計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語-基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)課件

1、計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語 2022/7/181計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語1.3計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)資料的閱讀與翻譯1.3.1 專業(yè)英語的閱讀 1.3.2 專業(yè)英語翻譯概述 1.3.3 專業(yè)術(shù)語的翻譯 1.3.4 專業(yè)英語翻譯的基本方法2022/7/182計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)英語的閱讀 打好語言基本功 在閱讀實(shí)踐中提高閱讀能力 掌握正確的閱讀方法 2022/7/183計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語閱讀方法略讀（Skimming），查讀（Scanning），精讀（Reading for full understanding）。 略讀是指以盡可能快的速度進(jìn)行閱讀。 查讀的目的主要是要有目的地去找出文章中某些特定的信息。 精讀是指仔細(xì)地閱讀，力求對(duì)文

2、章有深層次的理解，以獲得具體的信息。 2022/7/184計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語基本閱讀技能 掌握所讀材料的主旨大意。了解闡述主旨的事實(shí)和細(xì)節(jié)。根據(jù)上下文判斷某些詞匯和短語的意義。既理解個(gè)別句子的意義，也理解上下文之間的邏輯關(guān)系。根據(jù)所讀材料進(jìn)行一定的判斷、推理和引申。領(lǐng)會(huì)作者的觀點(diǎn)、意圖和態(tài)度。2022/7/185計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)英語翻譯概述 翻譯是用一種語言把用另一種語言表示的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確無誤地重新表達(dá)出來，翻譯不是原文的翻版或者復(fù)制，從某種意義上來說是原文的再創(chuàng)作。其目的是使不懂原文的讀者能夠了解原文所表達(dá)的科技內(nèi)容。科技文章并不要求像文藝作品那種形象化和感染性，但也必須文理優(yōu)美。忠實(shí)于原文并不等

3、于死摳語法、逐詞死譯。而且，還要使譯文符合本民族語言的習(xí)慣，不必遷就原文語言形式。一篇修辭正確、邏輯合理、語言簡潔、文理通順的譯文，讓讀者感覺不到翻譯腔的存在，這正是我們?yōu)橹嗫嘧非蟮哪繕?biāo)。2022/7/186計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語科技翻譯需要掌握的知識(shí) 掌握一定的詞匯量具備科技知識(shí)，熟悉所翻譯專業(yè)了解中西方文化背景的異同，科技英語中詞匯的特殊含義日常語言和文本的表達(dá)方式以及科技英語翻譯技巧2022/7/187計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯步驟 (1) 通讀整個(gè)句子，了解初步含義。重點(diǎn)注意謂語動(dòng)詞、連詞、介詞、專用詞組和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞以及暫時(shí)不了解的新詞匯。(2) 決定是否分譯，如何斷句。原句標(biāo)點(diǎn)和句型結(jié)構(gòu)如何，語態(tài)及

4、時(shí)態(tài)如何，靈活組織，保持前后文之間的邏輯聯(lián)系和呼應(yīng)關(guān)系。(3) 決定漢語如何表達(dá)，如何組句，所選漢語詞意是否確切。譯文是否要進(jìn)行查、加、減、改或者引申譯法。概念明確、用詞恰當(dāng)、邏輯清楚、文字通順。(4) 翻譯完成后要多讀譯文，是否通順、能懂、上下文及邏輯關(guān)系對(duì)不對(duì)等，即要譯者自己懂，也要盡量使別人閱讀譯文后也能懂，要為讀者著想。2022/7/188計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯的過程 1、理解階段 透徹理解原著是確切表達(dá)的前提。理解原文必須從整體出發(fā)，不能孤立地看待一詞一句。每種語言幾乎都存在著一詞多義的現(xiàn)象。因此，同樣一個(gè)詞或詞組，在不同的上下文搭配中，在不同的句法結(jié)構(gòu)中就可能有不同的意義。一個(gè)詞，一個(gè)

