實用動物營養(yǎng)學(xué)PPT演示課件(PPT 50頁)

1、Brief introduction to the nutrients1第1頁，共50頁。WaterAccounts for 70% or more of the composition of most plants and animals2第2頁，共50頁。WaterMost vital nutrient ingestedMay lose 100% of body fat, 50% of body protein and liveLose 10% of body water, dehydration occurs and may result in death3第3頁，共50頁。WaterM

2、ost vital nutrient ingestedTypically consume 2-4 times more water than dry matter intakeFunctions Transport of digesta and nutrients Excretion of waste Lubrication, shaping and cushioning Substrate（基質(zhì)） for chemical reactions4第4頁，共50頁。WaterSourcesDrinking waterMoisture content of feeds As-fed（實樣的） fe

3、ed intake Dry matter feed intakeMetabolic water Water released through chemical reactions at the cell level5第5頁，共50頁。Metabolic Water0.6 gram of water produced per gram of carbohydrate metabolized0.4 gram of water produced per gram of protein metabolized1.0 gram of water produced per gram of fat meta

4、bolized6第6頁，共50頁。WaterDietary needsCattle 10-20 gals/dayHorses10-20 gals/daySheep 1-3 gals/daySwine 1-2 gals/dayPoultry2:1 water: dry feed ratio7第7頁，共50頁。WaterIntake increased by: Warm to hot temperaturesHigh protein levels High salt levelsHigh fiber levelsHigh dry matter intakes8第8頁，共50頁。WaterNorma

5、l losses: UrineFeces LungsSkin surfaceMilk9第9頁，共50頁。Water QualityGood water quality = Less than 0.25% dissolved solidsCan measurably affect feed consumption and performanceMay reduce palatability or even may be toxic due to levels of heavy metals10第10頁，共50頁。CarbohydratesPrimary nutrient component of

6、 livestock feedsStructural and energy reserve of plants70-80% of dry matter of plants are carbohydratesLess than 1% of animal compositionBlood glucoseMuscle glycogen 11第11頁，共50頁。CarbohydratesCarbon:Hydrogen:Oxygen = 1:2:1 ratioClassificationsMonosaccharides - Glucose, FructoseDisaccharides - Sucrose

7、, Maltose, LactosePolysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose12第12頁，共50頁。CarbohydratesStarch Non-structural or non-fibrous polysaccharide Extensively digested Enzymatic or microbial digestion 13第13頁，共50頁。CarbohydratesCellulose Structural or Fibrous polysaccharide Less digestible Requires microbial digestion

8、 14第14頁，共50頁。CarbohydratesFunctions Source of energy for bodily functions Carbon skeletons for building other nutrientsMilk synthesis 15第15頁，共50頁。ProteinsPrincipal constituent of organs and soft tissuesHighest concentration of any nutrient, except water, in all living organisms and animalsRequired f

9、or life Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen 16第16頁，共50頁。ProteinsFunctions Structure of organs and soft tissues EnzymesHormonesAntibodiesSkin, HairMilk synthesis 17第17頁，共50頁。Dietary Essential Amino AcidsAmino acids required in the diet and cannot be synthesized at a rate sufficient to meet

10、the nutritional requirements of the animal; therefore; must be supplied in the diet 18第18頁，共50頁。Dietary Essential Amino AcidsPhenylalanine（苯丙）Valine（纈）Threonine（蘇）Tryptophan（色）Isoleucine（異亮） Methionine（蛋） Histidine（組） Arginine（精） Leucine（亮） Lysine （賴）19第19頁，共50頁。Dietary Limiting Amino AcidThe essent

11、ial amino acid that is present in the lowest quantity in the diet when expressed as a percentage of the animals amino acid requirement 20第20頁，共50頁。Protein Deficiency Reduced appetite and feed intakeReduced birth weights and growthReduced colostrum（初乳） and milk productionDecreased hormonal production

12、Decreased fertility 21第21頁，共50頁。Excessive Protein Intake Nitrogen deaminatedRemaining carbon skeleton used as energy source or stored as fatExpensive method of supplying energy to the animal 22第22頁，共50頁。Non Protein Nitrogen (NPN) Nitrogen supplied to the animal in a non-protein stateUrea or Biuret（縮

13、二脲）Requires microbial synthesis (Ruminants)Crude Protein Equivalent % Nitrogen from NPN times a factor of 6.2523第23頁，共50頁。Lipids (Ether extract) Are made of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, butContain much larger proportions of carbon and hydrogen than carbohydrates do Organic compounds that are charact

