如何準(zhǔn)備和做好口頭演講（59頁)ppt課件

1、如何預(yù)備和做好口頭演講？How to Prepare and Deliver an Oral Presentation目的掌握演講片制造要求掌握口頭演講要求演講片制造要求1-字體大小從18到32 Use letter sizes from 18 to 32 points.16 很多情況下16號字體太小了16 is too small for most situations.18 Use Sans Serif fonts. 20 Use Bold fonts.24 AVOID ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.28 Use colors that give high contrast.Da

2、rk letters on light background always workLight letters on dark work in dark rooms32 Change colors, use italics, or underline sparingly for emphasis.36 Font is usually unnecessary36號字體通常也是沒有必要2-為方便提高閱讀速度，運(yùn)用san serif字體 Use san serif fonts because they can be read more quickly.Arial: Use letter sizes

3、from 18 to 32 points.Tahoma: Use Sans Serif fonts. Arial Narrow: Use Bold fonts.Verdana: AVOID CAPITAL LETTERS.Avoid serif fontsGaramond: Use colors that give high contrast.Times New Roman: Change colors, use italics, or underline sparingly for emphasis.中文好的與不好的字體Chinese fonts with excellent and poo

4、r legibility好：華文細(xì)黑，微軟雅黑可以：黑體，宋體，仿宋，隸書，楷體不要運(yùn)用：華文彩云, 行楷, 方正舒體,華文琥珀3-字體加粗以方便聽眾快速閱讀Use Bold fonts that allow rapid readingUse Bold fonts.Use Bold fonts.Use Bold fonts.Use Bold fonts.4-全是大寫字母難以快速閱讀ALL CAPITAL LETTERS HINDERS RAPID READINGUSE LETTER SIZES FROM 18 TO 32 POINTS.USE SANS SERIF FONTS. USE BOL

5、D FONTS.AVOID ALL CAPITAL LETTERS.USE COLORS THAT GIVE HIGH CONTRAST.PRC, TEPHINET 那么可以 PRC, TEPHINET are acceptable5-采用色差大的顏色 Use colors that give high contrast.淡色背景運(yùn)用深色字母和線條總是很好Dark letters and lines on light background always work防止運(yùn)用純白色背景-晃眼 Avoid pure white background - glare深色背景的淡色字母和線條適宜于較暗的房

6、間Light letters and lines on dark background work in dark roomsUse colors that give high contrast.Dark letters and lines on light background always workDark letters and lines on light background work well without boldingAvoid pure white background - glareLight letters and lines on dark background wor

7、k in dark roomsUse colors that give high contrast.Dark letters and lines on light background always workDark letters and lines on light background work well without boldingAvoid pure white background - glareLight letters and lines on dark background work in dark roomsAvoid pure white background - gl

8、areDark letters and lines on light background always workDark letters and lines on light background work well without boldingAvoid pure white background - glareLight letters and lines on dark background work in dark rooms深色背景的淡色字母和線條適宜于較暗的房間Light letters and lines on dark background work best in dar

9、k roomsDark letters and lines on light background always workAvoid pure white background - glareLight letters and lines on dark background work in dark rooms但字體必需加粗But fonts usually need to be bold6-除非特別情況，防止運(yùn)用多種顏色 Avoid multiple colors unless there is a very specific reason. Use large letters ( 20

10、)Avoid all CAPITAL lettersAvoid unusual fontsUse colors that give high contrastDark letters and lines on light background always worksLight letters and lines on dark works in dark roomsDo not use multiple colors, decoration7-無目的運(yùn)用背景特效只能導(dǎo)致難以了解Background effects have no purpose and only make understan

11、ding difficult.Avoid background effectsUse colors that give high contrastDark letters and lines on light background always workAvoid pure white background - glareLight letters and lines on dark background work in dark rooms8-怎樣確定每張幻燈片的標(biāo)題 How should you title your slides?運(yùn)用有意義的標(biāo)題最好 Use an informative

12、 headline (best).運(yùn)用正式、明確并包括數(shù)據(jù)的標(biāo)題 Use a formal title that orients and includes data不要運(yùn)用“背景、“方法、“結(jié)果、“討論等等Do not use : “Background, “Methods, “Results, “Discussion, etc.防止三維效果，多余的線條和邊框Avoid 3 dimensions, extra lines and frames, xxxxx去除沒有實(shí)踐意義的繪圖成分Eliminate non-functional graphical elements.前頁的圖可以如此簡化以突出

13、主要方式The previous graph can be simplified to emphasize the principal pattern. EastWestNorth防止紅線條或字體Avoid red lines or lettering.假設(shè)確實(shí)想用紅色，請運(yùn)用(R=255 / G=82 / B=0而不是純紅色紅色線條或字體在深背景下讀起來非常困難Red lines or lettering are very difficult on a dark background.Weight category of 281630 Students Los Angeles County,

14、 2001餅圖顯示數(shù)據(jù)才干差 Pie charts are poor for showing data.Weight category of 281630 Students Los Angeles County, 2001Category%Underweight3Normal58Risk Overweight21Overweight19All100表格可以更加迅速準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)餅圖所要表達(dá)的數(shù)據(jù)The table shows the data more quickly and accurately than the pie chart.Underweight 2.8%Weight category

15、 of 281630 students, Los Angeles County, 2001簡單的條圖總是要好于餅圖A simple bar chart is always better than a pie chart.40的學(xué)生超重或者有超重的危險(xiǎn)40% of students were either overweight or at risk of overweight. 16-單個圖片占滿屏幕并配以標(biāo)簽闡明Let single pictures fill the screen and overlay them with labels.Zia symbolZia symbol“New Me

16、xico“New Mexico17-運(yùn)用激光筆時(shí)不要抖動外周血涂片Peripheral Blood Smear直接在圖上重點(diǎn)位置運(yùn)用箭頭更好外周血涂片Peripheral Blood Smear18-其他本卷須知運(yùn)用表格、圖、地圖、畫片和表示圖 Use tables, charts, graphs, maps, pictures, and diagrams.減少文字式幻燈片Minimize word slides.運(yùn)用關(guān)鍵字替代詞 Use key words instead of phrases.一行表達(dá)一個意思 Limit to 1 line per idea.表格中表達(dá)最關(guān)鍵的數(shù)據(jù) Lim

17、it the data on tables to the essential.假設(shè)需求完好的數(shù)據(jù)可以分發(fā)給聽眾Provide complete data as handout if needed.拆分復(fù)雜表格 Break-up complex tables如何處置源自書面報(bào)告的復(fù)雜表格？How you handle this original table? Items Students No.CasesNo.Attack Rate(%)Statistics School-specific ARTown Primary school (6-13y)1510755.0Town Middle sch

18、ool (12-15y)1238161.3Town Kindergarten (0-5y)33430.9Town High school (13-19y)1354110.81Other village schools-7Adults -4In town primary schoolGrade 118563.2Grade 2216125.6Grade 3238145.9Grade 4280238.2Grade 5294103.4Grade 6297103.4Male 858424.9X2=0.03 p=0.86Female 647335.1Eating at school CafeteriaPr

19、imary schoolYes 21073.3X2=1.38p0.05No 1300685.2Middle schoolYes 50640.8X2=2.2p0.05No 732131.8High schoolYes 95940.4X2=6.4p0.05No 1300685.2Middle schoolYes 50640.8X2=2.2p0.05No 732131.8High schoolYes 95940.4X2=6.4p0.05No 39571.8Mantel-Haentzel weighted relative riskFor school meals = 0.48; 95% CI 0.2

20、8-0.84 前一張幻燈中的表格還可以重新陳列以強(qiáng)調(diào)率的對比 Ate school mealsAttack RateYesNoSchool MealsSchoolCasesTotalCasesTotalYesNoRRPrimary72106813003.35.20.64Middle4506137320.81.80.44Secondary495973950.41.80.22Mantel-Haentzel weighted relative riskFor school meals = 0.48; 95% CI 0.28-0.84 口頭演講典型科學(xué)報(bào)告應(yīng)遵照IMRAD 構(gòu)造A typical sc

