04.英語(yǔ)國(guó)家文化 【：加拿大】

1、Chapter IIICanada加 拿 大Learning Goals (學(xué) 習(xí) 目 的) To learn and get some general knowledge of the brief history, geography, economy, sports and culture of Canada; (學(xué)習(xí)了解一些有關(guān)加拿大歷史、地理、經(jīng)濟(jì)、體育、 文化等方面的常識(shí)。) To learn some ABC of (vocational) education in Canada. (了解一些加拿大的教育情況。)Part AExploringCanada探訪加拿大Text AA B

2、rief Introduction Of Canada加拿大概況簡(jiǎn)介How did Canada get its name?(加拿大國(guó)名的由來(lái)) The name Canada comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian (易洛魁語(yǔ)的注：“易洛魁為北美印第安人部落) word, kanata, which means “village or “settlement. In 1535, the local inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct the Fren

3、ch explorer Jacques Cartie towards the village of Stadacona. Cartie later used the word Canada to refer not only to that particular village, but the whole area he had discovered. By 1545, European books & maps had begun referring to this region as Canada. (p54) (Please read p54 for the detail.)【“加拿大

4、一詞源自加拿大最東南的圣勞倫斯河灣地區(qū)的易洛魁語(yǔ)詞“kanata, 意為“村莊/落。 1535年，現(xiàn)今魁北克市地區(qū)的原住民用“kanata一詞來(lái)指引法國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家 Jaques Cartie (雅克卡蒂埃) 前往 Stadacona 村?？ǖ侔?隨后就用“Canada一詞來(lái)指代他所發(fā)現(xiàn)的整個(gè)地區(qū)。從1545年起，在歐洲出版的書(shū)籍和地圖中就開(kāi)始用“Canada一詞來(lái)指代整個(gè)加拿大地區(qū)?！?Hudson Bay哈得孫灣A Sketch Map of Canada加 拿 大 略 圖Nunavut TerritorySt. Lawrence River Geography and Climate (地理與

5、氣候) Canada is the largest country in north America (the 2nd largest in the world after Russia). It shares land borders with the US to the south and the US state of Alaska to the northwest. It stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west (some 6 400 km in between); t

6、o the north lies the Arctic Ocean. Its total area (including its waters with the Hudson Bay being 0.819 million square kmthe size being 4.6 times that of Guangdong P.) is 9.98 million sq. km. Canada has more lakes than any other country & much of the worlds fresh water. (p42) Generally speaking, the

7、 climate in Canada is unfavou- rable. Much of Canada has long & cold winters with deep snow. It is the general case that the more nor-thern the colder in winter, or the more southern the warmer. 【加拿大是北美洲面積最大的國(guó)家(也是世界上面積僅次于俄羅斯的第二大國(guó)家)。 其南部與美國(guó)接壤，西北部與美國(guó)的阿拉斯加州接壤，從東部的大西洋沿岸延伸至西部的太平洋沿岸兩岸之間的距離約為6400公里，北面是北冰洋，

8、總面積包括面積為萬(wàn)平方公里的“哈得孫灣廣東省的倍為998萬(wàn)平方公里。加拿大擁有的湖泊和淡水比世界上其他任何國(guó)家都要多。 總的來(lái)說(shuō)，加拿大氣候不好。許多地區(qū)的冬天漫長(zhǎng)，積雪很厚。冬天通常是越靠北越冷，或越靠南越溫暖?！考幽么蟮貓DThe National Flag of Canada加 拿 大 國(guó) 旗The National Emblem of Canada加 拿 大 國(guó) 徽The House Of Canadian Parliament加 拿 大 議 會(huì) 大 廈 Population (人口) With such a vast territory, Canada has a population

9、 of only 33 million, of whom 40% are descendants of the British im-migrants, 27% of the French immigrants, 20% of the im-migrants from other European countries, and 11.5% of the immigrants from other parts of the world, with only 1.5% being Indians and Eskimos the native inhabitants of that land. Th