14、erized by being insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents 24第24頁，共50頁。Concentrated source of energy1 gram of lipid contains 9.45 kcal of energy as compared to 4.2 kcal of energy for carbohydrates and protein (2.25 times more energy)Source of dietary fatty acids25第25頁，共50頁。Lipids Essential

15、fatty acid = Those fatty acids that an animal requires, but which it cannot synthesize in adequate amounts to meet the animals needLinoleicC18:2LinolenicC18:3ArachidonicC20:4 Monogastric animals require a minimum of 1% of dietary essential fatty acids in the diet26第26頁，共50頁。LipidsFunctions Dietary e

16、nergy source Source of essential fatty acidsInsulation(隔熱、保溫）Carrier of fat soluble vitaminsMajor factor in quality grading of beef 27第27頁，共50頁。LipidsFat deposition in the body: InternalIntermuscular（肌間） seam fatSubcutaneous below skin surfaceIntramuscular （肌內(nèi)） “marbling”（大理石花紋，肥瘦相間的） 28第28頁，共50頁。Li

17、pidsFeed application Increase caloric density of diet Control dustBind small particlesMaintenance of equipment 29第29頁，共50頁。MineralsMajor (macro-elements) CalciumPhosphorusMagnesium PotassiumSodiumChlorineSulfur30第30頁，共50頁。MineralsMinor (micro or Trace elements) IronCopperCobaltFluorineIodineManganes

18、eSeleniumZinc31第31頁，共50頁。MineralFunctions Growth and development of bones, teeth and soft tissues Regulation of cell acid:base balanceComponent of enzymesRegulation of body properties (viscosity（黏稠）, diffusion) 32第32頁，共50頁。MineralsFeed application Inorganic sourcesSulfates vs. oxidesOrganic sourcesC

19、helates, proteinates or amino acid complexes33第33頁，共50頁。Minerals Calcium important for skeletal, nerve and muscle functionDeficiencies increased by Excess phosphorusLow levels of Vitamin DHigh fat levels34第34頁，共50頁。Minerals Phorphorus important for skeletal, carbohydrate and fat metabolismMarked inf

20、luence on reproductionImportant consideration “Phytate Phosphorus” Form of phosphorus bound in phytic acid as calcium and magnesium saltsPrimarily in cereal grainsLowly available to the non-ruminant35第35頁，共50頁。Minerals Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio1:1 to 2:1Should never have more phosphorus in total diet

21、 in relation to calcium36第36頁，共50頁。Minerals MagnesiumMajor concern: Grass Tetany Low blood levels of magnesium for cattle grazing cool season foragesWheat pasture poisoning37第37頁，共50頁。Minerals SaltWhite Plain salt (NaCl)Red Trace Mineralized SaltYellow Sulfur added SulfurImportant for Methionine syn

22、thesisNon-Protein Nitrogen Feeding38第38頁，共50頁。Trace Minerals ZincMajor concern: Skin Lesions “Parakeratosis”Hoof Problems IronMajor concern: Anemia in young swineCopperMajor concern: Reproduction failure Immune Function39第39頁，共50頁。Trace Minerals SeleniumMajor concern: Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy

23、White Muscle Disease CobaltMajor concern: Vitamin B12 utilizationIodineMajor concern: Heat production and oxidation of nutrients at cell level40第40頁，共50頁。VitaminsAre only needed in small amounts Are essential for life and healthProvide a defense against disease, promote growth and reproductionContri

24、bute to the general health of the animal41第41頁，共50頁。Fat Soluble A VisionD Ca and P absorptionE AntioxidantK Blood coagulation42第42頁，共50頁。VitaminsWater Soluble B-ComplexC43第43頁，共50頁。Energy Nutrients44第44頁，共50頁。TerminologyCalorie, (cal)- One calorie raises the temperature of 1 g of water 1C (i.e., 14.

25、5 to 15.5 C ); Kilocalorie, 1,000 calories.Mega calorie, 1,000,000 calories.45第45頁，共50頁。IUPAC （International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 國際理論和應(yīng)用化學(xué)聯(lián)合會 ）has adopted the Joule: 1 Joule is 107 ergs (0.239 calories), 1 kcal = 4.184 k Joules46第46頁，共50頁。TerminologyGross Energy (GE)- the total amoun

26、t of heat released when a substance is completely oxidized in a bomb calorimeter.Digestible Energy (DE)- The gross energy of feed consumed minus the gross energy excreted in the feces.Metabolizable Energy (ME)- The gross energy of the feed minus the energy in the feces, urine, and gaseous product of digestion.47第47頁，共50頁。TerminologyHeat Increment (HI)- that portion of the ME which is used for digesti