培訓(xùn)中心雷達(dá)管制理論

1、 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心 雷達(dá)管制理論民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心CONTENTRadar service1Local instruction of Wuhan2Radar Phraseologies3The flight progress strip4Additional Information5民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心CONTENTRadar service1民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心1、Radar system capabilities Radar systems shall have a very high level of ReliabilityAvailabilityIn

2、tegrityA radar system will consist ofradar sensor (s)radar data transmission linesradar data processing systemradar displays民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心1、Radar system capabilitiesMulti-radar systems have the capability to receive, process and display, in an integrated manner, data from all the connected sensors.Rada

3、r systems should improve the accuracy and timeliness of data displayed and reducing controller workload and the need for verbal coordination.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心1、Radar system capabilitiesRadar systems should provide for the display of safety-related alerts and warnings, including conflict alert, minimum saf

4、e altitude warning, conflict prediction and unintentionally duplicated SSR codes. PSR and SSR may be used either alone or in combination in the provision of air traffic services.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心2.Presentation of radar informationRadar-derived information shall, as a minimum, include radar position indica

5、tions, radar map information and information from SSR Mode A, Mode C and Mode S.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心2.Presentation of radar informationRadar position indications may be displayed as:radar position symbols (RPS), including: PSR symbols SSR symbolscombined PSR/SSR symbolsPSR blipsSSR responses民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心2.Pres

6、entation of radar informationWhen applicable, distinct symbols should be used for presentation of:unintentionally duplicated SSR codespredicted positions for a non-updated track; plot and track data 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心2.Presentation of radar informationReserved SSR codes, including 7500, 7600 and 7700, oper

7、ation of IDENT, safety-related alerts and warnings as well as information related to automated coordination shall be presented in a clear and distinct manner, providing for ease of recognition. Radar labels should be used to provide in alphanumeric form.Radar label information shall as a minimum inc

8、lude the SSR code or aircraft identification, and SSR Mode C-derived level information. 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心 municationsThe reliability and availability of communications shall be such that the possibility of system failures or significant degradations is very remote. Adequate backup facilities shall be prov

9、idedDirect pilot-controller communications shall be established prior to the provision of radar services.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心4.Provision of Radar Services The number of aircraft simultaneously provided with radar services shall take into account:the structural complexity of the control area or sectorthe rada

10、r functions to be performedcontroller workloads and sector capacitythe degree of technical reliability and availability of the main radar and communication systemsthe possibility of reverting to back-up facilities and/or non-radar separationthe degree of technical reliability and availability of the

11、 back-up radar and communication systems民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心5.Use of SSR transpondersCodes 7700, 7600 and 7500 shall be reserved internationally for use by pilots encountering a state of emergency, radio communication failure or unlawful interference, respectively. 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心5.Use of SSR transpondersVerific

12、ation of accuracy of Mode C-derived level informationThe tolerance value shall be 60 m (200 ft) in RVSM airspace. In other airspace, it shall be 90 m (300 ft)not less than 60 m (200 ft)Verification information shall be effected at least once 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心5.Use of SSR transponders How to identify 民航中南空

13、管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresIdentification of aircrafts民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresEstablishment of radar identificationBefore providing radar service to an aircraft, radar identification shall be established and the pilot informed. if radar identification is subsequently lost, the pilo

14、t shall be informed ,and ,when applicable, appropriate instructions issued民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresSSR identification procedures recognition of the aircraft identificationrecognition of an assigned discrete codedirect recognition of the aircraft identification of a Mode S-equipped aircra

15、ftby transfer of radar identificationobservation of compliance to set a specific codeobservation of compliance to squawk IDENT民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresPSR identification procedures by correlating a particular radar position indicationby correlating an aircraft departed, the identificatio

16、n is established within 2 km (1 NM) from the end of the runway usedby transfer of radar identificationby instructing the pilot to execute one or more changes of heading of 30 degrees or more民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresTransfer of radar identification民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresTran

17、sfer of radar identification shall be effected by one of the following methods:by automated meansnotification of the discrete code of the aircraftnotification that the aircraft is Mode S-equipped when Mode S coverage is availabledirect designation of the radar position indicationdesignation of the r

18、adar position indication by reference to bearing and distance from a geographical position or navigational facilityinstruction to change code and the observation of the change by accept controllerinstruction to squawk IDENT and observation of this response by accept controller民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Ra

19、dar ProceduresHow to position民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresPosition information民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresAn aircraft provided be informed of its position :upon identificationwhen the pilot requests this informationwhen a pilots estimate differs significantly from the radar controll

20、ers estimatewhen resume own navigation after radar vectoring before termination of radar service, the aircraft deviate from its intended route.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresPosition information shall be passed to aircraft in one of the following forms:as a well-known geographical positionmagn