10、ere are now some 1.3 million Chinese Canadians living in Canada. Because of the cold climate that exists throughout most of Canada, a major part of the Canadian population lives along the southern border. 【加拿大幅員遼闊，但其人口僅有3300萬(wàn)其中40%為英國(guó)移民后裔，27%為法國(guó)移民后裔，20%為其他歐洲國(guó)家移民后裔，11.5%為來(lái)自世界其他地區(qū)的移民后裔，僅有1.5%為原住民印第安人和愛(ài)

11、斯基摩人。現(xiàn)在加拿大生活的加籍華人有約130萬(wàn)。 由于加拿大多數(shù)地區(qū)天氣寒冷，所以其大局部人口都沿南部邊境 而居住?！繍?ài)斯基摩人宰殺海豹冬天的冷水浴愛(ài)斯基摩人冬天的簡(jiǎn)易居所愛(ài)斯基摩人的狗拉雪橇愛(ài)斯基摩人的狗 Political System (政治體制) Canada is a federation (聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家) composed of 10 pro-vinces and 3 territories (注：10個(gè)省全位于加拿大南部，而3個(gè)地區(qū)全位于加拿大北部). It is a parliamentary democracy & a constitutional monarchy, with

12、 the British Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. It is a bilingual (雙語(yǔ)的) and multicultural country, with both English and French as official languages both at the federal level and in the province of New Brunswick (新不倫瑞克省). Canada is a technically advanced and industrialized country, & its econ

13、omy is heavily reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade parti-cularly with the US. There are two main federal parties in Canada, which are the Liberal Party (自由黨) & the Progres-sive Conservative Party (進(jìn)步保守黨). Historically, the federal government has always been formed by one or th

14、e other of the two parties. Though parties have sometimes taken different positions on social legislation & government intervention (干預(yù)) in the economy, there is not much differ-ence in the policies adopted by the two main parties. (p42) 【加拿大是個(gè)由10個(gè)省和3個(gè)地區(qū)組成的聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家，實(shí)行憲法制 民主和君主立憲制英國(guó)伊麗莎白女王二世為其國(guó)家元首。加 拿大是個(gè)

15、雙語(yǔ)制和文化多元的國(guó)家，英法兩種語(yǔ)言同為聯(lián)邦政府 和新不倫瑞克省的官方語(yǔ)言。該國(guó)還是一個(gè)技術(shù)先進(jìn)的工業(yè)化國(guó) 家，其經(jīng)濟(jì)高度依賴它豐富的自然資源和貿(mào)易特別是與美國(guó) 的貿(mào)易。加拿大有兩個(gè)主要聯(lián)邦政黨自由黨和保守進(jìn)步黨。 從歷史上看，聯(lián)邦政府總是由這兩黨中的一黨組成。雖然他們有 時(shí)候?qū)ι鐣?huì)立法和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)中政府的干預(yù)持不同的態(tài)度，但兩黨通常所采取的政策沒(méi)有太大的差異?！縏he time of the establishment of Canada & the time each member joined the federation: 【加拿大成立的時(shí)間及各成員參加聯(lián)邦的時(shí)間】 The Canadi

16、an federal union was established in 1867 (the of-ficial name of it being The Dominion of Canada and from 1967 its official name being changed into Canada). The names of its 10 provinces and 3 territories and the time they each joined the federation as follows: 【加拿大聯(lián)邦成立于1867年 (其正式名稱為“加拿大自治領(lǐng),從1967年起其正

17、式國(guó)名改為“加拿大)。下面是其10個(gè)省和3個(gè)地區(qū)的名稱及參加聯(lián)邦的時(shí)間：】 Alberta (阿爾伯塔省；參加時(shí)間：1905年 British Columbia (英屬哥倫比亞?。粎⒓訒r(shí)間：1858年 Manitoba (馬尼托巴?。粎⒓訒r(shí)間：1870年 Newfoundland and Labrador (紐芬蘭與拉布拉多?。粎⒓訒r(shí)間：1949年) New Brunswick ( 新不倫瑞克?。粎⒓訒r(shí)間：1867年 Northwest Territories (西北地區(qū)，亦譯作“西北諸領(lǐng) 地；參加時(shí)間：1870年 Nova Scotia (新斯科舍省，也譯作“新蘇格蘭省，參加時(shí)間：1867年