5、詞組脫離上下文是不能正確理解的。因此，譯者首先應(yīng)該結(jié)合上下文，通過對(duì)詞義的選擇，語法的分析，徹底弄清楚原文的內(nèi)容和邏輯關(guān)系。2022/7/189計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯的過程 2、表達(dá)階段 表達(dá)就是要尋找和選擇恰當(dāng)?shù)臍w宿語言材料，把已經(jīng)理解了的原作內(nèi)容重新敘述出來。表達(dá)的好壞一般取決于理解原著的深度和對(duì)歸宿語言的掌握程度。故理解正確并不意味著表達(dá)一定正確。2022/7/1810計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯的過程 3、校對(duì)階段 校對(duì)階段，是理解和表達(dá)的進(jìn)一步深化，是使譯文符合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的一個(gè)必不可少階段，是對(duì)原文內(nèi)容的進(jìn)一步核實(shí)，對(duì)譯文語言的進(jìn)一步推敲。校對(duì)對(duì)于科技文獻(xiàn)的譯文來說尤為重要，因?yàn)榭萍嘉恼乱蟾叨染_，公

6、式、數(shù)據(jù)較多，稍一疏忽就會(huì)給工作造成嚴(yán)重的損失。2022/7/1811計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)術(shù)語的翻譯 1.意譯 意譯就是對(duì)原詞所表達(dá)的具體事物和概念進(jìn)行仔細(xì)推敲，以準(zhǔn)確譯出該詞的科學(xué)概念。這種譯法最為普遍，科技術(shù)語在可能情況下應(yīng)盡量采用意譯法。采用這種方法便于讀者顧名思義，不加說明就能直接理解新術(shù)語的確切含義。 loudspeaker 揚(yáng)聲器 semiconductor 半導(dǎo)體 videophone 可視電話 copytron = copy + electron 電子復(fù)寫（技術(shù)） E-mail = Electronic mail 電子郵件 modem = modulator + demodula

7、tor 調(diào)制解調(diào)器2022/7/1812計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)術(shù)語的翻譯 2.音譯 音譯就是根據(jù)英語單詞的發(fā)音譯成讀音與原詞大致相同的漢字。一般地，表示計(jì)量單位的詞和一些新發(fā)明的材料或產(chǎn)品，它們的漢語名稱在剛開始時(shí)基本就是音譯的?；虍?dāng)由于某些原因不便采用意譯法時(shí)，可采用音譯法或部分音譯法。 Radar是取radio detection and ranging等詞的部分字母拼成的，如譯成“無線電探測(cè)距離設(shè)備”，顯得十分羅嗦，故采用音譯法，譯成“雷達(dá)”。 bit 比特（二進(jìn)制信息單位） baud 波特（發(fā)報(bào)速率單位） quark 夸克（基本粒子，屬新材料類） nylon 尼龍（新材料類） hertz

8、赫茲（頻率單位） vaseline 凡士林（石油凍） penicillin 盤尼西林（青霉素）2022/7/1813計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)術(shù)語的翻譯 3. 形譯用英語常用字母的形象來為形狀相似的物體定名，翻譯時(shí)也可以通過具體形象來表達(dá)原義，也稱為“象譯”?？萍嘉墨I(xiàn)常涉及到型號(hào)、牌號(hào)、商標(biāo)名稱及代表某種概念的字母。這些一般不必譯出，直接抄下即可。另外，對(duì)于人名及公司名等名稱類的詞匯，翻譯時(shí)可直接使用原文。I-shaped 工字形 T square 丁字尺C network C形網(wǎng)絡(luò) X ray X射線M-wing M形機(jī)翼 N region N區(qū)Y-connection Y形連接Zigzag wav

9、e 鋸齒形波Q band Q波段（指8毫米波段，頻率為3646千兆赫）p-n-p junction p-n-p結(jié)（指空穴導(dǎo)電型電子導(dǎo)電型空穴導(dǎo)電型的結(jié)）2022/7/1814計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)英語中新詞的翻譯 科技的發(fā)展還創(chuàng)造了大量的新詞匯。這些詞往往通過復(fù)合構(gòu)詞（compounding）或縮略表達(dá)全新的概念。它們由于在詞典中缺乏現(xiàn)成的詞項(xiàng)，一個(gè)詞往往會(huì)有兩個(gè)甚至兩個(gè)以上的譯名，造成很大混亂。全國科學(xué)技術(shù)名詞審定委員會(huì)為了規(guī)范譯名，定期發(fā)表推薦譯名，因此我們還必須跟蹤計(jì)算機(jī)行業(yè)的發(fā)展，掌握新出現(xiàn)的詞匯。 2022/7/1815計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語長句的翻譯 使用長句結(jié)構(gòu)，可以說是科技英語的一大特點(diǎn)，

