剖析Chap-02像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理-曼昆-中英文雙語)

1、剖析Chap-02像經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一樣思考(經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理-曼昆-中英文雙語)Every field of study has its own terminologyMathematicsaxiomsintegralsvector spacesPsychologyegoidcognitive dissonanceLawtortsvenuesPromissory estoppel每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語言數(shù)學(xué)公理積分向量空間心理學(xué)自我本我認(rèn)知的不一致性法律侵權(quán)行為案發(fā)現(xiàn)場約定的禁止翻供Every field of study has its own terminologyEconomicsSupplyDe

2、mandElasticityConsumer SurplusComparative advantageOpportunity costDeadweight loss每個(gè)研究領(lǐng)域都有自己的語言經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)供給需求彈性消費(fèi)者剩余比較優(yōu)勢機(jī)會(huì)成本無謂損失Economics trains you to. . . . Think in terms of alternatives.Evaluate the cost of individual and social choices.Examine and understand how certain events and issues are related.經(jīng)

3、濟(jì)學(xué)訓(xùn)練你. . . . 從不同的角度思考問題。評(píng)估個(gè)人和社會(huì)選擇的成本。檢查和理解一些事件和問題是如何相互關(guān)聯(lián)的。The Economist as a Scientist作為科學(xué)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家The economic way of thinking . . . 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法Involves thinking analytically and objectively. 客觀地分析與思考。Makes use of the scientific method. 利用科學(xué)的方法。The Scientific MethodUses abstract models to help explain how

4、 a complex, real world operates.Develops theories, collects, and analyzes data to prove the theories.Observation, Theory and More Observation!科學(xué)方法利用抽象的模型幫助解釋復(fù)雜的真實(shí)世界如何運(yùn)行。形成理論，收集并分析數(shù)據(jù)來驗(yàn)證理論。觀察, 理論 ，更多的觀察The Role of Assumptions Economists make assumptions in order to make the world easier to understand.

5、 The art in scientific thinking is deciding which assumptions to make. Economists use different assumptions to answer different questions.假設(shè)的作用 為了使這個(gè)世界更容易理解，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家做一些假設(shè)。 科學(xué)思考的藝術(shù)就是決定作出什么樣的假設(shè)。 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用不同的假設(shè)來回答不同的問題。The Economic Way of ThinkingIncludes developing abstract models from theories and the analy

6、sis of the models.Uses two approaches:Descriptive (reporting facts, etc.)Analytical (abstract reasoning)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)思考方法利用理論建立抽象的模型，然后進(jìn)一步分析模型。利用兩種方法:描述性的方法 (報(bào)告實(shí)情等)分析性的方法 (抽象推理)Economic Models Economists use models to simplify reality in order to improve our understanding of the world Two of the most basic ec

7、onomic models include:The Circular Flow ModelThe Production Possibilities Frontier經(jīng)濟(jì)模型 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家利用模型來簡化真實(shí)世界，使我們更好地理解這個(gè)世界。 兩個(gè)最基本的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)模型是：循環(huán)流向圖生產(chǎn)可能性邊界The Circular-Flow Model經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖The circular-flow model is a simple way to visually show the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in th

8、e economy.循環(huán)流向圖一個(gè)直觀地說明一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)體內(nèi)家庭和企業(yè)之間的經(jīng)濟(jì)交易行為的簡單方式。The Circular-Flow DiagramFirmsHouseholdsMarket for Factors of ProductionMarket for Goods and ServicesSpendingRevenueWages, rent, and profitIncomeGoods & Services soldGoods & Services boughtLabor, land, and capitalInputs for production經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖企業(yè)家庭生產(chǎn)要素市場物品與

9、勞務(wù)市場支出收入工資、租金和利潤收入銷售商品和服務(wù)購買商品和服務(wù)勞動(dòng)、土地和資本生產(chǎn)投入Figure 1 The Circular FlowCopyright 2004 South-WesternSpendingGoods andservicesboughtRevenueGoodsand servicessoldLabor, land,and capitalIncome = Flow of inputs and outputs = Flow of dollarsFactors ofproductionWages, rent,and profit FIRMSProduce and sellgoo

10、ds and servicesHire and use factorsof production Buy and consumegoods and servicesOwn and sell factorsof productionHOUSEHOLDS Households sellFirms buyMARKETSFORFACTORS OF PRODUCTION Firms sellHouseholds buyMARKETSFORGOODS AND SERVICESThe Circular-Flow DiagramHouseholds Buy and consume goods and serv