18、 Nunavut Territory (努納武特地區(qū)；參加時(shí)間：于1999年從西北地區(qū)分割出來(lái)) Ontario (安大概?。粎⒓訒r(shí)間：1867年 Prince Edward Island (愛(ài)德華王子省; 參加時(shí)間: 1873年 Quebec (魁北克省; 參加時(shí)間：1867年) Saskatchewan (薩斯喀徹溫?。怀闪r(shí)間：1905年 Yukon Territory (育空領(lǐng)地；參加時(shí)間：1898年 Canadas National Sports (加拿大的國(guó)民體育運(yùn)動(dòng)) Canadas official national sports are (ice) hockey (冰球，冰上

19、曲棍球) in winter and lacrosse (長(zhǎng)曲棍球) in summer. Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the most popular sport Canadians play, with some 1.7 million active participants. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include curling (冰壺運(yùn)動(dòng)) & football.

20、 Golf, baseball (棒球), skiing, volleyball (排球), and basketball are widely played by young people. (pp43-4) 【加拿大的全民體育運(yùn)開(kāi)工程是冬天的“冰球和 夏天的“長(zhǎng)曲棍球。冰球是加拿大一項(xiàng)全國(guó)性的娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)，也是其最流行、觀眾最多的體育活動(dòng)約有170萬(wàn)人積極參加這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)。冰球之后流行的體育工程還有冰壺、足球等。許多年輕人還喜歡高爾夫球、棒球、排球、籃球、滑雪等運(yùn)動(dòng)?！勘虮荣惖乃查g2021年加拿大男子冰球隊(duì)奪得冬奧會(huì)冠軍后的歡慶場(chǎng)面又一次奪冠后的歡慶加拿大女子冰球隊(duì)同樣也是世界最強(qiáng)隊(duì)之一加拿大冰

21、壺隊(duì)在比賽 加拿大男女冰壺隊(duì)在 比 賽中 國(guó) 女 子 冰 壺 隊(duì) 在 比 賽獲獎(jiǎng)后的中國(guó)女子冰壺隊(duì)員笑得很開(kāi)心 Text B Economy ofCanada加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì) Canada is one of the wealthiest countries in the world. Its GDP of 2021 was 1.5 trillion (萬(wàn)億), ranking No. 8 in t he world (the per capita GDP being $45,428). It is one of the worlds top ten trading nations. Since t

22、he early 1990s, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly, with large government surpluses (順差) on the federal level and low unemployment. Its market-oriented economic system and production pattern are similar to those of the US. According to the Forbes glo- bal list of the worlds largest compan

23、ies in 2021, Canada had 69 companies in the list, ranking the 5th in the world. Cana- das total government debt burden is the lowest in the G8. (pp45-6) 【加拿大是世界上最富裕的國(guó)家之一，其2021年GDP為萬(wàn)億美元， 列世界第8位 (人均GDP萬(wàn)美元)，是世界十大貿(mào)易國(guó)之一。自20紀(jì)90年代初開(kāi)始，加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)一直快速開(kāi)展，聯(lián)邦政府收支有大額順差，失業(yè)率低下。其市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向型經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和生產(chǎn)模式與美國(guó)相似。根據(jù)福布斯2021年世界最強(qiáng)公司的排名表，加

24、拿大的69家公司榜上有名，居世界第5位。在世界8國(guó)集團(tuán)中，加拿大的政府債務(wù)率最低?！?Canada is one of the worlds most important suppliers of agri-cultural products, such as wheat, canola (低酸油菜籽), etc. In the 20th century, the fast growth of manufacturing, mining, & service sectors has transformed Canada from a largely rural economy into one

25、 primarily industrial and urban. Now the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs some three quarters (or 75%) of Canadians. However, the logging (木材) & oil industries are of the most importance in the Canadian economy. Canada is one of the few developed nations that are

26、net ex-porters of energy (mainly natural gas and oil). Canada also abounds in other natural resources, such as zinc (鋅), ura-nium (鈾), (of which Canada is the worlds largest producer) gold, nickel (鎳), aluminum (鋁), lead (鉛), etc. (p46) 【加拿大是世界上小麥、油菜籽等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的最主要供給國(guó)之一。20世紀(jì)快速開(kāi)展的制造業(yè)、采礦業(yè)和效勞業(yè)使加拿大從一個(gè)主要以農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)為

