新gre閱讀技巧全面剖析

1、新 GRE 閱讀完全剖析前言ETS 經(jīng)過成熟醞釀后，講于 2006 年 10 月推出的新的 GRE General Test。作為歷史悠久的 GRE 一般化考試，歷史 55 年來上也是首次發(fā)生變化。面對變化，中國應(yīng)該盡早適應(yīng)并且從能力轉(zhuǎn)變之中解讀中出調(diào)整和應(yīng)對策略。本文通過詳細(xì)剖些 ETS給出的 Verbal Reasoning樣題，和廣大考生新 GRE 閱讀部分的變化究竟在哪里，本質(zhì)上延續(xù)的根本特點(diǎn)是什么以及相應(yīng)的備考策略以及啟發(fā)。站在命題哲學(xué)的高度透視這次變化，做到知己知彼，百戰(zhàn)不殆?？傮w宏觀變化從 ETS的敘述中，最為的整個(gè)的變化趨勢為如下幾點(diǎn)：Greater emphasis on h

2、igher cognitive skills and less dependence on vocabularyMore text-based materials, such as reading passagesA broader selection of reading passagesEmphasis on skills related to graduate work, such as complex reasoningExpanof computer-enabled tasks (e.g., clicking on a sentence insage to highlight it)

3、Two 40-minute sections rathern one 30-minute section逐點(diǎn)分析，不難發(fā)現(xiàn)幾乎每條都于閱讀部分難度和重要性的提高分不開的。所為 cognitive 認(rèn)知性能力，是所有閱讀測試的，即主要依賴文章本身而非經(jīng)驗(yàn)性的一種理解能力。不僅在能力上提出了更高要求，閱讀文章本身不論從選擇題材的廣度，每個(gè) Section的篇幅數(shù)量都大大。在計(jì)算機(jī)新媒介的輔助下，ETS 把 GRE閱讀商標(biāo)般的推理也提高到新的層次進(jìn)行。簡而言之，閱讀可謂成為了新 GRE中的重中之重。樣題剖析筆者對給出的樣題中閱讀部分做一個(gè)綜合評述，慢慢揭開新 GRE 閱讀的神秘面紗。在對題目做完剖析

4、之后，總結(jié)相關(guān)的變化和值得注意的要點(diǎn)。Questions 6 through 8 are based on the following reading passage.Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist, originator of the 1920s Harlemstride style, and an important blues and jazz comer. In addition, however, Johnson was an innovato

5、r in classicalmusic, coming symphonic musict incorporated American, and espelly African-American, traditions.Such a blend of musical elements was not entirely new: by 1924both Milhaud and Gershwin had comed classicalworkst incorporated elements of jazz. Johnson, a serious musin more experiencedn mos

6、t classical comerswith jazz, blues, spirituals, and popular music, was particularly suited to expand Milhauds and Gershwins experiments.In 1927 he completed hislarge-scale work, the blues- and jazz-inspired Yamekraw, which included borrowings from1spirituals and Johnsons own popular songs. Yamekraw,

7、ed sucsfully in Carnegie Hall, was a majorachievement for Johnson,ing his most frequently performed extended work. It demonstrated vividly thesibilityof assimilating contemporary popular musico the symphonic tradition.本選文難度和風(fēng)格幾乎和現(xiàn)行的 GRE 閱讀沒有太大區(qū)別。題材又談到了，尤其是爵士音樂。這種題材在9500 筆考期間也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。把握住文章首段重要詞匯 however

8、 抓住。分清文中對象（創(chuàng)新與傳統(tǒng)，不同音樂家間的邏輯聯(lián)系），文章應(yīng)該比較容易處理。6. The passage s est Johnson comed all of the following EXCEPTA. jazz worksB. popular songsC. symphonic musicD. spiritualsE. blues pie此題正確為D。文中開始談到 Johnson 作為偉大爵士音樂家，因?yàn)槠鋭?chuàng)始了新的風(fēng)格，其中包括了 blues andjazz。而在文章末句提到了他吸收了同時(shí)代的 popular music 以及 symphonic。注意該題的 spirituals

