大學(xué)英語寫作教程復(fù)習(xí)重點(diǎn)

1、Sentencefragments：句子碎片：sentencesarecompletethoughtsbecausetheyarehavesubjectsandverbsandbecausetheyrequirenootherelementstocompletetheirmeaning.句子是完整的主題有完整的主語和謂語，而且并不需要成分來補(bǔ)充它的意思。Whenanyoneofthesedependentunitsispunctuatedwithacapitalletteratthebeginningandafullstop(period，exclamationpoint，orquestion

2、mark)attheend，itiscalledasentencefragment.當(dāng)任何一個(gè)非獨(dú)立成分被句首大寫字母強(qiáng)調(diào)并且末尾有一個(gè)停頓(句號，感嘆號，問號)，他被稱為句子片段Asentencefragmentcanbecorrectedinvariousways：句子碎片可以用多種不同的方法修正byjoiningittoanothersentence把它加入進(jìn)另一個(gè)句子bysupplyingasubjectandapredicate提供一個(gè)主語和謂語byrewritingthepassageinwhichitoccurs在不改變句意的范圍內(nèi)重寫Anyverblessorsubjectle

3、ssfragmentofasentence，whetheryoucanclassifyitornot，shouldnotbeallowedtostandasasentence.任何沒有主語或謂語的句子碎片，不管是否分類，都不應(yīng)該當(dāng)做句子。Averblessorsubjectlessfragmentcanbecorrectedbyaddingasubjectorverbaccordingly；byattachingthefragmenttothesentencethatcomesbeforeitorthesentencethatcomesafterit，whichevermakessense；o

4、rbyrewritingthefragmententirely.一個(gè)缺少主語或謂語的句子碎片可以通過增加一個(gè)相應(yīng)的主語或謂語來改正；或通過把句子碎片加入它前面或后面的句子使其合理的完整；或完全的重寫句子碎片。Addeddetailfragmentsalsolackasubjectandaverb.Theyoftenbeginwithoneofthefollowingwords.；forexample，also，except，suchas，including，especially，namely額外的碎片也是缺少主語和謂語的。大多是以以下的詞開始的；例如，并且，除了，像，包含，特別，即Anadde

5、ddetailfragmentscanbecorrectedinoneofthethreewaysbelow：額外碎片可以通過以下三種方式改正Attachthefragmenttothecompletethoughtthatprecedesit.附加到他之前的完整意思中Addasubjectandaverbtothefragmenttomakeitacompletesentence.在碎片中加入主語和謂語使他成為一個(gè)完整的句子Changewordsnecessarytomakethefragmentpartofthesentence.改變必要的詞匯使句子碎片成為一個(gè)句子Runonsentenc

6、e連寫句Arunonsentenceistowormorecompletethoughts(orindependentclauses)withoutadequatesigngiventomarkthebreakbetweenthem.連寫句是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的寫在一起且中間沒有明顯停頓標(biāo)記的完整的意思(獨(dú)立句)Theymaybecorrectedinfourprincipalways：連寫句的四種主要的改正方法：Useaperiodandwritetwoseparatesentence.用一個(gè)句號把它寫成兩個(gè)分開的不同的句子。Useacommaandacoordinatingconjunctio

7、n用逗號和適合的連詞Useasemicolon用一個(gè)分號Makeoneoftheclausesdependent使其中的一個(gè)句子變?yōu)閺木銶isplacedanddanglingmodifiers錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語Amodifierisaword，aphrase，oraclausethatfunctionsinthesentencetomodify，thatis，tolimit，qualify，orrestrictthemeaningofanotherword,phrase,clause.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersbreakafundamentalruleth

8、atallmodifiersmustbenearthewordtheymodify.Misplacedanddanglingmodifiersmodifyeitherthewrongwordornowordatall。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語修飾語在句子中的職能就是去修飾和限定句子中的另一個(gè)詞的意思。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語破壞了修飾語必須挨著他所修飾的那個(gè)詞的基本的規(guī)則。錯(cuò)位修飾語和懸垂修飾語都修飾了錯(cuò)誤的詞或沒有起到修飾的作用。Misplacedmodifiers錯(cuò)位修飾語Amodifierismisplacedwhenitappearssofarfromwhatitissupposedtom

9、odifythattheconnectionisnolongerclearormodifierseemstomodifysomethingelse當(dāng)一個(gè)修飾語出現(xiàn)在離他要修飾的詞很遠(yuǎn)的地方時(shí)，修飾看起來不再明顯或像在修飾其他的什么。Squintingmodifiers偏斜修飾語Asquintingmodifierisawordorphrasethatappearstomodifyboththewordsthatprecedeandfollowit.Suchamodifierseemstobelookingintwodirectionsatonce.Theresultisasentencewit