10、計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語也不例外。在處理長句時(shí)，一般采用順譯法、倒譯法和分譯法。2022/7/1816計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語長句的翻譯 n順譯法當(dāng)長句的語法結(jié)構(gòu)和時(shí)間順序與漢語基本相同時(shí)，可以按照原文順序直接翻譯。n倒譯法當(dāng)長句的邏輯順序與漢語相反時(shí)，則必須從后面譯起，自上而下，逆著原文的順序翻譯。n分譯法漢語表達(dá)的習(xí)慣是一個(gè)小句子表達(dá)一層意思。因此，為了使表達(dá)簡潔，對(duì)于專業(yè)英語中的長句，可以將其分解成幾個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子，順序基本不變，并注意前后連貫，同時(shí)注意增加一些連詞。2022/7/1817計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語專業(yè)英語翻譯的基本方法原文的分析與理解要作好翻譯工作，必須從深刻理解原文入手，力求做到確切表達(dá)譯文。原文是翻

11、譯的出發(fā)點(diǎn)和唯一依據(jù)，只有徹底理解原文含義，才有可能完成確切的翻譯，才能達(dá)到上述翻譯標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的要求，要深刻理解原文，首先要認(rèn)識(shí)到專業(yè)科技文獻(xiàn)所特有的邏輯性、正確性、精密性和專業(yè)性等特點(diǎn)，力求從原文所包含的專業(yè)技術(shù)內(nèi)容方面去加以理解。其次，要根據(jù)原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)，弄清每句話的語法關(guān)系，采用分組歸類的方法辨明主語、謂語、賓語及各種修飾語，聯(lián)系上下文來分析和理解句與句之間、主句與從句之間的關(guān)系。重視語法分析，突出句子骨架，采用分解歸類，化繁為簡，逐層推進(jìn)理解的策略。2022/7/1818計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語科技文獻(xiàn)翻譯中的漢語表達(dá)切忌以下幾點(diǎn)：n 不符合漢語邏輯。n 過于強(qiáng)調(diào)“忠實(shí)”使原文與譯文貌合神離。n 中

12、文修辭不當(dāng)，表達(dá)中存在明顯的翻譯腔。n 表達(dá)羅嗦、不簡潔。2022/7/1819計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語翻譯科技資料時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題 (1) 首先要把原文全部閱讀一遍，了解其內(nèi)容大意，專業(yè)范圍和體裁風(fēng)格，然后開始翻譯。如果條件許可，在動(dòng)手翻譯之前能熟悉一下有關(guān)的專業(yè)知識(shí)那就更好了。(2) 遇到生詞，不要馬上查字典，應(yīng)該先判斷是屬于普通用語，還是屬于專業(yè)用語。如果是專業(yè)詞匯，則要進(jìn)一步分析是屬于哪一個(gè)具體學(xué)科范圍的，然后再有目的地去查找普通詞匯或有關(guān)的專業(yè)詞典。(3) 翻譯時(shí)，最好不要看一句譯一句，更不能看一個(gè)詞譯一個(gè)詞。而應(yīng)該看一小段，譯一小段。這樣做便于從上下文聯(lián)系中辨別詞義，也便于注意句與句之間的銜接

13、，段與段之間的聯(lián)系，使譯文通順流暢，而不致成為一句句孤立譯文的堆徹。(4) 翻譯科技文獻(xiàn)并不要求象翻譯文藝作品那樣在語言形象、修辭手段上花費(fèi)很大的工夫，但是要求譯文必須概念清楚，邏輯正確，數(shù)據(jù)無誤。文字簡練，語句流暢。2022/7/1820計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第2章 Hardware Knowledge 2.1 Computer Hardware Basics 2.2 CPU 2.3 Memory 2.4 Input/Output Devices 2022/7/1821計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語2.1 Computer Hardware Basics A computer is a fast and accur

14、ate symbol manipulating system that is organized to accept, store, and process data and produce output results under the direction of a stored program of instructions. Fig. 2-1 shows the basic organization of a computer system. Key elements in this system include CPU, memory, input device and output

15、 device. 2022/7/1822計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語The basic organization of a computer systemFig. 2-1 The basic organization of a computer system2022/7/1823計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Main Contents of the TextCentral Processing Unit. The memory. Input Devices. Output Devices. System buses. Other components. 2022/7/1824計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Wordscarry ou

