英語語法-主語及主語從句

1、英語語法主語及主語從句目錄主語的表示法 動(dòng)名詞作主語 用it作主語的句子 非人稱代詞it 用于強(qiáng)調(diào)的it 先行主語it it的其他用法 三種類型的主語從句 由that引導(dǎo)的主語從句 由關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語從句 there引導(dǎo)的句子 there+動(dòng)詞be there+復(fù)合謂語 there+不及物動(dòng)詞 內(nèi)容主語的表示法 1）名詞用作主語：1）A tree has fallen across the road.一株樹倒下橫在路上。（2）Little streams feed big rivers.小河流入大江。2）代詞用作主語：（3）Youre not far wrong.你差不多對(duì)了。（4

2、）He told a joke but it fell flat.他說了一個(gè)笑話，但沒有引人發(fā)笑。3）數(shù)詞用作主語：（5）Threes enough.3個(gè)就夠了。（6）Four from seven leaves three.7減去4余3。4）名詞化的形容詞用作主語：（7）The idle are forced to work.懶漢被迫勞動(dòng)。（8）Old and young marched side by side.老少并肩而行。5）副詞用作主語：（9）Now is the time.現(xiàn)在是時(shí)候了。（10）Carefully does it.小心就行。6）名詞化的介詞用作主語：（11）The

3、ups and downs of life must be taken as they come.我們必須承受人生之沉浮。7）不定式用作主語：（12）To find your way can be a problem.你要找到路可能有困難。（13）It would be nice to see him again.如果再見到他，那將是一件愉快的事。8）動(dòng)名詞用作主語：（14）Smoking is bad for you.吸煙對(duì)你有害。（15）Watching a film is pleasure, making one is hard work.看電影是樂事，制作影片則是苦事。9）名詞化的過去

4、分詞用作主語：（16）The disabled are to receive more money.殘疾人將得到更多的救濟(jì)金。（17）The deceased died of old age.死者死于年老。10）介詞短語用作主語：（18）To Beijing is not very far.到北京不很遠(yuǎn)。（19）From Yanan to Nanniwan was a three-hour ride on horseback.從延安到南泥灣騎馬要走3個(gè)小時(shí)。11）從句用作主語：（20）Whenever you are ready will be fine.你不論什么時(shí)候準(zhǔn)備好都行。（21）Be

5、cause Sally wants to leave doesnt mean that we have to.不能說因?yàn)樗_利要走因而我們也得走。12）句子用作主語：（22）How do you do? is a greeting.“你好！”是一句問候語。主語可由一個(gè)以上的名（代）詞等構(gòu)成，這種主語可喚作并列主語，如：（23）He and I are old friends.我和他是老朋友。（24）The Party and government show great concern for our welfare.黨和政府非常關(guān)懷我們的生活。并列主語中的第二個(gè)主語有時(shí)放在句末，表示添補(bǔ)，如：（

6、25）An old woman stood by and an old man.一位老婦站在一旁，還有一個(gè)老頭兒。英語常用無人稱的名詞作主語，如：（26）A gun wondered him.有人用槍打傷了他。（27）The happy news brought them all to my home.他們聽到這好消息后就都來到我的家。英語還常將表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的詞用作主語，如：（28）Today is your last lesson in French.今天是你們最后一堂法文課。（29）Tian An Men Square first saw the raising of the Red F

7、lag with Five Stars on October 1st,1949.1949年10月1日天安門廣場上升起了第一面五星紅旗。和漢語一樣，英語的主語有時(shí)用得不合邏輯，如：（30）The kettle is boiling.水壺開了。（31）My tent sleeps four people.我的帳篷可睡4個(gè)人。有時(shí)為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或補(bǔ)充，在口語中，說話人往往用名（代）詞重復(fù)主語，如：（32）He is a nice man, your friend Johnson.你的朋友約翰遜，他是個(gè)好人。（33）The poison it has worked.那毒藥，它起作用了。（34）To see