11、ices Own and sell factors of productionFirms Produce and sell goods and services Hire and use factors of production經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)流向圖家庭 購買并消費(fèi)物品與勞務(wù) 擁有并出售所有生產(chǎn)要素企業(yè) 生產(chǎn)并出售物品與勞務(wù) 雇傭并使用生產(chǎn)要素The Circular-Flow DiagramMarkets for Factors of Production Households sell Firms buyMarkets for Goods & Services Firms sell Househ

12、olds buy經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖生產(chǎn)要素市場 家庭出售 企業(yè)購買物品與勞務(wù)市場 企業(yè)出售 家庭購買The Circular-Flow Diagram經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖Factors of Production 生產(chǎn)要素 Inputs used to produce goods and services 用于生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的投入 Land, labor, and capital 土地、勞動(dòng)和資本The Production Possibilities FrontierThe production possibilities frontier is a graph showing the various com

13、binations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and technology.生產(chǎn)可能性邊界生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 表示一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)在可得到的生產(chǎn)要素與生產(chǎn)技術(shù)既定時(shí)所能生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)量的各種組合的圖形。 The Production Possibilities Frontier生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Quantity ofComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0001,0002,0002,200A70060030001,0

14、00BCDProductionpossibilitiesfrontier電腦產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量生產(chǎn)可能性邊界Concepts Illustrated by the Production Possibilities FrontierEfficiencyTradeoffsOpportunity CostEconomic Growth生產(chǎn)可能性邊界闡明的概念效率權(quán)衡取舍機(jī)會(huì)成本經(jīng)濟(jì)增長4,000The Production Possibilities FrontierQuantity of ComputersProducedQuantity ofCars Produced3,0002,000A70001,

15、000E2,100750An outward shift in the production possibilities frontier4,000生產(chǎn)可能性邊界計(jì)算機(jī)產(chǎn)量汽車產(chǎn)量3,0002,000A70001,000E2,100750生產(chǎn)可能性邊界向外移動(dòng)Microeconomics and MacroeconomicsMicroeconomics focuses on the individual parts of the economy.How households and firms make decisions and how they interact in specific m

16、arketsMacroeconomics looks at the economy as a whole.How the markets, as a whole, interact at the national level.微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 的研究對(duì)象是經(jīng)濟(jì)中的個(gè)體。家庭和企業(yè)如何作出決策，以及他們?nèi)绾卧谔囟ㄊ袌錾舷嗷ソ灰?。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 研究經(jīng)濟(jì)總體現(xiàn)象。從總體上看，各種市場在國家水平上如何相互影響。Two Roles of Economists經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家的兩個(gè)角色When they are trying to explain the world, they are scient

17、ists. 當(dāng)他們努力去解釋世界時(shí)，他們是科學(xué)家。When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers. 當(dāng)他們想要改變世界時(shí)，他們是政策顧問。Positive versus Normative AnalysisPositive statements are statements that describe the world as it is.Called descriptive analysisNormative statements are statements about how the world should

18、 be.Called prescriptive analysis實(shí)證分析與規(guī)范分析實(shí)證表述 是企圖描述世界是什么的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為描述性分析。規(guī)范表述 是企圖描述世界應(yīng)該如何運(yùn)行的觀點(diǎn)。被稱為命令性分析。?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？An increase in the minimum wage will cause a decrease in employment among the least-skilled.提高最低工資水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致最低技能工人的就業(yè)減少。Positive 實(shí)證性?Positive or Normative State

19、ments?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？Higher federal budget deficits will cause interest rates to increase.較高的聯(lián)邦赤字水平會(huì)導(dǎo)致利率上升。Positive 實(shí)證性?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？The income gains from a higher minimum wage are worth more than any slight reductions in employment.提高最低工資水平得到的利益比由此帶來的稍微的就業(yè)減少造成的損失大Positive

20、 規(guī)范性?Positive or Normative Statements?實(shí)證性還是規(guī)范性表述？State governments should be allowed to collect from tobacco companies the costs of treating smoking-related illnesses among the poor.應(yīng)該允許州政府向煙草公司收取費(fèi)用，用于治療窮人當(dāng)中與吸煙有關(guān)的疾病的費(fèi)用。Positive 規(guī)范性Economists in Washington . . . . . serve as advisers in the policymak