16、t 實(shí)現(xiàn)，執(zhí)行collection 收集，采集dangerous 危險(xiǎn)的flexible 靈活的，柔和的hierarchy 等級(jí)制度，等級(jí)體系indicate 顯示，指出individual 個(gè)人，個(gè)體instruction 指令interface 界面，接口2022/7/1825計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Wordsinterpretation 解釋mainframe 主機(jī)manipulate 處理microprocessor 微型機(jī)mislead 誤導(dǎo)monitor 顯示器organization 組織plotter 繪圖儀subsystem 子系統(tǒng)subtract 減去2022/7/1826計(jì)

17、算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 1 In a big mainframe computer the processor is called a Central Processing Unit, or CPU, while in a microcomputer, it is usually known as a microprocessor.譯文：在大型計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，處理器被稱作中央處理單元，或CPU，而在微機(jī)系統(tǒng)中，通常叫做微處理器。本句由并列的兩部分組成，“In a big mainframe computer”和“while in a microcomputer”分別是兩部分的狀語，“or CPU

18、”是同位語。2 The memory is the computers work area and nothing like our own memory, so the term can be misleading.譯文：存儲(chǔ)器是計(jì)算機(jī)的工作區(qū)，但它不像我們的記憶系統(tǒng)，這個(gè)術(shù)語可能會(huì)有誤導(dǎo)。本句中的“so the term can be misleading”是結(jié)果狀語。2022/7/1827計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 3 A ROM chip always retains its data, even when power to the chip is turned off.譯文：ROM芯片

19、總是保存有數(shù)據(jù)，甚至在芯片斷電以后。本句由“even when”引導(dǎo)的是讓步狀語從句。4 Input devices can not only deliver information to CPU but also activate or deactivate processing just as light switches turn lamps on or off.譯文：輸入設(shè)備不僅能給CPU輸送信息，而且也能像開關(guān)控制電燈那樣激活或終止處理過程。本句用了一個(gè)not onlybut also 結(jié)構(gòu)，表示“不但而且”的意思。2022/7/1828計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes5 The only

20、thing to worry about is whether the power supply produces enough low voltage electricity to power all your peripherals.譯文：唯一擔(dān)心的事情是電源能否產(chǎn)生足夠的低電壓電流為所有的外部設(shè)備供電。本句的“to worry about”是主語補(bǔ)足語，進(jìn)一步說明主語，“whether”引導(dǎo)的是表語從句。2022/7/1829計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Reading material Computer Development The First Generation of Computers (19

21、46 through 1959) The Second Generation of Computers (1959 through 1964) The Third Generation of Computers (1964 through 1971) The Fourth Generation of Computers (1971 through now) Generation-less Computers 2022/7/1830計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語2.2 CPU The CPU means the Central Processing Unit. It is the heart of a comp

22、uter system. The CPU in a microcomputer is actually one relatively small integrated circuit or chip. The CPU coordinates all the activities of the various components of the computer. It determines which operations should be carried out and in what order. The CPU can also retrieve information from me

23、mory and can store the results of manipulations back into the memory unit for later reference. 2022/7/1831計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Main Contents of the TextWhat Is a Processor? The control unit The Arithmetic / Logic Unit Registers The Fetch and Execute Cycles Performance factors of CPU 2022/7/1832計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words av

24、ailable 可利用的，有效的analogous 類似的，相似的comparison 比較，對(duì)照confuse 使混亂coordinate （使）協(xié)調(diào)establish 建立exponentiation 冪運(yùn)算identical 同一的，完全一樣的megahertz 兆赫茲2022/7/1833計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words occupy 占領(lǐng)，從事operand 操作數(shù)perform 執(zhí)行，實(shí)現(xiàn)reference 參考，索引register 寄存器remarkable 顯著的，不平常的represent 表示，描述retrieve 檢索，恢復(fù)specification 規(guī)格，說明supe

25、rvise 監(jiān)督，指導(dǎo)2022/7/1834計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 1 Although most CPU chips are smaller than a lens of a pair of glasses, the electronic components they contain would have filled a room a few decades ago.譯文：雖然大多數(shù)CPU芯片比一塊眼鏡片還小，但所包含的電子元件在幾十年前卻要裝滿一個(gè)房間。本句由“Although”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句。2022/7/1835計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 2 The program, which