8、you after such a long time, that was good.過了這么久又見到你，這太好了。有時(shí)重復(fù)主語的名（代）詞可帶有be, have 或助動(dòng)詞，如：（35）It went too far, your game did.太過分了，你耍的花招太過分了。（36）He was happy, he was.他真快樂，真快樂。（he was 亦可單獨(dú)成句，變?yōu)镠e was）【注】注意在Lion hunter, snake handler, midwife and cook-he has been all those and more（獵獅人、耍蛇人、接生者和廚師，這些以及其他職

9、業(yè)，他都干過）這一句中的前4個(gè)名詞不是主語而是外位成分。動(dòng)名詞作主語 1.動(dòng)名詞可直接作主語：Dancing bored.跳舞使他厭煩。2.有時(shí)，動(dòng)名詞前可以有一代詞或名詞所有格表示其邏輯上的主語：Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他們來支援對(duì)我們是很大的鼓舞。有時(shí)還可名詞化，前面帶冠詞：The reading of the will took place in the lawyers office.遺囑是在律師事務(wù)所宣讀的。3.有時(shí)可用先行詞it作形式主語，而把作主語的動(dòng)名詞放到后面去：Its no use asking

10、 me.用it作主語的句子 1.it 最基本的用法是作人稱代詞，主要代表剛提到的東西以避免重復(fù)：Did the black snake frighten you?Yes,it did.那條黑蛇嚇著你了嗎？是的。2.也可代表抽象的事物：The government has become very unpopular since it introduced the new tax.該政府自開征新稅后就變得很不得人心。3.也可以指動(dòng)物或未知性別的嬰兒：“Is this your dog?”No,it isnt. “這是你的狗嗎？”“不是的。”Her new baby is tiny,It only

11、weight 2 kilos.他的新生嬰兒很小，只有兩公斤重。4.還可代表一個(gè)彼此都知道其何所指的東西：Does it itch much?癢得厲害嗎？非人稱代詞it it有時(shí)并不指具體東西，而指天氣、時(shí)間、環(huán)境等，稱為非人稱代詞，可以：1.指天氣：Its raining (snowing).在下雨（雪）。2.指時(shí)間：Its Tuesday today.今天是星期二。3.指環(huán)境：It gets very crowded here in the summer.夏天這兒很擁擠。4.指距離：How far is it to Kunming?到昆明有多遠(yuǎn)？用于強(qiáng)調(diào)的it 1.it可用來都句子的某一成分

12、加以強(qiáng)調(diào)，例如：Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo last week.可改為許多強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：It was Nancy who saw your sister in Tokyo last week.（強(qiáng)調(diào)主語）It was your sister whom Nancy saw in Tokyo last week.（強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語）It was in Tokyo taht Nancy saw your sister last week. （強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語）It was last week taht Nancy saw your sister in Tokyo.（強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語）從這些句子

13、可以看出這類句子的結(jié)構(gòu)是：it+動(dòng)詞be+強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+who(m)或that+其他部分這類句子可稱為分裂句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為分裂結(jié)構(gòu)。2.在強(qiáng)調(diào)主語時(shí)，可用who（間或用that）引導(dǎo)后面部分：It was Peter who lent us the money.是彼得借錢給我們。Was it you who (that) broke the window?打破窗子的是你嗎？若主語是物不是人，則需用that：But here its my word that counts.但在這里是我說了算。3.在強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語或介詞賓語時(shí)，若是人關(guān)系代詞時(shí)用whom,間或用that (a)，若是物則需用that (b)

14、: a: Its Tom whom you should ask.你應(yīng)當(dāng)問的是湯姆。 Its me that he blamed.她責(zé)怪的是我。b：Its money that they want.他們要的是錢。 It was a key that I found there.我在那里找到的是一把鑰匙。4.在強(qiáng)調(diào)狀語時(shí)后面多用that：It was on Monday night that all this happened.這一切都是在星期一夜里發(fā)生的。Why is it that you object to the idea？你為什么反對(duì)這個(gè)意見？5.在口語中，who,that這類關(guān)系代詞