9、文中確實(shí)也出現(xiàn)過，但是措辭用的是 borrow from，題干問的是 come。7. Consider each of the choiseparay and select allt apply.The author suggests which of the following about most classical comers of the early 1920s?A. They were strongly influenced by the musical experiments of Milhaud and Gershwin.B. They had little working f

10、amiliarity with such forms of American music as jazz, blues, and popular songsC. They made few attempts toroduce innovationso the classical symphonic tradition本題即為新 GRE 閱讀中新醞釀推出的所謂的多選題。其實(shí)這種題型即為原來 GRE 閱讀中羅馬數(shù)字題的變體，只是難度進(jìn)一步加大。正確B。They had little working familiarity with such forms of American musicas ja

11、zz, blues, and popular songs。本題從出題點(diǎn)分析涉及文中的比較點(diǎn)。最后的邏輯關(guān)系用東方閱讀體系表示可以是:JohnsonMilhaud and Gershwinmost comers。運(yùn)用取非解題思路。8. The author suggestst most critics haveA. underrated the popularity of YamekrawB. undervalued Johnsons musical abilitiesC. had littleerest in Johnsons influence on jazzD. had little re

12、gard for classical workst incorporate popular musicE. neglected Johnsons contribution to classical symphonic music此題正確為 E。該題題干提到的 critics 指引考生定位到文章首段。經(jīng)過邏輯和套路熟練訓(xùn)練后，不難把握 Music critics have consistently defined James P. Johnson as a great early jazz pianist however, Johnson was aninnovator in classical

13、 music。類似于兩個(gè)觀點(diǎn)的對立，為結(jié)構(gòu)上重要內(nèi)容。Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following reading passage.2Scholarship on political newsprs and their editors is dominated by the viewt as the United S es grew, theincreasing influence of the press led, ultimay, to the neutral reporting from which we benefit today. Pas

14、ley considersthis view oversimplified, because neutrality was not a goal of early national newspr editing, even when editorsdisingenuously s edt they aimed tol all sides of a story. Rather, theensely partisan ideologies represented innewsprs of the early republic led to a clear demarcation betn trad

15、itional and republican values. The editorsresponsible for the prs content - espelly those with republican agendas - began to see themselves as central figureshe development of political consciousnesshe United Ses.本文為符合現(xiàn)行 GRE部分文章套路分類中的廣義新老觀點(diǎn)對比型。文首觀點(diǎn)說報(bào)紙最后的政治取向?qū)?huì)趨于 neutral。而之后 Pasley觀點(diǎn)否認(rèn)了這種看法（oversimpl

16、ified）。具體從早期國家報(bào)紙的黨派差異論證自己觀點(diǎn)。文章首句符合一貫 GRE 閱讀的品味：長度達(dá)到 35 詞的復(fù)雜難句子，為理解上的一個(gè)難點(diǎn)。9. Consider each of the choiseparay and select allt apply.The passage suggestst Pasley would agree with which of the following s ements about the political role ofnewsprs?A. Newsprs today are in many cases much less neutral in

17、their political reportingn is commonly held byscholars.B. Newsprshe early United S es normally declared quite openly their refusal tol all sides of most politicalstories.C. The editorial policies of some early United Ses newsprs became a counterweight to proponents of traditionalvalues.仍然是多項(xiàng)選擇題，要求考生

18、列出 ABC 正確的組合。正確為 C。A 選項(xiàng)極具干擾度，文首談到的一種報(bào)紙變化乃是一種未來的趨勢。而 A 項(xiàng)做出了 GRE 閱讀中很敏感的比較(n)，原文沒有明確的關(guān)于現(xiàn)在報(bào)紙的風(fēng)格比較。B 項(xiàng)為文中讓步層面內(nèi)容：even when editors disingenuously sedt they aimed tol all sides of astory，體會(huì)該敘述，與公開的程度不符。C 項(xiàng) counterweight 解釋為平衡物，表達(dá)了關(guān)于一些支持 republican編輯的態(tài)度。10.he context in which it appears, disingenuously mos