26、 tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.譯文：程序的作用是指示計(jì)算機(jī)如何工作，而數(shù)據(jù)則是為解決問題提供的所需要的信息，兩者都存儲(chǔ)在存儲(chǔ)器里。本句的主語是“the program and the data”，由which引導(dǎo)的兩個(gè)定語從句分別修飾the program和the data。2022/7/1836計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語

27、Notes 3 After all, if we couldnt feed information in and get results back, these machines would not be of much use.譯文：如果我們不能輸入信息和取出結(jié)果，這種計(jì)算機(jī)畢竟不會(huì)有多大用處。本句的“if we couldnt feed information in and get results back”作條件狀語。2022/7/1837計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 4 At the beginning of each instruction cycle, the CPU fetches

28、an instruction from memory.譯文：在每個(gè)指令周期的開始，CPU都從內(nèi)存中取一條指令。本句的“At the beginning of each instruction cycle”是時(shí)間狀語。5 An instruction may specify that the sequence of execution be altered.譯文：一條指令可以指定更改執(zhí)行的順序。本句的“that”引導(dǎo)的是賓語從句，“execution be altered”是定語，修飾“sequence”。2022/7/1838計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Reading material Multiproce

29、ssing Multiprocessor systems may be classified into four types: single instruction stream, single data stream (SISD); single instruction steam, multiple data stream (SIMD); multiple instruction stream, single data stream (MISD); and multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD). Systems i

30、n the MISD category are rarely built. The other three architectures may be distinguished simply by the differences in their respective instruction cycles.2022/7/1839計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語2.3 Memory The memory unit is an essential component in any digit computer since it is needed for storing the programs that are

31、executed by the CPU. People who like PCs always talk about how large their storage device volumes are. RAM and ROM play important roles of storage devices. We must know them. RAM is an acronym of Random Access Memory. RAM bars are used for main memory bars. ROM means Read Only Memory. The control an

32、d specialized programs are stored in ROM chips and these programs can not be changed by users.Computer memory is measured in kilobytes or megabytes of information. 2022/7/1840計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Main Contents of the TextTypes of memory The memory cells Internal chip organization Memory subsystem configuration 20

33、22/7/1841計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Connect memory chipsTwo or more chips can be combined to create memory with more bits per location. This is done by connecting the corresponding address and control signals of the chips, and connecting their data pins to different bits of the data bus. For example, two 644 chips can

34、be combined to create an 648 memory, as shown in Figure 2-2. Both chips receive the same six address inputs from the bus, as well as the same chip enable and output enable signals. 2022/7/1842計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Connect memory chipsFig. 2-2 An 648 memory subsystem constructed from two 644 ROM chips2022/7/1843計(jì)算機(jī)

35、專業(yè)英語Key Words acronym 首字母縮略字activate 激活，使活躍adjacent 鄰近的，接近的configuration 結(jié)構(gòu)consecutive 連續(xù)的，連貫的erase 抹去，擦除gateway 門，通道kilobyte 千字節(jié)megabyte 兆字節(jié)notation 記號(hào)，標(biāo)記2022/7/1844計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words prohibitively 禁止地proportional 成比例的remedy 修補(bǔ)，改善session 期間significance 重要性，意義simplicity 簡單，單純temporary 臨時(shí)turn off 關(guān)閉202

36、2/7/1845計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 1 The memory unit is an essential component in any digit computer since it is needed for storing the programs that are executed by the CPU.譯文：任何一臺(tái)數(shù)字計(jì)算機(jī)都需要存儲(chǔ)CPU所執(zhí)行的程序，因此，存儲(chǔ)器是計(jì)算機(jī)最重要的部件之一。本句由“since”引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，“that are executed by the CPU”是定語，修飾“programs”。2 The number of bits in the

37、address is related to the maximum number of directly addressable cells in the memory and is independent of the number of bits per cell.譯文：地址的位數(shù)與存儲(chǔ)器可直接尋址的最大單元數(shù)量有關(guān)，而與每個(gè)單元的位數(shù)無關(guān)。本句中，of directly addressable cells in the memory修飾the maximum number。2022/7/1846計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 3 Thus a 32-bit machine will have

38、32-bit registers and instructions for moving, adding, subtracting, and otherwise manipulating 32-bit words.譯文：因而32位機(jī)器有32位的寄存器和指令，以實(shí)現(xiàn)傳送、加法、減法和其它他32位字的操作。本句的“for moving, adding, subtracting, and otherwise manipulating 32-bit words”是賓語補(bǔ)足語，進(jìn)一步解釋說明賓語。2022/7/1847計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 4 When a program allocates exp