15、有時(shí)省略：I think it was Goethe said this.我想這話是歌德說的。It was you I thought of all the time.我一直惦念的是你。6.有些否定句可改為這種強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）I didnt hear from her until last summer. It wasnt until last summer that I heared from her. 直到去年夏天我才接到她的信。（2）I didnt do all this for myself. It wasnt for myself that I did all this. 我做這一切

16、并非為了我自己。間或也可變成這種結(jié)構(gòu)：（1）Who called him comrade? Who was it that called him comrade? 誰把他稱作“同志”的？（2）Why does everyone think Im narrow-minded? Why is it thateveryone think Im narrow-minded?為什么大家都認(rèn)為我很小氣？ 先行主語it 1.it可以用作先行詞，作為句子形式上的主語，而把真正的主語移到句子后面去。這可使句子變得更平穩(wěn)，不致主語太長，顯得頭重腳輕。這種it稱為先行主語?？梢频骄渥雍竺嫒サ闹髡Z最常見的是不定式。句

17、子謂語可有下面幾種類型：a: be+形容詞+不定式: It is easy to criticize others.批評(píng)別人是容易的。（比較：To criticize others is easy.） Its better to be early.早去好一點(diǎn)。（比較：To be early is better.）b: be+名詞+不定式 It was his duty to take care of the orphans.照顧孤兒是他的職責(zé)。 Its a privilege to visit your country.訪問貴國是一大榮幸。c: be+介詞短語+不定式： It was agai

18、nst my principle to do that.做這樣的事有悖我的原則。 Its beyond me to say why.我無法說明原因。d: 及物動(dòng)詞+賓語+不定式： It cost 100 dollars to repair the car.修車花了一百美元。 It gave me great pleasure to watch them.觀察他們給了我很大的樂趣。不定式前有時(shí)可有for引導(dǎo)的短語，表示其邏輯上的主語： What time would it be most convenient for me to call again? 什么時(shí)候我再來最方便？ Its getti

19、ng harder every day for a poor man to get a living.窮人維持生計(jì)日益困難。2.用it作先行主語，代表動(dòng)名詞時(shí)也不少，這類句子用“be+名詞”作謂語時(shí)最多（a），也可以“be+形容詞”（b）或其他結(jié)構(gòu)（c）作謂語：a: Its no use studying for an exam at the last minute.臨時(shí)抱佛腳來應(yīng)考是沒用的。 Its no good standing here in the cold.Lets go home.在這寒風(fēng)中站著沒好處，咱們回去吧。b: Is it worthwhile quarrelling w

20、ith him?和他吵價(jià)值得嗎？ Its hopeless trying to convince her.想說服她是沒有希望的。c: It doesnt matter waiting a few more days.再等幾天沒關(guān)系。 It doesntmake any difference my being there.我是否在那里無所謂。it的其他用法 1.it還可以表示“是誰（在某處做某事）”Who is that (it)? Its me. (在電話上)“你是哪位？”“是我。”Is that Tom over there?No,it is Peter.是湯姆在那里嗎？不是的，是彼得。2.

21、還可以用來泛指某件事：It says here there was a big fair in SoHo.聽說梭荷中心有一場火災(zāi)。Isnt it awful!真糟糕！三種類型的主語從句 主語從句有三種類型：1.由that 引導(dǎo)的主語從句That he hasnt phoned is odd.他沒來電話是很奇怪的。Its certain that prices will go up.物價(jià)要上漲是肯定的2.由連接代（副）詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句：Why he left wasnt important.他為什么走并不重要。It was uncertain whether he would come or n