19、t nearly meansA. insincerelyB. guilelesslyC. obliquelyD. resolu yE. pertinacious此題即為新 GRE 在取消詞匯部分后，做出的相應(yīng)調(diào)整。把部分詞匯轉(zhuǎn)移到閱讀部分來，取代之前單純的詞之間的邏輯關(guān)系，這種做法也是吸收了 TOEFL 閱讀中的部分經(jīng)驗(yàn)。disingenuously 作為 GRE 重點(diǎn)詞匯，為ingenuous 反義（和 ingenious 形近）。即使考生現(xiàn)場不認(rèn)識該單詞，也可以從上下文邏輯關(guān)系得到提示。前半句because neutrality was not a goal of early nation

20、al newspr editing 基本意群表達(dá)非單純目的, 后半句 even when3editors disingenuously s edt they aimed tol all sides of a story事務(wù)的方方面面。從之間相反關(guān)系推理，se動(dòng)詞的修飾可以縮小到 AC 選項(xiàng)的范圍。句子本身 goal 與 aimed to 為上下句平行結(jié)構(gòu)的標(biāo)志。（的該詞在文中也被加亮）Questions 16 through 18 are based on the following reading passage.In Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberr

21、y does not rejectegration or the economic and moral promise of theAmerican dream; rather, she remains loyal to this dream while looking, realistically, at itsplete realization. Once werecognize this dual vi, we can accept the plays ironic nuanas deliberate sol commentaries by Hansberry rathern as th

22、e unentional ironyt Bigs by attributes to the work., a curiously persistent refusal to creditHansberry with a capacity forentional irony has led some critics toret the plays thematics as mereconfu, contradiction, or eclecticism. Isaacs, for exle, cannot easily reconcile Hansberrysense concern for he

23、rrace with her ideal of human reconciliation. But the plays complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity ascompatible is no more contradictoryn Duboiss famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexistingwith human unity, or Fanons emphasis on an idealernationalismt alsomodate

24、s national identities and roles.筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)本文本身就是現(xiàn)行 GRE閱讀部分曾經(jīng)考過的文章，全文不做一字修改。從這個(gè)意義上說，考生對于新 GRE 部分不用抱任何恐懼感。所有現(xiàn)在成訓(xùn)練體系和閱讀方法仍然是有效的，本質(zhì)上的閱讀文章風(fēng)格沒有任何變化。16. The authors primary purehe passage is toA. explain some critics refusal to consider Raisinhe Sun a deliberay ironic playB. suggestt ironic nuanally Raisinhe Sun

25、 with Du Boiss and Fanons writingsC.yze the fundamental dramatics in Raisinhe SunD. emphasize the incluof contradictory elements in Raisinhe SunE. affirm the thematic coherence underlying Raisinhe SunE，全文邏輯關(guān)系理解有點(diǎn)難度。文章為了說明 LH 的諷刺的才能，而不像對批評意見所說的那樣正確some criticsret the plays thematics as mere confu, co

26、ntradiction, or eclecticism。所以全文論證作用上應(yīng)該為 affirm coherence。17. The author of the passage would probably consider which of the following judgments to be most similar to thereasoning of the critics describedhe highlighted sentence?A. The world is certainly flat; therefore, theproing to sail around it i

27、s unquestionably foolhardy.B. Radioactivity cannot be directly perceived; therefore, a scientist could notsibly control it in a laboratory.C. The paer of this picture could notend it to be funny; therefore, its humor must result from a lack of skill.4D. Traditional sol mores are benefil to culture;

28、therefore, anyho deviates from them acts destructively.E. Filmmakers who producearies deal exclusively with facts; therefore, a filmmaker who reretsparticular events is misleading us.此題在原來老題中也相同出現(xiàn)。唯一的變化在于老題給出具體行號定位，而新 GRE 借助機(jī)考形式，方便考生，直接在原文 highlight 所需定位的句子。此題選 C 選項(xiàng)。邏輯上都是缺乏能力導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果而不是故意產(chǎn)生的預(yù)期結(jié)果。18. Cl

