電大開放英語(yǔ)(II)形成性考核冊(cè)答案小抄

1、電大開放英語(yǔ)(3)形成性考核冊(cè)答案小抄 學(xué)前記錄卡1(Units 16)學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程：1、輔導(dǎo)訂前完成的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、做教材中大部分練習(xí) B、熟悉生詞和詞組C、將不懂的地方記錄下來(lái) D、其他2、輔導(dǎo)課上的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)：A、聽輔導(dǎo)教師講授 B、積極參與各項(xiàng)課堂教學(xué)話動(dòng) C、解決疑難問(wèn)題 D、其他3、輔導(dǎo)課后的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、完成剩余的練習(xí) B、復(fù)習(xí)主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)C、自己找一些練習(xí)題進(jìn)一步鞏固所學(xué)內(nèi)容 D、其他4、希望輔導(dǎo)教師提供的幫助是：A、答疑解惑 B、系統(tǒng)歸納和講解C、有針對(duì)性地講解重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) D、其他學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：1、Units 16 中主要學(xué)習(xí)了哪些重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目？一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)、過(guò)去

2、進(jìn)行時(shí)、used to do sth、一般過(guò)去時(shí)被動(dòng)詞態(tài)、定語(yǔ)從句、過(guò)去完成時(shí)、形容詞和介詞的搭配2、這六個(gè)單元中我感覺(jué)最難或還沒(méi)有完全掌握的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)是：如何談?wù)撨^(guò)去、如何談?wù)搶?lái)、如何描述趨勢(shì)、always/forever/to keep doing用于描述行為、描述習(xí)慣、描述關(guān)系3、這六個(gè)單元中我最喜歡的話題是：An English mans Home is His castle.階段性學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)：（略）（一定要自己寫）作業(yè)1一、交際用語(yǔ)15 D A C B B二、詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)610 D B D A B 1115 C D B A B 1620 A A B A B 三、完型填空2125 C B C

3、 D C 2630 B C C D A 四、閱讀理解3135 A C D A C 3640 A C D C D4145 D B A D C 1650 F T T N F五、書面表達(dá)Dear Sirs,My name is born on July 6th,1965 in changchun ,jilin province ,China ,I am a journalist .and have already eleven .years of working experience . I can speak Japanese and Germany besides English and of

4、course Im good at operating computer.I graduated from .journalism Department of Beijing university in 1990 and then worked as a journalist in Shenzhen Daily till December 1996,I studied in BBC from 1997 to 1998 and since . I came back in January 1999,I have been head of the news section I will be ve

5、ry luck if I can work in your newspaper ,And I think I have abilities to do the job well .Yours sincerely,Wuhua.學(xué)習(xí)記錄卡2（Units 712）學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程：1、輔導(dǎo)訂前完成的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、做教材中大部分練習(xí) B、熟悉生詞和詞組C、將不懂的地方記錄下來(lái) D、其他2、輔導(dǎo)課上的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)：A、聽輔導(dǎo)教師講授 B、積極參與各項(xiàng)課堂教學(xué)話動(dòng) C、解決疑難問(wèn)題 D、其他3、輔導(dǎo)課后的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、完成剩余的練習(xí) B、復(fù)習(xí)主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)C、自己找一些練習(xí)題進(jìn)一步鞏固所學(xué)內(nèi)容 D、其他4、希望輔導(dǎo)教師提

6、供的幫助是：A、答疑解惑 B、系統(tǒng)歸納和講解C、有針對(duì)性地講解重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn) D、其他學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：1、Units 712 中主要學(xué)習(xí)了哪些重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目？現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)及被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、祈使句、虛擬條件句、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)句被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、間接引語(yǔ)2、這六個(gè)單元中我感覺(jué)最難或還沒(méi)有完全掌握的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)是：（略）3、這六個(gè)單元中我最喜歡的話題是：（略）印象最深的Cultural Notes 是：（略）階段性學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)：（略）（一定要自己寫）作業(yè)2一、交際用語(yǔ)15 C A D A D二、詞匯與結(jié)構(gòu)610 D B B C B 1115 A C B A D 1620 B C D C D三、完型填空2125 B B

7、 A C D 2630 B B C B A四、閱讀理解3135 B B A D D 3640 A C B B B 4145 D A B C C4650 T F F T T五、書面表達(dá)NoticeThere will be an English lecture on American lndians and American History by miss lycidro,an American professor from shenzhen TV university .If will be given in the hall of the culture in our university