21、ing process of the three branches of government:LegislativeExecutiveJudicial華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家 . . . . .在以下三個(gè)政府部門的政策制定過程中充當(dāng)顧問：立法行政司法Economists in WashingtonSome government agencies that collect economic data and make economic policy:Department of CBureau of Labor SCongressional Bud

22、get OFederal Reserve B華盛頓的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一些收集經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)據(jù)并制定經(jīng)濟(jì)政策的政府部門:商務(wù)部.gov勞工統(tǒng)計(jì)局.國會(huì)預(yù)算辦公室.聯(lián)邦儲(chǔ)備委員會(huì).Why Economists Disagree為什么經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家意見分歧They may disagree on theories about how the world works. 對(duì)關(guān)于世界如何運(yùn)行的理論的正確性看法不同。They may hold different values and, thus

23、, different normative views. 他們可能有不同的價(jià)值觀，因此就有不同的規(guī)范性觀點(diǎn)。Table 2 Ten Propositions about Which Most Economists Agree大多數(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家一直同意的10個(gè)主張主張以及經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家同意的百分比1. 租金上限減少了可得到的住房數(shù)量和質(zhì)量。（93）2. 關(guān)稅和進(jìn)口配額通常降低了普遍的經(jīng)濟(jì)福利。（93）3. 有伸縮性和浮動(dòng)性的匯率提供了一種有效的國際貨幣協(xié)定。（90）4. 財(cái)政政策 例如，減稅和（或）增加政府支出 對(duì)低于充分就業(yè)的經(jīng)濟(jì)有重要的刺激效應(yīng)。（90）5. 如果要平衡聯(lián)邦預(yù)算，應(yīng)該在經(jīng)濟(jì)周期中而不是

24、每年中來實(shí)現(xiàn)。（85）6. 現(xiàn)金轉(zhuǎn)移支付使領(lǐng)取者福利的增加大于等量現(xiàn)金的實(shí)物轉(zhuǎn)移支付。（84）7. 巨額聯(lián)邦預(yù)算赤字對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)有不利影響。（83）8. 最低工資增加了年輕人和不熟練工人中的失業(yè)。（79）9. 政府應(yīng)該按“負(fù)所得稅”的思路重建福利制度。（79）10. 排污稅和可交易的污染許可證作為控制污染的方法優(yōu)于實(shí)行污染上限。（78）SummaryEconomists try to address their subjects with a scientists objectivity.They make appropriate assumptions and build simplified m

25、odels in order to understand the world around them.Two simple economic models are the circular-flow diagram and the production possibilities frontier.小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家像科學(xué)家一樣客觀地來研究他們的學(xué)科。為了理解周圍的世界，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家進(jìn)行適當(dāng)?shù)募僭O(shè)并建立簡單的模型。兩個(gè)簡單的經(jīng)濟(jì)模型是經(jīng)濟(jì)循環(huán)圖和生產(chǎn)可能性邊界。SummaryThe field of economics is divided into two subfields: microeconom

26、ics and macroeconomics.Microeconomists study decisionmaking by households and firms in the marketplace. Macroeconomists study the forces and trends that affect the economy as a whole.小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分為兩個(gè)領(lǐng)域：微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)。微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究市場中的家庭和企業(yè)所作的決策。宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家研究影響整體經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量和趨勢。SummaryEconomics relies on both positive and norm

27、ative analysis.Positive statements is an assertion about how the world “is”。normative statements is an assertion about how the world “ought to be”.When economists make normative statements, they are acting more as policy advisors than scientists.小結(jié)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)依賴實(shí)證分析和規(guī)范分析。實(shí)證表述是關(guān)于世界是什么的論斷。規(guī)范表述是關(guān)于世界應(yīng)該是什么的論斷。當(dāng)經(jīng)濟(jì)

28、學(xué)家做規(guī)范性表述時(shí)，與其說其是科學(xué)家，不如說其是政策顧問。SummaryEconomists who advise policymakers may offer conflicting advice either because of differences in scientific judgments or because of differences in valuesAt other times, economists are united in the advice they offer, but policymakers may choose to ignore it.小結(jié)給政策制定者提供建議的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家提出相互沖突的建議，這是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)判斷的不同，或者是價(jià)值觀的不同。在其他一些時(shí)候，經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家在他們提供的建議上相互一直，但是政策制訂者可能選擇不采納。Graphical ReviewGovernment (41%)Other (4%)Individuals (23%)Private Insurers (32%)(a) Pie ChartProductivity Index (farmoutput per hour of labor,