29、ick on the sentencehe passage in which the author provides exlest reinforce an argument against acritical response cited ear rhe passage.這種新的考題形式將在新 GRE 閱讀中普遍出現(xiàn)，筆者稱其為選擇句子題。其實(shí)該題仍然是老題在機(jī)考形式下稍做改動(dòng)而成，免去了考生按照 AE 選項(xiàng)依次定位文章尋找的時(shí)間，而直接要求考生選擇。為句子 Butthe plays complex view of Black self-esteem and human solidarity

30、 as compatible is no more “contradictoryn DuBoiss famous, well-considered ideal of ethnic self-awareness coexisting with human unity, or Fanons emphasis on anidealernationalismt alsomodates national identities and roles.該題難度比原題，由于其開放型，有一定提高。離開來考慮；Rain-soaked soil contains less oxygenn does drier soi

31、l. The roots of melon plants perform less efficiently underthe low-oxygen conditions present in rain-soaked soil. When the efficiency of melon roots is impaired, the roots do notsupply sufficient amounts of the proper nutrients for the plants to perform photosynthesis at their usual levels. It follo

32、wst melon plants have lower-n-usual rate of photosynthesis when their roots are in rain-soaked soil. When thephotosynthesis of the plants slows, sugar storedhe fruits is drawn off to supply the plants with energy. Therefore, ripemelons harvested after a prolonged period of heavy rain should be less

33、stn other ripe melons.19.he argument given, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?A. Theses theof the argument as a whole; the second providepport fort.B. Theprovides support for theof the argument as a whole; the second provides evidencetsupports an objection tot.C. Theprov

34、idepport for anermediatet supports a furthers edhe argument;the second sestermediate.D. Theserves as anermediatet supports a furthersedhe argument; the seconds es theitiont the argument as a whole opes.E. Theses theitiont the argument as a whole opes; the second supports theof theargument.5此題形式為曾經(jīng)筆邏

35、輯部分的重點(diǎn)：邏輯單題，即全文對應(yīng)了一道涉及直接邏輯推理。此題正確為 C 選項(xiàng)。兩個(gè)黑體部分都不是直接結(jié)論，而是中間的支持型結(jié)論（前提和推理過程）。全文邏輯：oxygen-root efficiency-nutrient for photosynthesis- sugar reserve-st。對于這種題型，考生可能比較陌生，邏輯作用上的抽象和把握成為新 GRE 的特色。For the past two years at FasCorp, there has been a policy to advertise any job opening to current employees and

36、togive no job to an applicant from outside the company if a FasCorp employee apps who is qualified for the job. Thispolicy has been strictly followed, yet even though numerous employees of FasCorp have been qualified for any givenentry-levelition, some entry-level jobs have been filled with people f

37、rom outside the company.24. If the information provided is true, which of the following must on the basis of it also be true about FasCorpduring the past two years?A. There have been some open jobs for which no qualified FasCorp employee appd.B. Some entry-level job openings have not been advertised

38、 to FasCorp employees.C. The total number of employees has increased.D. FasCorp has hired some people for jobs for which they were not qualified.E. All the job openings have been for entry-level jobs.仍然是邏輯單題的類型。原文說如果在 F 公司有任何職位空缺并且員工有資格，則該職位一定給予員工。在這個(gè)條件約束下，結(jié)果現(xiàn)狀是很多員工對任何 entrylevel 職位都合適，任有部分來自公司外的員工。

39、理解文章基礎(chǔ)上，為了解釋這些信息，可以推出有些職位空缺因?yàn)闆]有合適的本公司員工申請，才會(huì)有外人成功應(yīng)聘。所以選 A。A tall tree can transport adred gallons of water a day from its roots deep underground to the treetop. Is this movementpropelled by pulling the water from above or pushing it from below? The pull mechanism has long been favored by mostscienti

40、edhe late 1800s, the theory res on a property of water not commonly assoted with fluids:its tensile strength. Instead of making a clean break, water evaporating from treetops tugs on the remaining watermolecules, witht tug extending from molecule to molecule all the way down to the roots. The