27、主的國(guó)家轉(zhuǎn)變成為了一個(gè)主要的工業(yè)和城鎮(zhèn)化經(jīng)濟(jì)國(guó)家?，F(xiàn)在加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)中占主導(dǎo)地位的是效勞業(yè)雇傭了75%的加拿大人，但是木材和石油工業(yè)是加拿大經(jīng)濟(jì)中最為重要的局部。 加拿大是少數(shù)幾個(gè)能源凈出口國(guó)之一 (主要出口天然氣和石油) 。加拿大的其他自然資源也非常豐富是世界上鋅和鈾的最大生產(chǎn)國(guó)，其金、鎳、鋁、鉛等的儲(chǔ)藏量也非常豐富?！縋art B Broadening My Horizon開(kāi) 闊 視 野Education in Canada加拿大教育簡(jiǎn)介BMH A The education system in Canada is generally similar to that in America. I

28、t is funded (資助) & overseen (監(jiān)督) by federal, provincial and local governments. Education is within provincial jurisdiction (屬省級(jí)立法范疇) and the curriculum is overseen by the province. Education in Canada is generally divided into Elementary (Primary School, Public School), followed by Secondary (High S

29、chool) and Post Secondary (University, College). Education is compulsory up to the age of 16 in every province in Canada, except for Ontario (安大概省) and New Brunswick (新不倫瑞克省), where the compulsory age is 18. Most Canadian education systems continue up to Grade 12 (age 17-18). In Quebec, the typical

30、high school term ends after Secondary V (中學(xué)五年級(jí)), which is as the same as Grade 11 (age 16-17); following this, students who wish to pursue their studies to the university level have to attend CEGEP (college des etudes generales et professionneles). (p48) 【加拿大的教育體系總體與美國(guó)相似， 受聯(lián)邦、省和區(qū)政府資助和監(jiān)督。教育屬于省立法范疇，其全

31、部課程受省的監(jiān)督。加拿大的教育總體分為初等教育、中等教育和高等教育。在加拿大各省，16歲以前的教育是義務(wù)性的但在安大概和新不倫瑞克兩省，18歲以前的教育是義務(wù)性的。在加拿大，大多數(shù)義務(wù)教育體系一直持續(xù)到12年級(jí)。 唯獨(dú)在魁北克省，義務(wù)教育只持續(xù)到中學(xué)5年級(jí)即11年級(jí)16-17歲， 之后，希望繼續(xù)進(jìn)入大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的學(xué)生不得不參加CEGEP (普通教育和職業(yè)教育學(xué)院) 的學(xué)習(xí)(其中又分為普通教育和職業(yè)教育兩局部。普通教育即大學(xué)預(yù)科，學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間一般為兩年)?！?Pre-university: (大學(xué)前教育) In Canada, primary education and secondary educat

32、ion combined are sometimes referred to as K-12 (Kindergarten through Grade 12). Yet what should be noted is that this structure/system can vary from school to school, and from province to province. (p48) 【在加拿大，初等教育和中等教育有時(shí)合稱為K-12。但 值得注意的是這種體制在學(xué)校與學(xué)校之間可能會(huì)有所不 同，在省與省之間會(huì)不盡相同。】 Post-secondary Education: (高

33、等教育) Post-secondary education (higher education) in Canada is also the responsibility of the individual provinces and territories. The provincial governments provide the majority of funding to their public post-secondary institutions (公立高校), with the rest of money coming from tuition fees, the feder

34、al government, and research grants (科研經(jīng)費(fèi)). Canada is one of the top three countries with the highest enrollment percentage of its graduates from secondary schools. Nearly all universities and colleges in Canada have the authorities to grant (頒發(fā)) degrees, diplomas or certificates. Colleges all over C