8、on Saturday evening from 7:30 to 9:30 your friends from other schools to att.學(xué)習(xí)記錄卡3（Units 1318）學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程：1、輔導(dǎo)訂前完成的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、做教材中大部分練習(xí) B、熟悉生詞和詞組C、將不懂的地方記錄下來(lái) D、其他2、輔導(dǎo)課上的學(xué)習(xí)任務(wù)：A、聽輔導(dǎo)教師講授 B、積極參與各項(xiàng)課堂教學(xué)話動(dòng) C、解決疑難問(wèn)題 D、其他3、輔導(dǎo)課后的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：A、完成剩余的練習(xí) B、復(fù)習(xí)主要語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)C、自己找一些練習(xí)題進(jìn)一步鞏固所學(xué)內(nèi)容 D、其他4、希望輔導(dǎo)教師提供的幫助是：A、答疑解惑 B、系統(tǒng)歸納和講解C、有針對(duì)性地講解重點(diǎn)、

9、難點(diǎn) D、其他學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容：1、Units 1318 中主要學(xué)習(xí)了哪些重要的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目？動(dòng)名詞與動(dòng)詞不定式、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句、將來(lái)完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)、間接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)、反意疑問(wèn)句2、這六個(gè)單元中我感覺(jué)最難或還沒(méi)有完全掌握的語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)是：（略）3、這六個(gè)單元中我最喜歡的話題是：（略）印象最深的Cultural Notes 是：（略）階段性學(xué)習(xí)體會(huì)：（略）（一定要自己寫）作業(yè)3作業(yè)題目：（略）學(xué)期總結(jié)1、你認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)本課程在多大程度上提高了你的英語(yǔ)水平？請(qǐng)從聽、說(shuō)讀、寫四方面具體談一談。（略）2、你對(duì)本課程所使用的教學(xué)資源（包括文字教材、錄音錄像教材，網(wǎng)上輔導(dǎo)等）有何評(píng)價(jià)？有

10、什么意見和建議？（略）3、通過(guò)這一學(xué)期的學(xué)習(xí)，你對(duì)“自主學(xué)習(xí)”這種學(xué)習(xí)模式有什么感受和體會(huì)？（略）課內(nèi)、外綜合表現(xiàn)（學(xué)生自評(píng)略）請(qǐng)您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過(guò)小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from

11、 choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm).

12、 Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is released into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the

13、nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cells and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonst

14、rated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves and the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the n

15、erve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical events (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fi

16、bre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (cholinesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then av

17、ailable for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the autonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in

18、 both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slow

19、ed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of th

20、e cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings ab

21、out a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic; in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type i

22、n the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons r

23、eferred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylch

24、oline is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-boundvesicles. After the arrival of a nerve signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of ace

25、tylcholine into thesynaptic cleft. For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate areceptorprotein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at s

26、ynapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions into and out of the neuron, directly resulting indepolarizationof the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves

27、 with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, acetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synap

28、tic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration o

29、f acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweating, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial ef

30、fects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory in some people with Alzheimers disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-194

31、0s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first important school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky firs

32、t gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Mir, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. Jackson Pollocks turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract ex

33、pressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Koonings first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His intensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in t

34、he sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and soon developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the moveme

35、nt included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford Still, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversit

36、y within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in paintings by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting wer

37、e the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an approach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of paint

38、ing; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion directly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and ma

39、terials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad category, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing throu

40、gh Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more about the heavens. From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen bystudying the chemistr

41、y of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit.analytic geometry, branch ofgeometryin which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such asCar

42、tesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equationax+by+c

43、=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equationax+by+cz+d=0 represents a plane in space, wherea, b, c,anddare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution.

44、 Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection. In plane analytic geometry a line is frequent

45、ly described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclination to the coordinate axes; technically, the slopemof a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with thex-axis. If the line is parallel to thex-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are

46、parallel to one another. In general, the slope of the line through the points (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is given bym= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equationax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, wherea, b, fare constants anda, b

47、,andcare not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with thex-, y-,andz-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the co

48、nic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic geometry have been generalized to four o

49、r more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenDescartesin 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of thecalculusby Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis f

50、or the modern development and exploitation ofalgebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly