動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)等英語語法匯總梳理

1、動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)一動詞的時態(tài)（一）時態(tài)的概述時態(tài)是一種動詞形式，它是“時”和“體”的組合?！皶r”有_之分；“體”有_之別。動詞的動作可發(fā)生于四種不同的時間，表現(xiàn)四種不同的“體”，每一種“時+體”就構(gòu)成一種時態(tài)。所以英語動詞共有（44）十六種時態(tài)，中學(xué)英語教學(xué)大綱中要求掌握的只有十種：_十六種動詞時態(tài)的構(gòu)成如下表示所示：時態(tài)種類構(gòu)成公式現(xiàn)在過去將來過去將來一般時態(tài)進行時態(tài)完成時態(tài)完成進行時態(tài)(二)各種時態(tài)的否定式1否定式一般在系動詞/助動詞/情態(tài)動詞后+not2一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時本身不含助動詞，所以要借助于助動詞do(es)和did來構(gòu)成否定式。一般現(xiàn)在時的否定式為“_”；一般過去時的否定式

2、為“_”。如：She does not/ did not/ can not understand.They do not/ did not/ can not understand.(三)各種時態(tài)的疑問式1疑問式一般為：_2與否定式一樣，一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時的疑問式要借助于do(es)和did構(gòu)成。一般現(xiàn)在時的疑問式為“_”；一般過去時的疑問式為“_”如：Does/ Did/ Can she understand?Do/ Did/ Can they understand?3.have作“有”解時，其一般現(xiàn)在時和一般過去時可用兩種方式構(gòu)成疑問式和否定式：直接在have之后加not構(gòu)成否定式，把h

3、ave倒裝到主語之前構(gòu)成疑問式；或借助于do(es)，did構(gòu)成否定式和疑問式。4There be 的否定式為“_”，疑問式為“_？”（二）知識梳理一一般現(xiàn)在時1、表經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動作，現(xiàn)在的特征或狀態(tài)。客觀存在或普遍真理 Eg: Light travels much quickly than sound.2、在時間、條件、讓步狀語從句里，及句型the more the more 中，常用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句的連詞有：when, before, after, until, as soon as 引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句的連詞有：if, unless, once引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句的連詞有：

4、no matter, even if, even though, 疑問詞+ever, whether or not eg:1) When will he come again?When he comes. Ill let you know.2)Whatever happens, Ill help you.3)Hell do it if you pay him.比較： If you will listen, I will tell you about it. 第一個will為_，第二個will為_.3、表預(yù)先確定的或不能更改的計劃，或按規(guī)定將要發(fā)生的動作。限于少數(shù)動詞。如: _等.Eg:1)Wh

5、at time does the train leave for Shanghai? 2) The plane takes off at 9:30 a.m.4、在以副詞here/there/ now/then/out/ in/up/down/off等開頭的倒裝句，用一般現(xiàn)在時表示進行時。Here comes the bus. There goes the bell.5、表示感覺、心理狀態(tài)，存在狀態(tài)的動詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時，不用進行時。 表感覺的詞有：see, hear, feel, smell, taste, love ,like, prefer,dislike, hate, mind, obje

6、ct, detest, etc. 表心理活動的詞有：want, wish, desire, know, believe, think, suppose doubt, wonder, forget, remember, see （明白） 表存在狀態(tài)的詞有：have, possess, own, hold, contain, belong to.be 一般現(xiàn)在時表示一貫性：He is foolish. 現(xiàn)在進行時表示一時性：He is being foolish.他現(xiàn)在倒發(fā)傻了.二現(xiàn)在進行時1、表此刻或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作，還可用來表示與過去對比。能用該時態(tài)的動詞應(yīng)是_動詞。Eg:1)He is

7、translating a book this year.2)He is speaking English much more fluently than he used to. 其主要特點是它所表示的動作具有_。2、現(xiàn)在進行時與某些副詞（always, often, forever, continually, constantly, never等）連用表示某種情緒如：_等。Eg: The boy is always making trouble. You are constantly finding fault with me.3、一些短暫性動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時表示一個即將發(fā)生的動作或表示按計劃

8、安排將要發(fā)生的動作，常用動詞有：go, come, leave, start, arrive, return, stay等。Eg: He is leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.4、有些動詞不用現(xiàn)在進行時。（見一般現(xiàn)在時4）一般現(xiàn)在時與現(xiàn)在進行時的區(qū)別1）經(jīng)常性與暫時性Eg:He lives in Beijing. He is living in Beijing.He smokes. He is smoking .2）有無感情色彩Eg: He does fine work at school. He is doing fine work at school.三一般過去

9、時1、表過去某時間發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與過去的時間狀語連用，如yesterday, three days ago, just now, in the past等2、在時間，條件狀語從句中，可代替過去將來時。Eg: I would tell her when she came.四過去進行時1、表過去某時刻或某階段正在進行的動作。Eg: Shirley was writing a book about China last year, but I dont know whether she has finished it.（表過去_正在進行的動作）2、表位置轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞，如: go, come

10、, start, stay, leave等的過去進行時可表過去將來.Eg: Nobody knew whether he was going with us.3、與某些副詞連用表示感情色彩，always, often, forever, constantly.Eg : He was always changing his mind.（表不滿）一般過去時與過去進行時的區(qū)別：表示已完成與未完成Eg: He read the book that morning. He was reading the book that morning.說明事實與強調(diào)時間長度Eg: It rained all nig

11、ht. It was raining all night.五現(xiàn)在完成時1、發(fā)生在過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響Eg: He has gone to FuZhou. 2、開始于過去的動作持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，也許還會持續(xù)下去。Eg: He has studied English since 1985.注意： A：常與already, yet, just, still, ever, never, before, once, twice, lately, recently等副詞連用，也常與in the past/last few years/days, since+時間點, for +時間段，today, thi

12、s morning, up to now, so far等包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的時間狀語連用。B：現(xiàn)在完成時不能與表示過去的特定時間狀語連用。_When have you come?When did you come? C：短暫性動詞不能與for, since等表示一段時間狀語連用，但_Eg: I have joined the army for three years. ( ) I joined the army three years ago. ( ) I have been in the army for three years. ( ) It is three years since I jo

13、ined the army. ( ) He hasnt written to me for two years. （ ） I havent bought any dressed for three months. ( )D:現(xiàn)在完成式可用于時間，條件狀語從句中，代替_。Eg :1)Ill go to your home when I have finished my homework. 2)Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 3)If it has stopped snowing in the afternoon, well go to the

14、 park.E: since從句的翻譯Its a long time since I met you last. _ since we studied together._since從句中的動詞（無論是短暫性動詞，還是延續(xù)性動詞）若用過去時，表示從動作完成或狀態(tài)的結(jié)束算起?，F(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別：1）對現(xiàn)在有無影響 His toy has been broken.His toy was broken. He has lived here all his life. He lived here all his life. 2）前者（現(xiàn)完）表過去開始的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，后者（一般過去）表示過去

15、延續(xù)了一段的動作已停止。六過去完成時1、表示過去某時間或某動作之前已完成的動作或狀態(tài)，還可表示某一時刻之前發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)持續(xù)到過去另一時間，常與by, before等介詞短語連用。Eg:1)I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university. 2) He had worked for 12 hours before he slept.2、動詞expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等的過去完成時表示未曾實現(xiàn)的希望，意圖，愿望等。Eg: I had m

16、eant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasnt able to get away.注意：這些動詞的一般過去時+have done也可表未曾實現(xiàn)的愿望。Eg: I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.另外：兩個或兩個以上的接連發(fā)生的動作若用and 或but連接時，若按時間順序連接，只需用一般過去進，若不按時間順序連接，那么先發(fā)生的動作須用過去完成時。Eg : He lost his pen but found it later. He found the pen tha

17、t he had lost.七現(xiàn)在完成進行時： 表示動作從過去某時開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在?？赡苓€要持續(xù)下去。通常與_連用。Eg : Hi, Tracy, you look tired.I am tired. I have been painting the living room all day.現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的區(qū)別：1、在與表示一段時間的狀語連用時，兩者都可表示一個從過去開始的動作延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能延續(xù)下去，此時，兩者可互換。Eg: I have been teaching here for 10 years.=I have taught here for 10 years.2、在

18、不與表示一段的時間狀語連用時，現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作到說話時刻已經(jīng)結(jié)束，而現(xiàn)在完成進行時表示此動作仍在進行。Eg: They have prepared for the meeting. They have been preparing for the meeting.八幾種將來時表示法的用法比較a. will/shall do sth. 表示將來發(fā)生的事情，用于事物，則有表示純粹的將來時間的意味，用于人時，還可表示說話人的意愿，也可以表示說話后就要做的事情。b. be going to do sth. 表示說話人的打算、意圖；預(yù)報某事即將發(fā)生或有跡象表示某事即將發(fā)生。c. be to do st

19、h. 表示計劃中的或按職責(zé)、義務(wù)將要發(fā)生的事情，還可以表示注定要發(fā)生的動作。d. be about to sth. 表示即刻要發(fā)生的動作，通常不與表示較長時間的狀語連用。e. be going/coming/leaving/starting. 表示現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)安排好的事情或計劃好在將來就要做的事情，句中常有表示時間的狀語。f. do/does. 表示事先已經(jīng)安排好的事情，或用于時間、條件、讓步等狀語從句中表示將來。g. will/shall be doing sth. 表示在未來一個特定的時刻或時期將在進行中的一種動作，或表示已經(jīng)安排好將來某個時刻或時期內(nèi)將在進行中的事情。時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)：時態(tài)的呼應(yīng)指

20、在_，常見于名詞從句（_）。若主句的謂語動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)，從句可根據(jù)需要選用任何時態(tài)。若主句的謂語動詞是過去時態(tài)，從句需要用過去的某種時態(tài)。Eg: It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.某些固定句式中動詞的時態(tài)是固定的。1. 1）This /It is the first/ secondtime+ that從句（_） 2）This/ It was the first/ second.time + that從句（_）eg: This is first time(that) I have come here. This wa

21、s the third time he had made the same mistakes.2. It is/ has been +時間段+since從句（_）It was+時間段+since從句（_）Eg: It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.從句用_，主句用_3. hardly/ scarcely.when. on soonerthan.eg: 1) I had hardly got home when it rained.=Hardly had I got home when it rained.eg: 2)

22、I had no sooner got home than it rained.=No sooner had I got home than it rained.4. It+ be+ 時間段+before從句：若主句為將來時，則before從句用_，若主句為一般過去時，則before從句_。Eg: It wont be long before he succeeds. It was ten years before they met again.5. This/ It is + 形容詞最高級+ n+ 定語從句（_） This/ It was+ 形容詞最高級+n+定語從句（_）Eg: This

23、is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.6. be about to dowhen意為“_”如： I was about to go out when the telephone rang.7. be(was/were)+dong.when意為“_”。如： They were reading when Tom shouted in pain.8. had just done when.意為“_”。eg: I had just finished my homework when it

24、rained.主動和被動一、get +過去分詞 可以表示_，此結(jié)構(gòu)比較口語化，如： She got married last week. The patient got treated once a week. He fell off the car and got killed.二、主動形式表被動意義1、表示狀態(tài)特征的聯(lián)系動詞look, sound, feel, smell, taste, prove, appear+形容詞/名詞構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)。 The steel feels cold.His plan proved(to be)practical.2、表示開始、結(jié)束、運動的動詞。如beg

25、in, finish, start, open, close, stop, end, shut, run, move等。 Work began at 7clock this morningThe shop closes at 6p.m. every day 3、表示主語的某種屬性特征的動詞。如read, write, act, sell, clean, wear, open, cut, cook, drive, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink這類動詞一般不單獨使用，常有一個修飾語。如： This coat dries easily. Nylon cleans easily. The door wont lock. Food can ke