10、htwopossiblemeanings。偏斜修飾語就是指一個(gè)修飾詞看起來在同時(shí)修飾他前后的兩個(gè)詞,看起來是在一次修飾兩個(gè)方向，結(jié)果句子就出現(xiàn)了兩種可能的意思。Splitinfinitives分裂不定式Asplitinfinitiveisaconstructioninwhichthesignoftheinfinitive“to”hasbeenseparatedfromtheverbwithwhichitisassociated.分裂不定式是將to和有聯(lián)系的那個(gè)動(dòng)詞隔離開的結(jié)構(gòu)。Danglingmodifiers懸垂修飾語Adanglingmodifierisagroupofwordthatha

11、snogrammaticalconnectiontoanyelementinthesentence.懸垂修飾語是一組在句子中與任何元素都沒有語法聯(lián)系的修飾語。Therearefivekindsofdanglingmodifiers:五種懸垂修飾danglingparticiples懸垂分詞danglinggerunds懸垂動(dòng)名詞danglinginfinitives懸垂不定式danglingellipticalclauses懸垂精簡句danglingprepositionalphrases懸垂介詞短語Correctingdanglingmodifiers校正懸垂修飾語Onewayistolea

12、vethemodifierasitisandtorewritethemainclausesothatitssubjectwhatthewritermeanttomodify。一種方法是舍棄修飾語照現(xiàn)在的樣子改寫主句，以便明白什么才是作者修飾的主題。Anotherwaytocorrectsentencecontainingdanglingmodifiersistochangethedanglingconstructionintoasubordinateclause.另一種改正包含懸垂修飾語的句子方法是將懸垂結(jié)構(gòu)改成一個(gè)從句。Thethirdwaytoeliminatedanglingmodifi

13、ersistorecasttheentiresentence.第三種方法是省略懸垂修飾語，重寫完整的句子。Pronounreference指示代詞Pronounsareusefulbecausetheytaketheplaceofnouns（persons，places，orthings），whichotherwisewouldhavetorepeatedoverandover.指示代詞代替那些在句子中多次出現(xiàn)的名詞。Antecedent先行詞代詞所指代的那個(gè)詞。每個(gè)代詞有且只有一個(gè)先行詞Pronounmustbeusedinsuchawayastomaketheirexactreferenc

14、eclear.代詞必須在這樣的方式中使用已明確他們的職權(quán)morethanonepossibleantecedent不可以有多個(gè)先行詞ithasnoantecedentatall沒有先行詞Weakreference暗示指代Weakreferencereferstothetypeofthesentenceinwhichtheantecedentofapronounisimpliedorunspecified.暗示指代是代詞的先行詞是暗示或未指定的句子類型Impliedpronounreferencealsoreferstothetypeofsentenceinwhichthesamepronoun

15、standsfordifferentimpliedantecedents.暗含代詞也引用同樣的代名詞代表不同的隱含先行詞的句子類型Broadreference寬泛指代Therearetwowaystoimprovebroadreference：兩種改善寬泛指代的方法Eliminatethepronoun不要使用代詞Changethepronountoademonstrativeadjectivebygivingitanountomodify把代詞變?yōu)橹甘拘稳菰~Parallelism平行排比Parallelismistherhetoricalprinciplethatsentenceelemen

16、tshavingthesamegrammaticalfunctionshouldbeputinthesamegrammaticalform.Itisthewriterstechniqueofbalancinglikewithlikenounwithnoun，verbwithverb，infinitivewithinfinitive，phrasewithphrase，clausewithclause，andsoforth.平行的修辭原則就是句子中有相同的語法功能的成分要放在相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)中。這是作家們對類似物的平衡技巧，名詞和名詞，動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞，不定式和不定式，短語和短語，分句和分句，等等。Val

17、ueofparallelism排比的價(jià)值Itisusedbywritersfortworeasons：tomakeasentencesmoothandcoherentratherthanjerkyandawkward，andtogivesentencesrhythm，balance，andgreaterforce.作者用排比來保持句子的流暢和連貫，和給句子節(jié)奏平衡強(qiáng)調(diào)語氣Techniquesusedingainingparallelism排比的使用方法Elementsjoinedbycoordinatingconjunctions加入并列連詞Elementsjoinedbycorrelativ

18、econjunctions加入關(guān)聯(lián)連詞Repetitionofcertainword重復(fù)一些有特點(diǎn)的詞Unnecessaryshifts不必要的變幻Anunnecessaryshift，asthenameimplies，isasuddenandinexplicableshiftinthepointofviewusedbythewriter.不必要的變幻就像名字的暗示是作者不可說明的觀點(diǎn)Agoodwriterneedstokeepconsistencyinvoice，tense，mood，personanddiscourse.一個(gè)好的作者要保持語態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)語氣人稱以及敘事方式的一致Unnecessa