39、anded memory pages, the EMM returns a handle to the requesting program.譯文：當(dāng)一個(gè)程序裝入擴(kuò)展存儲(chǔ)器頁中時(shí)，EMM就將一個(gè)標(biāo)志回復(fù)給這個(gè)請(qǐng)求程序。本句中，由“when”引導(dǎo)了一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句。5 It is very easy to set up a memory system that consists of a single chip.譯文：構(gòu)造包含一個(gè)簡單芯片的存儲(chǔ)器系統(tǒng)是非常容易的。本句中由“It”作形式主語，真正主語是不定式短語，“that consists of a single chip”是定語。2022/7

40、/1848計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Reading material Magnetic Disks and Optical Disks There are two major types of magnetic disks: floppy disks and hard disks. Both types of disks rely on a rotating platter coated with a magnetic surface and use a moveable read/write head to access the disk. Disk storage is nonvolatile, me

41、aning that the data remains even when power is removed. An optical disk is a disk on which data are encoded for retrieval by a laser. Optical disks offer information densities far beyond the range of current magnetic mass-storage devices. 2022/7/1849計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語2.4 Input/Output Devices A computer is a po

42、werful machine that can do everything people assign it. However the computer cant communicate with people directly. By the aid of input and output devices, a computer and people can “know” each other. Using input devices, people “tell” the computer what it should do and the computer feedback the res

43、ult through output devices.2022/7/1850計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Main Contents of the TextKeyboard Mouse Monitor Printer Modem Other devices 2022/7/1851計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words accessible 易接近的，可進(jìn)入的bitmap 位圖calculator 計(jì)算器combination 組合，聯(lián)合deflector 導(dǎo)向裝置demodulation 解調(diào)embedded 嵌入的，植入的feedback 反饋flicker 閃爍，閃動(dòng)horizontal axis 水平軸ink

44、 jet printer 噴墨打印機(jī)microphone 麥克風(fēng)modifiable 可修正的2022/7/1852計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words modulation 調(diào)制monochrome 單色，黑白needle 針nozzle 噴嘴overlap 重疊，重復(fù)pixel 像素powder 粉，粉粒resolution 分辨率spray 噴射stick 粘，堅(jiān)持tendency 趨勢(shì)，傾向troubleshoot 修理故障vertical axis 垂直軸2022/7/1853計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 1 The arrow keys allow you to move the posi

45、tion of the cursor on the screen.譯文：方向鍵允許你移動(dòng)光標(biāo)在屏幕上的位置。本句中的“to move the position of the cursor on the screen”是賓語補(bǔ)足語。2 A mouse consists of a metal or plastic housing or casing, a ball that sticks out of the bottom of the casing and rolls on a flat surface, one or more buttons on the top of the casing,

46、 and a cable that connects the mouse to the computer.譯文：鼠標(biāo)由以下幾個(gè)部分組成：一個(gè)金屬或塑性的盒體，一個(gè)凸出于盒體底部并可以在平面上滾動(dòng)的球體，位于盒體上部的一個(gè)或多個(gè)按鍵，以及一條連接到計(jì)算機(jī)的電纜線。這是一個(gè)長句，“consists of”的賓語由若干部分組成，每部分賓語都有自己的定語修飾。2022/7/1854計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 3 So, in order to use an analog medium, a converter between the two systems is needed.譯文：因此，為了利用傳輸模

47、擬信號(hào)的媒介，在兩種系統(tǒng)之間需要一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換器。本句中的“So, in order to use an analog medium”是目的狀語從句，“between the two systems”是定語，修飾“converter”。4 A modem is a device that converts data from digital computer signals to analog signals that can be sent over a phone line.譯文：調(diào)制解調(diào)器可以將數(shù)據(jù)從數(shù)字信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)換成可以通過電話線傳輸?shù)哪M信號(hào)。本句中的“that converts data”是

48、定語從句，修飾“device”，“that can be sent over a phone line”也是定語，修飾“signals”。2022/7/1855計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 5 If software has music with it, you need a sound box which is attached to your computer to play the music.譯文：如果軟件帶有音樂，你就需要一個(gè)連接到你計(jì)算機(jī)上的音箱來播放音樂。本句由“If”引導(dǎo)條件狀語從句。2022/7/1856計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Reading material Linking the Co