22、ot.他來不來還不肯定。3.由關(guān)系代詞型what或whatever引導(dǎo)的從句：What I want is a canvas travelling bag.我要的是一個(gè)帆布旅行袋。Whatever she did was right.他做的一切都是對(duì)的由that引導(dǎo)的主語從句 1.這是用得最多的一種主語從句，但把這種主語從句放在句首是很少見的，只有為了強(qiáng)調(diào)或謂語較長時(shí)才做這樣的安排：That prices will go up is certain.物價(jià)要上漲是肯定的。That she is still alive is a consolation.她還活著是令人感到寬慰的。2.帶先行主語的句

23、子主要有下面幾類：a: it+be+形容詞+that從句 It is natural that they should have different views.他們有不同觀點(diǎn)是很自然的。 It was quite plain that she didnt want to come.我們必須馬上離開。b: it+be+名詞+名詞+that從句： Its a shame (that) youre sick.真遺憾你病了。 Its a pity (that) he cant swim.真遺憾他不會(huì)游泳。c: it +動(dòng)詞（+賓語或狀語）+that從句： It happened that she w

24、asnt in that day.碰巧那天她不在家。 It never occurred to me that perhaps she was lying.我從未想到或許她是在說謊。d: it +動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)+that從句 Its said that there has been an earthquake in India.據(jù)說印度發(fā)生了地震。 It was rumoured that he was suffering from a stone in the kidney.謠傳說他患有腎結(jié)石。e: it+動(dòng)詞be+that從句： It may be that youll prove you

25、rself the most suitable man.或許你會(huì)證明自己是最合適的人選。 Is it that the gentleman is not your uncle?是否哪位先生并不是你的叔叔？在口語中that有時(shí)可以省略：It was clear his words pleased her.顯然他的話使她高興。Its not our fault this has happened.發(fā)生這事不是我們的錯(cuò)。It strikes me Kent is a nice lad.我感到肯特是個(gè)好小伙子。由關(guān)系代詞型what引導(dǎo)的主語從句 1.關(guān)系代詞型what也常引導(dǎo)的主語從句：What yo

26、u said is perfectly true.你說的完全是實(shí)情。What will be,will be.（諺）該發(fā)生的事總會(huì)發(fā)生。2.whatever,whoever這類詞也可以引導(dǎo)主語從句：Whatever she did was right.她做的一切都是對(duì)的。I didnt think whatever they say amounts to much.我不認(rèn)為他們說的話有多大價(jià)值。there引導(dǎo)的句子 1.there引導(dǎo)的是一種特殊的句子，there放在句首好似主語，但真正的主語在后面，表示“有.”：There is a rainbow in the sky.天上有一道彩虹。這里

27、的there不同于一般的副詞there，它讀作/，而平常的副詞則讀作/。there常和后面的動(dòng)詞be或助動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成緊縮形式，仿佛它是主語似的：Theres no problem.沒問題。Theres a car coming.有一輛車開過來了。在構(gòu)成問句時(shí)，there也起主語的作用，但真正的主語在后面：Are theremany parks in the city?城里公園多嗎？2.通常動(dòng)詞和主語保持一致：Theres a television in the sitting-room.客廳里有一臺(tái)電視機(jī)。Therere six chairs round the table.桌子周圍有六把椅子。如

28、果有兩個(gè)或更多主語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞一般和最近的一個(gè)保持一致：There was a soft and two armchairs.有一張長沙發(fā)和兩張小沙發(fā)。There is a boy and two girls dancing on the meadow.草坪上有一個(gè)男孩和兩個(gè)女孩在跳舞。有時(shí)也可以和所有主語保持一致：There were one or two chaps there.那兒有一兩個(gè)人。In addition to her,there were Mr. and Mrs.Delby.出了她，還有戴爾比夫婦。there+動(dòng)詞be 1.there引導(dǎo)的句子大部分都以be作謂語動(dòng)詞，可用于各種時(shí)態(tài)：Where theres a will,there is a way.（諺）有志者事竟成。There was little change in him.他沒有什么變化?？捎懈鞣N靈活