35、anada typically offer vocationally- oriented programs (職業(yè)教育課程), and grant diplomas (畢業(yè) 證書(shū)) and certificates (結(jié)業(yè)證). (pp48-9) 【在加拿大，高等教育也是由各省和各地區(qū)負(fù)責(zé)管理。各省政府給其公立高校提供絕大局部所需經(jīng)費(fèi)，其余的錢來(lái)自學(xué)費(fèi)、聯(lián)邦政府和科研經(jīng)費(fèi)。加拿大是全世界上中學(xué)畢業(yè)生升入大學(xué)就讀人數(shù)百分比最高的國(guó)家之一。 幾乎所有的加拿大大學(xué)和學(xué)院都有權(quán)頒發(fā)授予學(xué)位、畢業(yè)證書(shū)或結(jié)業(yè)證書(shū)。加拿大所有的學(xué)院主要提供的是職業(yè)教育課程，頒發(fā)授予畢業(yè)證書(shū)和結(jié)業(yè)證書(shū)?！?Private S

36、chools at All Levels (各級(jí)各類私立學(xué)校) In Canada, there are private schools at all levels, which take up some 10% of all the education institutions in the country. A small number of these schools are elite (精英的) ones, which usu. charge more fees. The major difference between private schools and religious o

37、nes is that the former have money from various channels (including religious bodies) while the latter have money mainly or only from religious bodies such as churches, religious funds, etc. All private universities in Canada have a religious history or foundation. (p49) 【加拿大還有約占全國(guó)10%的各級(jí)各類私立學(xué)校。其中少局部為

38、精英教育學(xué)校，通常收費(fèi)較高。私立學(xué)校與教會(huì)學(xué)校的主要區(qū)別在于前者從多種渠道獲取經(jīng)費(fèi)(包括從宗教機(jī)構(gòu)獲得資助)，而后者主要或僅從諸如教堂、教會(huì)基金等渠道獲取資金。加拿大所有的私立大學(xué)都有教會(huì)淵源。】A Very Brief History of Canada加拿大歷史簡(jiǎn)介BMH B Before the European discovery of Canada at the end of the 15th century, the indigenous people (原住民) in Canada were Inuit (因紐特人 也譯作“伊努伊特人，即“愛(ài)斯基摩人) & Indians. Th

39、is means the written his-tory of Canada is only over 500 years. Two men are important in the early discovery of Canada. They were John Cabot (an Italian), and Jacques Cartier (a Frenchman). Heading an English expedition (探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)), John Cabot discovered Newfoundland (紐芬蘭島) and the east coast of Canada in

40、 1497. However, it was Jacques Cartier who in 1535 sailed up to the St. Lawrence River (圣勞倫斯河在加拿大東南部) as far as what it is today the site of Montreal. (pp50-1) 【在歐洲人于15世紀(jì)末發(fā)現(xiàn)加拿大之前，加拿大的原住民為“因紐特人也譯作“伊努伊特人， 即“愛(ài)斯基摩人和“印第安人。這就是說(shuō)，加拿大有文字記載的歷史僅有500多年。有兩個(gè)人對(duì)早期加拿大的發(fā)現(xiàn)非常重要：約翰卡伯特 (意大利人) 和 雅克卡蒂埃 (法國(guó)人)?？ú芈暑I(lǐng)一支英國(guó)探險(xiǎn)隊(duì)于1

41、497年發(fā)現(xiàn)了紐芬蘭島和加拿大東部海岸地區(qū)。但是在1535年，雅克卡蒂埃 航行到達(dá)了圣勞倫斯河流域 (在加拿大東南部) 和今天的蒙特利爾地區(qū)。】 約翰卡伯特雅克卡蒂埃 Before long, the English and the French became rivals (競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手) in the gradual conquest of those parts of North America. In 1608, Samuel de Champ-lain (a French explorer) established the first perma-nent European settle

42、ment in Quebec City, to lay the roots of French Canada. In 1610, Henry Hudson (an English explorer) gave his name to the huge bay in the centre of Canada after he had discovered it (that is how the bay got its name). Through the 17th century, the French settled the banks of the St. Lawrence River an

43、d Nova Scotia (in the Southeastern part of Canada), while the English established larger and better settlements in their New England colonies. (p51) 【不久，英法兩國(guó)在逐漸征服北美洲的過(guò)程中變成了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。薩繆爾德尚普蘭1567年-1635年法國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家于1608年在魁北克城建立了歐洲第一個(gè)永久性定居點(diǎn)，從而奠定了法國(guó)人在加拿大的根基。1610年，亨利哈得孫英國(guó)探險(xiǎn)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了嵌入加拿大中心地帶的巨大海灣，并以他的名字將其命名為“哈得孫灣該海灣就是這樣得

