如何寫說(shuō)服性短文和進(jìn)行演講

1、Effective Persuasion in Writing and Speaking Learning ObjectivesAfter this session, you should be able toDistinguish between persuasive writing and other writing types such as exposition. Use a set of persuasive devices and evaluate others writing and speaking critically in light of such devices. Sp

2、eak and write reasonably and logically through effective persuasion.Persuasively argue about topics relevant to daily life, academic pursuit, career and other contexts.Write a persuasive poem for public-service announcements. Modes of WritingExposition1Persuasion / Argumentation2Description3Narratio

3、n4Communications may be divided into four modes (types). They are the basic writing types. To explain or inform To convince or persuadeTo create in words a picture of a person, place, object, or feelingTo tell a story or recount an eventWhat is Persuasive Writing?Definition: In a persuasive essay, y

4、ou must take a position either for or against something; You are writing to convince your reader to believe or do something; In other words, there will be a call to action in a persuasive essay. Significance of persuasionMen are not governed by justice, but by law or persuasion. When they refuse to

5、be governed by law or persuasion, they have to be governed by force or fraud, or both.- Bernard ShawLead-in Task 1 (1 minute) When to Persuade an Audience Directions: Can you think of other persuasive contexts? Work in groups. Find out as many situations as you can where you need to persuade others.

6、 E.g.You persuade your teacher never to give homework again.You persuade your mom to let you wear a hairstyle she doesnt like. You persuade your friend to join an association with you. Outline of a Persuasive EssayIntroduction Body paragraphs Opposing view and counterargument Develop one paragraph t

7、o accurately explain the most significant opposing view and then refute it, before or after presenting your supporting points.Conclusion - Creatively restate your main idea. Persuasive Strategies in Speaking and Writing1. Understand your Audience2. Build common ground3. Predict the opposing views an

8、d create a strong counterargument to refute them4. Support your perspective with reliable sourcesUnderstand Your AudienceRelate your audience to your topic.Appeal to their hearts as well as their minds.Use anecdotes when appropriate. Paint your topic in with plenty of detailsappeal to reasonappeal t

9、o emotionEstablish common ground with your audienceE.g.Point of Opposition: You might support a war, whereas your audience might not. Common ground: Both sides want to see their troops come home.E.g. To favor tuition increase in the university an unpopular viewpoint with the audience. As we all know

10、, there are many differences among the people in this university. But regardless of age, major, background, or goals, we all share one thing in common we are all concerned with the quality of education in university. And that quality is clearly in danger. Because of budget reductions, faculty salari

11、es have fallen below those at comparable universities, library hours have been cut back, and more and more students are being crowded out of classes they need to take. Whether we like it or not, we have a problem a problem that affects each of us. I would like to discuss whether this problem can be

12、solved by an increase in tuition.Predict opposing viewsYou must be aware of other sides and be fair to them; dismissing them completely will weaken your own argument. Example:Your Argument: Organic produce (有機(jī)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品) from local Farmers Markets is better than store-bought produce.The Opposition: Organic

13、 produce is too expensive.Create a Strong Counterargument:Organic produce is higher in nutritional value than store-bought produce and is also free of pesticides, making it a better value. Also, store-bought produce travels thousands of miles, and the cost of gasoline affects the prices of food on s

14、upermarket shelves.Using transitions to acknowledge oppositionUse transitional words or phrases to make concession before refuting the opposing view:Certainly / Of course / No doubt /To be sureAdmittedly,Granted, although its true to say that while its fair to say while I agree that Admittedly, it i

15、s difficult, but it isnt impossible.Granted, its not a pleasant job, but it has to be done.Followed by what you agree with, then what you dont agree with, or a contrasting idea) Support Your Perspective with Reliable Sources Build credibility / Ethos (Aristotles term)Use evidence ( logos) from credi

16、ble sourcesEsp. statistics and reputable studies - Appeal to the audiences reasonQuestion: Which one of the following statements (imaginary) is more credible? “Within ten years, changes in technology will make todays personal computers seem hopelessly old-fashioned.” (Bill Gates)“Personal computers

17、are not likely to be much different in ten years than they are today.” (Zhang Yimou) “Despite changes in audience values, there will always be a market for well-made kung fu films.” (Zhang Yimou) “There is no longer a significant market for kung fu films.” (Bill Gates)17Evidence include: personal ex

18、perience (narration, anecdote) hypothetical examplesresearch and studiesstatistics peer testimonyexpert testimonyDifferent types of evidenceCite Reliable SourcesCite experts on the topic- Do they back up what you say?Do they refute the other side?Which source would a reader find more credible?The Ne

19、w York Timeshttp:/Which person would a reader be more likely to believe? - Joe Smith from Fort Wayne, IN - Dr. Susan Worth, Prof. of Criminology (犯罪學(xué)) at Purdue UniversityOrganizing persuasive speechesFour special patterns to organize persuasive speeches:1) Problem-solution order2) Problem-cause-sol

