this term. An Introduction to European Culture, for example, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. American study is ano

27、ther course that attracts a lot of students. It tells us American history and tradition as well as the new trends and changes in American life.I choose teaching as my career in the future just for the following reasons. First, teaching is learning. To make my lectures constructive and stimulating, I

28、 have to read more and explore new knowledge. Second, teaching means freedom and independence(五) 比較說明比較說明是用比較的方法來說明事物的特征，事物的特征往往在同別的事物的比較中顯示出來。因此，通過比較，可以具體突出地說明某事物在某方面的特征。比較可分為橫比和縱比兩種。橫比就是用與對(duì)象同類或不同類的事物進(jìn)行比較?？v比就是用同一事物的不同時(shí)期的情況進(jìn)行比較。采用比較說明的方法來相比的事物，應(yīng)盡可能選擇大家熟悉的，容易理解的，而且一定要找出與被比較事物之間的可以相比的地方，否則，就很難達(dá)到說明事物的目

29、的。例如：1Although Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee were fierce adversaries during the civil war, their lives, both military and non-military, had a great deal in common. Grant descended from a family whose members participated in the American Revolution. He received his commission of second lieutenan

30、t in West Point and served in the Spanish-American war. He was later summoned by President Lincoln to assume command of the Union Forces during the Civil war. After the Civil War, Grant suffered financial problems and was forced to declare bankruptcy. Lee also came from a family which engaged in the

31、 American Revolution. He, too, received his commission from West Point and later fought in Mexico during the Spanish-American war. His fame as military strategist during the Civil War, when he was commander of the Confederation armies, is well known. He, like Grant, had financial difficulties after the Civil War and was compelled to