21、ientific presentation follows the IMRAD structure永遠(yuǎn)不要超時(shí) Never talk longer than the time allowed!部分 SectionTime題目 Title slide10-15秒介紹/背景 Introduction & Background1-2 分鐘方法 Methods1-2分鐘結(jié)果 Results3-4分鐘討論/結(jié)論 And Discussion & Conclusion2-3分鐘感謝 acknowledgments20-30秒整個演講 Entire Talk 10 分鐘提問 question and ans

22、wer 5 分鐘演講標(biāo)題Title Slide (10-15 sec)標(biāo)題應(yīng)包括Title should include主題Subject地點(diǎn)Location時(shí)間范圍Time period他的姓名Your name 他的機(jī)構(gòu)Your affiliation適當(dāng)?shù)臋C(jī)構(gòu)標(biāo)志Appropriate logos要說“早上/下午/晚上好Say “Good morning / afternoon / eveningA Food-borne Gastroenteritis Outbreak of Aeromonas hydrophila in a College, Guizhou, China, 2021Z

23、hang QianChinese Field Epidemiology Training Program (CFETP)China CDC背景Background (1-2 min)通常幾張片子即可 Usually a few slides將聽眾引入 Engage audience迸發(fā)調(diào)查的場景 Set stage for outbreak investigation提供專題研討的合理性 Provide rationale for planned study關(guān)于疾病的關(guān)鍵信息 Essential information (only) about disease公共安康的意義 Establish

24、 relevance to public health單獨(dú)一張片子論述調(diào)查/研討目的 Include a slide describing study objectives方法 Methods (1-2 min)通常幾張片子即可 Usually a few slides描畫研討設(shè)計(jì) Describe study design(s)病例定義和搜索 Define a case and describe case finding假設(shè)做了病例對照研討，闡明對照如何選擇 Tell how controls were selected if CC study假設(shè)做了定列研討，隊(duì)列應(yīng)明確定義 Define

25、cohort if cohort study做了什么實(shí)驗(yàn)檢測 Say what laboratory tests were used描畫環(huán)境調(diào)查方法 Describe any environmental investigation methods結(jié)果 Results (3-4 min)通常有一些片子 Usually several slides強(qiáng)調(diào)最重要的發(fā)現(xiàn) Emphasize most important findings描畫研討對象特點(diǎn) Describe characteristics of study participants包括描畫和分析性流行病學(xué)研討結(jié)果 Include descr

26、iptive epidemiologic results and analytic results根據(jù)資料，合理運(yùn)用文字、表、圖和照片 Use mixture of text, tables, figures, photos as appropriate to your data 討論和結(jié)論 Discussion/Conclusion (2-3 min)局限性只包括重要的 Limitations slide (only the important ones)解釋調(diào)查研討發(fā)現(xiàn) Interpretation of findings不要反復(fù)結(jié)果 Dont repeat results將發(fā)現(xiàn)按重要性依

27、次列出 Prioritize findings from most to least important將發(fā)現(xiàn)與調(diào)查研討目的聯(lián)絡(luò)起來 Link findings to study objectives 將發(fā)現(xiàn)與之前研討聯(lián)絡(luò)起來 Put findings into context with previous studies結(jié)論基于他的發(fā)現(xiàn) Conclusions slide(s) based on your findings建議：Recommendations slide(s) 控制措施 Control measures未來的研討方向 Directions for future studies致

28、謝 Acknowledgments (10-15 sec)列出共同作者和奉獻(xiàn)者 Recognize coauthors and contributors要對實(shí)踐奉獻(xiàn)者給予足夠的尊重，不要僅僅為了所謂禮貌而列入哪些沒有實(shí)踐奉獻(xiàn)的指點(diǎn)、教師等按機(jī)構(gòu)列出 Organize by agency 與標(biāo)題頁的機(jī)構(gòu)標(biāo)識一樣 Same logos as on title slide停留較長一些時(shí)間 More screen time at end of presentation必要時(shí)，聲明本調(diào)查研討僅為作者觀念，而非任何機(jī)構(gòu)觀念最后一句話應(yīng)是“謝謝 Your last words = “Thank You變通