21、etic track and distance to a significant point, an en-route navigation aid, or an approach aiddirection and distance from a known positiondistance to touchdown, if the aircraft is on final approachdistance and direction from the centre line of an ATS route民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresIs this

22、 the good vectoring?民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresRadar Vectoring民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresWhen vectoring an aircraft, a radar controller should comply with the following:the aircraft should be vectored along routes or tracksthe pilot should be informedaircraft shall not be vectore

23、d closer than 4.6 km (2.5 NM) from the limit of the airspace controlled flights should not be vectored into uncontrolled airspace when an aircraft has unreliable directional instruments, request to make all turns at an agreed rate and carry out the instructions immediately民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar

24、ProceduresIts too low民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresNavigation assistanceAn identified aircraft deviated from its intended route or designated holding pattern shall be advisedThe pilot requesting navigation assistance shall state the reason民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar ProceduresInterruption or t

25、ermination of radar serviceWhen aircraft be transferred from a radar controller to a non-radar controller, the non-radar separation should be establishedIn terminating radar vectoring of an aircraft, the radar controller shall instruct the pilot to resume own navigation民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心6.General Radar Pro

26、ceduresInformation regarding adverse weatherInformation about adverse weather should be issued in sufficient time to permit the pilot to decide on how best to circumnavigate the adverse weather area.In circumnavigating any area of adverse weather, the radar controller should ascertain that the aircr

27、aft can return its intended or assigned flight path民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceSo close民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceSeparation Application民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceRadar separation shall only be applied

28、between identified aircraftNon-radar separation shall be established before reaches the limits of the area of responsibilityRadar separation on use of RPS and/or PSR blips shall be applied so that the distance between the centres of which is never less than a prescribed minimum.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of r

29、adar in the air traffic control serviceA controlled flight entering or about to enter the airspace within radar separation applied, but not radar identified, the controller may continue to provide radar service to identified aircraft.Radar separation between an aircraft taking off and a preceding de

30、parting aircraft or other radar-controlled traffic will be identified within 2 km (1 NM) from the end of the runway and the required separation will exist. Radar separation shall not be applied between aircraft holding over the same holding point. 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control

31、 serviceRadar Separation Minimum民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceThe horizontal radar separation minimum shall be 9.3 km (5.0 NM).( 10 KM IN CAAC)The radar separation minimum may be reduced, but not below:5.6 km (3.0 NM) when radar capabilities permit4.6 km (2.5 NM) betwee

32、n succeeding aircraft established on the same final approach track within 18.5 km (10 NM) of the runway end. 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceWake turbulence of Airbus330民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceThe wake turbulence separation minima HEAVY

33、MEDIUMLIGHTHEAVYMEDIUMLIGHTALL7.4 km (4.0 NM) ( 8KM in CAAC )9.3 km (5.0 NM) ( 10KM IN CAAC )Preceding ACFTWake turbulence separationminimumSucceeding ACFTHEAVYMEDIUMLIGHT11.1 km (6.0 NM) ( 12KM IN CAAC )5.5 km (3.0 NM) ( 6KM in CAAC )5.5 km (3.0 NM) ( 6KM in CAAC )9.3 km (5.0 NM) ( 10KM IN CAAC )5.

34、5 km (3.0 NM) ( 6KM IN CAAC )民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceTransfer of Radar Control民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Where SSR is used ,Transfer of radar control may be effected without prior coordination, provided that:updated flight plan information is provided to the accepting controller

35、prior to transferd the aircraft is identified on receipt of the initial call;when not physically adjacent, two way direct speech facilities are available at all timesa specific letter of agreement containing all conditions of application has been made the application may be terminated at any time by

36、 the accepting controllerthe accepting controller is kept currently informed of any level, speed or vectoring instructions prior to its transfer7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Where primary radar is being used, the transfer of radar control maybe effected provided that:ra

37、dar identification has been transferred to or established directly by the accepting radar controllerwhen the radar controllers are not physically adjacent, two-way direct-speech facilities between them are at all times availableradar separation from other radar-controlled flights conforms to the min

38、ima authorized for usethe accepting radar controller is informed of any level, speed or vectoring instructions to the aircraft at the point of transferRadio communication with the aircraft is retained by the transferring radar controller7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Hey

39、! Slow down7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceSpeed Control民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心In order to facilitate radar control or to reduce the need for radar vectoring, a radar controller may request aircraft under radar control to adjust their

40、speed in a specified manner.Specific speeds should be expressed in multiples of 0.01Mach or in multiples of 20km/h(10kt) based on IAS7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Only minor speed adjustments, of not more than 40km/h( 20kt) , should be requested of an aircraft establish