20、ution order3) Comparative advantages order4) Motivated sequenceIt is tailor-made for persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. Motivated Sequence Five StepsAttention: Gain the attention of your audience.Need: Make the audience feel a need for change.Satisfaction: Satisfy the need by providing

21、a solution to the problem.Visualization: Show vividly how much better conditions will be once your plan is adopted. Action: Call for action (what to do, and how to do it).ORGAN DONATION(Sample persuasive essay) Input reading Ladies and gentlemen, today I am here to share with you my views on organ d

22、onation, in the hope that you will take them on board (接受) and give someone the ultimate gift after you have left this earth - the gift of life.thesis statementidentify your audienceattention Ladies and gentlemen, at this moment in the US there are 79,000 U.S patients on the transplant (移植) waiting

23、list. Three thousand a month are added to this total. Not a lot you may say when the population is close to three hundred million, but now add twenty to thirty family and friends to each patient, and the number increases vastly(極大地). use statisticspredict opposing viewscreate a strong counterargumen

24、tAppeal to the readers heartsneed Every day between 16 and 17 people die whilst (= while) waiting for a transplant. Again you may say not a lot - but in the average mans lifetime the death toll (死亡人數(shù)）is 1,980,160 - almost two million people. Ladies and gentlemen you can help. By donating your vital

25、organs after you have passed away (去世) you can save lives. For the more sentimental of you, of the 79,000 patients waiting for a transplant, over 10 per cent of these are children under 18 years of age.appeal to the readers heartsuse statisticsrelate your audience to your topicpredict opposing views

26、create a strong counterargument So, how can you help? All you have to do is get in touch with your local doctor and he will tell you all you need to know. You fill out one form, and receive a card; it really is that easy. Then, once you have passed away in many years to come, your organs will be rem

27、oved and will give somebody else the chance of life. After a transplant of a vital organ, the average survival rate （存活率）is over 80%. A massive increase from the 20% that would live without the surgery.use statisticsrelate your audience to your topicsatisfactionvisualization Some people worry. Will

28、they be left open after the surgery as they are already dead, or will they still be able to have an open casket (棺材) funeral? The answers to these are simple. You will be treated with the up most (最大的) respect in the surgery and the same procedures apply to (適用于) the body as a living body. And yes,

29、you will be able to have an open casket funeral if you wish to.predict opposing viewscreate a strong counterargumentparadox Ladies and gentlemen - the gift of life is the most amazing gift anybody can give. How I see things, and what made me become a donor(捐贈(zèng)人), is that after I am gone I will have n

30、o use for my organs. So why should I deprive （剝奪）someone else from using them. Please consider what I have said today. Thank you!conclusionso-whatactionTask 3 Making a speech in the motivated sequence (10 minutes)Directions: 1) Work in pairs. 2) Prepare for 2 minute.3) Take turns to make a two-minut

31、e speech on one of the following topics. Organize your speech according to the motivated sequence. Attention Need Satisfaction Visualization ActionTopic 1: Persuade your classmate to do regular exercise.Topic 2: Persuade the citizens to donate blood. Topic 3: Persuade the school administrators to im

32、prove the current mixed dormitory system. RecapThe purpose of argumentation / persuasion is to _, while the purpose of exposition is to _. Persuasive strategies in speaking and writing Understand your Audience Build common ground Predict the opposing views and create a strong counterargument Support

33、 your perspective with reliable sources Appeals to make persuasion appeal to _ appeal to _ emotionreasonconvince or persuadeexplain or inform RecapMotivated sequence to make persuasion that calls for immediate action. _ _ _ _ _ Different types of evidencepersonal experience (narration, anecdote) hyp

34、othetical examplesresearch and studiesstatistics peer testimonyexpert testimony attentionneedsatisfaction visualization action Individual Homework Written: Write a persuasive essay on your chosen topic. It should deal with an arguable and current issue. Length: 300 words, or 3 minutes in length when

35、 presented in speech. Oral: Rehearse delivering a speech based on the persuasive essay you write. * Next time, you will have a speech contest in your group based on this persuasive essay, and will critique each others performance. Prewriting activities - BrainstormingDirections: Sit in groups to bra

36、instorm topics that might be used for the persuasive essay you are going to write. * While brainstorming, evaluate the effectiveness of your partners topic. Is the topic arguable, current, fresh, relevant and interesting? ( Avoid outdated and overused topics. )Enrichment practice Listening and viewi

37、ngView “Cultural Programs and the 2008 Olympic Games.” * Notice and critique how the speaker utilizes the strategies of persuasion in appealing to the intended audience. Group Work - Writing a persuasive poem Rational: “Logic and grammar are important. But for students to truly own the English langu

38、age, they need to read and write poems.” - Dorothea Lasky Unleash your poet selfThere is a poet inside all of usInvite poetry into your heartSet free your inner poet Fuel your soul by writing poetry. Task Writing a persuasive poem ( 10 minutes)Directions: Work in groups. Write a persuasive poem for public-service advertisements on one of the following