19、ryshiftsinvoiceorsubject語態(tài)一致Unnecessaryshiftsintense時(shí)態(tài)上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinmood語氣上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsinpersonornumber人稱數(shù)上的一致Unnecessaryshiftsindiscourse敘事方式上的一致Discourse（speech）canbeeitherdirectorindirect敘事方式可以是直接引語或間接引語Sentenceemphasis句子重點(diǎn)Therearesomeusefulwaysofgainingemphasis，coveringorder，voi

20、ce，from，repetition，omission，sentencepatternsandmechanicaldevices.一些獲得重點(diǎn)的途徑，包括：順序語態(tài)形式重復(fù)省略句型和機(jī)械的技巧。A.Consideringtheorderofwordsasameansachievingemphasis句子中詞的的順序表示的重要性ausepositionforemphasis用位置來表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)endbeginmiddlebinvertthenormalsentenceorderforemphasis顛倒句子中的正常順序來表現(xiàn)強(qiáng)調(diào)c.useperiodicsentencesforoccasionale

21、mphasis用圓周句來表現(xiàn)偶爾的強(qiáng)調(diào)Theperiodicsentencesisoneinwhichthemainthoughtisheldsuspendeduntiltheendorneartheendwhenitissuddenlyreleased.圓周句是一種其主題思想直到句子結(jié)束或者接近結(jié)束的時(shí)候才停止之前的暫停說明而突然釋放的句子Theloosesentenceisoneinwhichthemainthoughtiscompletewellbeforetheend.松散句是一種其中心思想在句子結(jié)束之前就很好的表達(dá)了的句子Theperiodicsentencesisusuallyem

22、phaticandconclusivebecausetheweightofstatementfallsonthelongawaitedpredication.圓周句通常是很論述力和決定性作用的，因?yàn)槠渲亓啃偷挠^點(diǎn)建立在之前期待已久的預(yù)測上的。d.ordinarilyarrangeaseriesofitemsinclimacticorder層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)climacticorderistheorderthatgoesfromtheleastimportanttothemostimportant(orintheorderthatgoesfromthegeneraltothespecific)層進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)是從

23、最不重要的到最重要的，或是從總體到細(xì)節(jié)。B.Usingthevoicethatismostemphaticandappropriate用最明確的語態(tài)Puttingstatementsinpositiveform用肯定句式Repeatingwords，structures，orideasforoccasionalemphasis重復(fù)要強(qiáng)調(diào)的Omittingunimportantwords省略不必要的詞Makinguseofspecialemphaticsentencepatterns強(qiáng)調(diào)句型Usingmechanicaldevicesforemphasis用這些機(jī)械的技巧Italics斜體bol

24、dface黑體capital大寫punctuationmarks標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號Sentencevariety句子多樣性Varyingthebeginningofsentences句子開頭的多樣性abeginsentenceswithanappositive用同位語做句子開頭bbeginsentenceswithanadverb用副詞做句子開頭cbeginsentenceswithanadjectiveoradjectivephrase用形容詞或形容詞短語做句子開頭dbeginsentenceswithparticipialphrase用分詞短語做句子開頭ebeginsentenceswithanin

25、finitivephrase用不定式短語做句子開頭fbeginsentenceswithaprepositionalphrase用介詞短語做句子開頭gbeginsentenceswithclausemodifiers用從句做句子開頭Varyingthekindsofsentences句子種類的多樣性A)Usesimple，compound，andcomplexsentences用簡單句并列句以及含有從句的復(fù)雜句B)userhetoricalsentences運(yùn)用修辭手法atheloosesentences松散句btheperiodicsentences圓周句cSentencesarenotne

26、cessarilyperiodicorloosethroughout句子不一定是松散句或圓周句dthebalancedsentenceisonethatcontainstwoormorephrasesorclausessimilarinformaboutthesamelength，butoftencontrastedinmeaning.平衡句子是在對相同長度中的句子包括兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的相似形式短語或分句C.Varyingthelengthofsentences句子長度的多樣性Coordination并列連詞Coordinationisthelinkingofequallyweighedelem

27、ents.連詞可連接相等重量的元素Intelligentuseofcoordinationcanhelpgivesmoothness,variety,emphasisandunitytoourwriting.聰明的運(yùn)用連詞可以使句子通順，多樣性，加強(qiáng)語氣，增強(qiáng)我們文章的統(tǒng)一性。Patternsofcoordination連詞的模式A.simplecoordination簡單的連詞B.asecondpatternofcoordinationmakesuseofcorrelativeconjunctionstostrengthentheconnectionbetweentwocoordinationelements第二種連詞的模式利用相關(guān)加強(qiáng)協(xié)調(diào)兩個(gè)連詞元素的連接athirdpatternofcoordinationinvolvestheseries,alistofthreeormoreitems.第三種連詞的模式包含一系列、列表、三個(gè)或更多的物品Tryelimina