41、ed on intermediate and final approach. Speed control should not be applied after a point 8km (4NM) from the threshold on final approach.After concerned should be advised as soon as speed control is no longer necessary.7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Speed control shall no

42、t be applied to aircraft entering or established in a holding pattern.Instructions involving frequent changes of speed, including alternate speed increases or decreases, should be avoided.7.Use of radar in the air traffic control service民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心7.Use of radar in the air traffic control serviceTYP

43、E DISTANCE FROM TOUCHDOWN HEIGHT IAS ALL 3000m-8500m470 KM/HJET OUTSIDE 35 KMBELOW 3000M400KM/HWITHIN 35 KM BELOW 3000M310KM/H PROPELLER WITHIN 35 KM BELOW 3000M280KM/H 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Collision hazard information the pilot of the controlled flight shall: be informed of the unknown aircraft and a course

44、of avoiding action should be suggestedbe notified when the conflict no longer exists.8.Emergencies, hazards and equipment failures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Form of Information regarding traffic: relative bearing of the conflicting traffic in terms of the 12-hour clock;distance from the conflicting traffic in kilom

45、etersdirection in which the conflicting traffic appears to be proceeding;level and type of aircraft or, if unknown, relative speed of the conflicting traffic8.Emergencies, hazards and equipment failures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心AIRCRAFT RADIO TRANSMITTER FAILUREIf two-way communication is lost, the controller shou

46、ld:determine whether or not the aircrafts receiver is functioningit shall be repeated on any other available frequency any maneuvering instructions shall regain its current cleared track. code changes or IDENT transmissions should be used to obtain acknowledgement of clearances issued to the aircraf

47、t.8.Emergencies, hazards and equipment failures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Radar equipment failure In the event of complete failure of the radar equipment, the radar controller shallplot the positions and establish non-radar separationrequest non-radar controller to assume control of the trafficinstruct aircraft to

48、communicate with the non-radar controller8.Emergencies, hazards and equipment failures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心Ground radio failure In the event of complete failure of the ground radio equipment, the controller shall:inform all adjacent control positions or ATC unit; appraise the current traffic situation;request

49、 their assistance, establish radar or non-radar separation instruct adjacent control positions or ATC units to hold or reroute all controlled flights outside the area8.Emergencies, hazards and equipment failures9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceGeneral approach radar procedures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中

50、心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceThe radar controller shall advise an aircraft of its position at least once.The radar controller shall specify the point or navigation aid.Aircraft vectored for final approach should be given a series of heading to close with the final approach track. 民

51、航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceThe final vector should provide an intercept angle with the final approach track of 45(30 during training) degrees or less.Whenever an aircraft will be vectored to through the final approach track, stating the reason for the vector. 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心

52、9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceVectoring for visual approach民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceThe vectoring for visual approach may be initiated only when meteorological conditions have the reasonable assurance that a visual approach and landing can be completed

53、. Clearance for visual approach shall be issued only after the pilot has reported the aerodrome or the preceding aircraft in sight 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceRadar approaches民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control servicePrior to commencement of a radar approa

54、ch, the aircraft shall be informed of:the runway to be usedthe applicable obstacle clearance altitude/heightthe angle of the nominal glide paththe procedure of radio communication failure民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceWhen a radar approach cannot be continued, the aircraft

55、should be immediately informed.Aircraft should be reminded to check that the wheels are down and locked民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceThe radar controller should notify the aerodrome controller or the non-radar controller when an aircraft making a radar approach is approxim

56、ately 15 km (8 NM) from touchdown. Clearance to land should normally be passed to aircraft before it reaches a distance of 4 km (2 NM) from touchdown.民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceAn aircraft making a radar approach should:be directed to execute a missed approachwhen the a

57、ircraft appears to be dangerously positioned on final approachfor reasons involving traffic conflictionsif no clearance to land by the time the aircraft reaches a distance of 4 km (2 NM) from touchdownon instructions by the aerodrome controller 民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control servi

58、cebe advised to consider executing a missed approach :when the aircraft reaches a position that a successful approach cannot be completedif the aircraft is not visible on the radar display for any significant interval during the last 4 km (2 NM) of the approachif the position or identification of th

59、e aircraft is in doubt during any portion of the final approach民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceFinal approach procedures民航中南空管局培訓(xùn)中心9.Use of radar in the approach control serviceSURVEILLANCE RADAR APPROACH(SRA)surveillance radar should be carried out under meteorological cond

60、itions a SRA shall only be performed with equipment suitably sited and a radar displayWhen conducting a SRA, the radar controller shall comply with:the point at which the SRA will be terminatedthe aircraft shall be informed when descent should begin and the obstacle clearance altitude/heightazimuth