44、名字。在17世紀(jì)期間，法國(guó)人在圣勞倫斯河流域和新斯科舍省位于加拿大的東南部不斷定居下來(lái)，而英國(guó)人那么在新英格蘭的諸殖民地地區(qū)建立了更大更好的定居點(diǎn)。】 Because of the valuable fisheries (漁場(chǎng)) and fur trade, a conflict developed between the English and the French, and in 1713 Newfoundland, Hudson Bay, & Nova Scotia were lost to England. After the Seven Years War from 1756 to

45、1763 between the two countries in North America, the French were de-feated & forced to give up every inch of land in North America & the whole Canada came under the British rule. (Note: the British allowed the French col-onists 60,000 in all to stay on without forcing them to change the French way o

46、f life.) (p51) 【為了爭(zhēng)奪富有的漁場(chǎng)和皮革貿(mào)易，英法兩國(guó)之間發(fā)生了沖突，紐芬蘭島、哈得孫灣和新斯科舍于1713年落入英國(guó)人之手。在英法兩國(guó)經(jīng)歷了1756-1763年的“七年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)之后，法國(guó)人被徹底打敗，被迫放棄了北美洲的所有土地，從此整個(gè)加拿大由英國(guó)統(tǒng)治。注：英國(guó)人允許約6萬(wàn)法國(guó)殖民者繼續(xù)待在加拿大，也未強(qiáng)迫他們改變法國(guó)式的生活方式?！?In 1783, the UK and the USA signed The Treaty of Paris, which recognized American independence & the UK was forced to cede (

47、割讓) territories south of the Great Lakes to the US. Some 50,000 UK loyalists fled the US to Canada after the signing of the treaty. The British Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada and English-Speaking Canada, granting each their own elected Legislative A

48、ssembly. The defense of Canada in the war of 1812 between the US and the British Empire contributed to a sense of uniting the British north colonies. So large-scale immigration to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. (p51) 【1783年，英美兩國(guó)簽訂了“巴黎條約，成認(rèn)了美國(guó)的獨(dú)立。英國(guó)被迫向美國(guó)割讓了大湖地區(qū)以南的領(lǐng)土。在“巴黎條約簽訂之后，約有5萬(wàn)名效忠

49、英國(guó)的殖民者從美國(guó)逃到了加拿大。1791年的英國(guó)憲法法案將加拿大分為說(shuō)法語(yǔ)的低地加拿大和說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的加拿大兩局部，并授權(quán)它們選舉各自的立法機(jī)構(gòu)。1812年英美之間爆發(fā)了保衛(wèi)加拿大的戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)使英國(guó)產(chǎn)生了統(tǒng)一其北部諸殖民地即說(shuō)法語(yǔ)的低地加拿大和說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的加拿大兩大塊殖民地的想法。所以從1815年起，大量來(lái)自英國(guó)和愛(ài)爾蘭的移民不斷進(jìn)入加拿大?！?The Act of Union (1840) combined Canada into a United Province of Canada, which enabled French and English Canadians to work together

50、in the As-sembly (議會(huì)；立法機(jī)構(gòu)). A responsible government was established for all British North American provinces in 1849. Following several constitutional conferences held by the British Parliament, the Constitution Act (1867) brought about the confederation creating “one dominion under the name of Can

51、ada (加拿大自治領(lǐng)) on July 1, 1867 with 4 provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, & New Brunswick. From 1870 to 1949, other provinces and territories joined the federation in succession (相繼). (p52) 【英國(guó)于1840年公布的“聯(lián)合法案 將加拿大合并成一個(gè)聯(lián)合的加拿大省，使得講法語(yǔ)和英語(yǔ)的加拿大人能在同一立法機(jī)構(gòu)中共事。1849年成立了管理英屬北美各省的責(zé)任政府。 在英國(guó)議會(huì)召開(kāi)了幾次憲法會(huì)議之后，于1867年通過(guò)了憲法法案，