29、Variation對復(fù)雜或可明顯分為多個部分的調(diào)查研討，可針對每個部分分別呈現(xiàn)方法和結(jié)果 For a complex or multi-part study, you can present methods and results for each part before moving to the next臨床/流行病學(xué) Clinical / epidemiology 實(shí)驗(yàn) Laboratory環(huán)境調(diào)查 Environmental investigation怎樣使他的發(fā)言限制在10分鐘？How control your talk within 10 minutes ?只按摘要內(nèi)容 Only

30、content in abstract闡明一個主要議題 One main idea 運(yùn)用直接支持結(jié)論的數(shù)據(jù) Use data directly support conclusion去除不用要的資料或細(xì)節(jié) Excluding unnecessary data or detail 防止繁復(fù)的解釋闡明 Avoid complex explanation 包括標(biāo)題頁在內(nèi)，運(yùn)用10-15張幻燈 10-15 slides including title 在提問部分他有時(shí)機(jī)就一些細(xì)節(jié)做解釋 You have chance to explain some detail during question and

31、answer section緊縮和完善 Reduce and Polish去掉無關(guān)的想法和文字Eliminate extraneous ideas and text緊縮內(nèi)容，只需關(guān)鍵Reduce content to essential整合和去除視覺輔助工具Integrate and eliminate visual aids審核，編輯和重寫Review, Edit, and Rewrite和同事一同練習(xí)Practice with colleagues 改善表達(dá)To improve delivery調(diào)整時(shí)間To adjust time預(yù)備問題To prepare for questions口頭

32、演講的四種方法Four approaches to deliver an oral presentation讀稿子 Read from a script死記硬背 Memorize即席演講 Improvise按要點(diǎn)和題綱 Follow notes and an outline讀講稿有幾方面益處Reading from a script has several advantages言語不是很流利的情況下，讀比較容易Very easy for non-fluent speakers可事先斟酌詞句Well selected words很有條理假設(shè)講稿有條理的話Well organized (if th

33、e script is)講稿或發(fā)表的文章可分發(fā)給聽眾May be handed out or published但有重要缺乏But, it has some important disadvantages顯得不自然，視覺接觸少Lacks spontaneity and visual contact顯示演講者對資料不熟和缺乏自信Suggests lack of command and confidence不能根據(jù)聽眾不同而變化Cannot adapt to the audience一些做作的表情會適得其反Attempts to show expression can backfire記住要講的話

34、有很多益處There are several advantages to memorizing your words報(bào)告非常有條理 Your presentation is well organized詞句都是精心選擇的 Your words are carefully chosen不用照本宣科It frees you from reading可以有更多地表情 Allows more expressiveness記住報(bào)告方式有什么缺陷？What are the disadvantages of memorizing your presentation?預(yù)備時(shí)間長 Excessive prepa

35、ration time不能根據(jù)聽眾不同而變化Cannot adapt to the audience不自然枯燥無味 Lacks spontaneity boring有忘詞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)Risk of forgetting即席演講與讀相比的益處The advantages of the impromptu presentation contrast with reading 自然Spontaneous可自若表達(dá) Allows expressiveness預(yù)備需求的時(shí)間少 Little time needed for preparation可根據(jù)聽眾變化做調(diào)整Easy to adapt to audienc

36、e但缺陷也要重要缺乏 But, it has major disadvantages很難按時(shí)完成 Difficult to finish on time無法斟酌每個詞 Words not precisely chosen容易忘掉重點(diǎn)以及涵蓋一些非要點(diǎn) Tend to forget important points and include unimportant points能夠顯得雜亂無章 Can become disorganized最好的方式是運(yùn)用要點(diǎn)或題綱方式的筆記 The best approach is to use key points or notes with an outline顯示對標(biāo)題的熟練掌握Indicates command of the topic自然目光交流表情Spontaneity eye contact expression有組織Organized合理控制速度，便于聽眾了解Natural pace - helps audience understand可以根