49、mponentsA computer is a system. Data flow between its components in response to instructions executed by processor. Sometimes, the bits are transmitted in parallel; other components communicate in serial. System boards are almost as important as CPUs in computer system. If a CPU were a heart or a br

50、ain, a system board would be a blood vessel or nerve system. A CPU controlling and managing whole system must be with the help of a system board.On the back of the system board, near the rear of the computer, youll find several long, thin slots. Those are expansion slots, into which you can plug spe

51、cial expansion cards. The idea is that you can expand your system by adding options not included with the basic PC.返回2022/7/1857計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語第3章 Software Knowledge 3.1 Operating System 3.2 Data Structures 3.3 C and C+ Programming Language 3.4 Database Principle2022/7/1858計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語3.1 Operating System What e

52、xactly does an operating system do? Basically, it performs a number of support functions. All modern operating systems are multitasking and can run several processes simultaneously. In most computers there is only one CPU, so a multitasking operating system creates the illusion of several processes

53、running simultaneously on the CPU. Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available. With this technique, space on the hard drive is used to mimic the extra memory needed. 2022/7/1859計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Main Contents of the TextIntroductionResourc

54、e allocation and related functions Control of I/O Operations OS structure 2022/7/1860計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words allot 分配concurrently 同時(shí)發(fā)生地considerable 相當(dāng)?shù)模匾腸onstraint 強(qiáng)制，約束criteria 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)critical 批評(píng)的，臨界的domain 領(lǐng)域，范圍embody 使具體化entrust 信托，委托illusion 幻影，幻想integral 整體的mechanism 機(jī)制，機(jī)理2022/7/1861計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Key Words mimi

55、c 模擬，模仿monolithic 整體的，完全統(tǒng)一的partition 分割perceive 感知，認(rèn)知perceptible 可察覺的，感覺得到的primitive 原始的，基本的privilege 特權(quán)suspend 暫停，掛起undergo 經(jīng)歷utilization 利用2022/7/1862計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 1 The most common mechanism used to create this illusion is time slice multitasking, whereby each process is run individually for a fix

56、ed period of time.譯文：產(chǎn)生這種錯(cuò)覺的最常用機(jī)制是時(shí)間分割多任務(wù)處理，以每個(gè)過程各自運(yùn)行固定的一段時(shí)間的方式來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。過去分詞短語used to create this illusion作定語，修飾mechanism；由whereby引導(dǎo)的是非限制性定語從句。whereby：by means of which，以方式；憑借。2022/7/1863計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 2 The processes appear to run simultaneously because the users sense of time is much slower than the pro

57、cessing speed of the computer.譯文：由于用戶的時(shí)間感覺比計(jì)算機(jī)的處理速度要慢得多，所以幾個(gè)程序看起來是同時(shí)執(zhí)行的。本句中由“because”引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，“much slower than”是比較結(jié)構(gòu)。2022/7/1864計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 3 Operating systems can use virtual memory to run processes that require more main memory than is actually available.譯文：實(shí)際可用空間不夠時(shí)，為了運(yùn)行那些需要更多主存儲(chǔ)空間的程序，操作系統(tǒng)可以利用虛

58、擬存儲(chǔ)器。本句中，to run processes到句末為目的狀語；由that引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾和限定processes；than后面省略了主語that (that意指main memory)。2022/7/1865計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Notes 4 Both the partitioning and the pool-based allocation approaches can be used to manage the memory resource.譯文：資源分區(qū)和基于資源池的分配方式都適用于存儲(chǔ)器資源管理。本句的主語是由并列的兩部分組成，即“Both the partitioning an

59、d the pool-based allocation approaches”，并且用被動(dòng)態(tài)表示客觀性。 5 Taking advantage of this facility, data read from one location may be distributed throughout computerized system.譯文：利用這一功能，讀自某一設(shè)備的數(shù)據(jù)可以分布貫穿整個(gè)計(jì)算機(jī)處理系統(tǒng)?，F(xiàn)在分詞短語Taking做伴隨狀語；過去分詞短語read from one location作定語，修飾主語data。2022/7/1866計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語Reading Material Pop

60、ular Operating Systems DOS stands for Disk Operating System, it was developed by Microsoftthe same company that later produced Windowsand introduced on the original IBM PC under the name PC-DOS. Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows ME, and Windows XP provide basic networking capability, making them suita