41、 tree itself does notactually push or pull; all the energy for lifting water comes from the suns evaporativeer.套路非常清晰的短文章。文章首句神秘現(xiàn)象。設(shè)問句給出兩種可能解釋。余下文章篇幅主要集中在一種解釋之上。25. The passage is primarily concerned withA. refuting a hypothesis advanced by scientistsB. discussing the importance of a phenomenon6C. p

42、resenting asible explanation of a phenomenonD. contrastino schools of thoughtE. discussing the origins of a theory寫作手法題型。把握住現(xiàn)象解釋型套路，全文作用即為解釋現(xiàn)象C 選項(xiàng)。干擾來自 D 選項(xiàng)。全文雖然有兩種可能解釋，但始終沒有明確進(jìn)行過對比。26. Consider each of the choiseparay and select allt apply.Which of the following sements ipported by the passage?A. T

43、he pull theory is not universally accepted by scientists.B. The pull theory depends on one of waters physical properties.C. The pull theory originated ear rn did the push theory.多選題型。正確選項(xiàng) AB。A 項(xiàng)對應(yīng)文章 The pull mechanism has long been favored by most scientists，也就說明了 not universally accepted by scienti

44、sts。B 項(xiàng)為文中細(xì)節(jié)：水的張力，改寫符合一貫研究的解題經(jīng)驗(yàn)：用抽象宏觀的詞替代原文具體內(nèi)容。C 項(xiàng)了關(guān)鍵的推理嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性：盡管文中說長久以來 pull theory 被很多人接受，但沒有明確提到任何兩理論時(shí)間先后比較的內(nèi)容。27. The passage provides information on each of the following EXCEPTA. when the pull theory originatedB. the amount of water a tall tree can transportC. the significance of waters tensile

45、strengthhe pull theoryD. the role of the sunhe pull theoryE. the mechanism underlying waters tensile strength屬于傳統(tǒng)上 GRE 閱讀中比較難細(xì)節(jié)題，無法從題干本身獲得定位詞的信息。A 項(xiàng)文中對應(yīng)時(shí)間 1800，B項(xiàng)所提最小可能是水分子。C 項(xiàng)提到的 tensile strength 為理論涉及的基礎(chǔ)性原理，26 題已經(jīng)有所涉及。D 項(xiàng)對應(yīng)文章末句。而 E 選項(xiàng)對文中信息做了推廣延伸。在 tensile strength 更底層的具體原理機(jī)理文中沒有進(jìn)一步解釋。Producing and

46、 using biodiesel, a fuel derived from cultivated rseed, causes 35 percent less air pollution per gallonn does producing and using regular diesel fuel. Theernment plans to reduce diesel-related air pollution over thenext decade by 25 percent, so replacing regular diesel with biodiesel would seem to b

47、e the obvious solution.Unfortunay, the greatestsible production of biodiesel would amount to only one percent of all diesel fuel to beproduced during the next 15 years.28. The passage is structured to lead to which of the following as a?A. The use of biodiesel will increase by lessn one percent over

48、 the next 15 years.7B. During the next 15 years, the production of biodiesel will be increased as fast as it issible to increase it.C. During the next 15 years, it will be imsible, just by switching to biodiesel, to meet theernments sed goalwith respect to reducing air pollution.D. Fifteen years fro

49、m now, the air pollution caused by the production and use of one gallon of regular diesel fuel willbe fearlessn it currently is.E. There will be no significant year-to-year increase in the amount of regular diesel fuel used during the next 15years.傳統(tǒng) diesel 油的污全文給出了很多細(xì)節(jié)性的數(shù)字，而解題需要對相關(guān)數(shù)字做出簡單推算。可以設(shè)現(xiàn)在每染

50、x，現(xiàn)在一年需要消耗的油量 y。簡單估算后，產(chǎn)量嚴(yán)重限制了最后 biodiesel 最后對減少污染的實(shí)際作用所以正確為 C。A 選項(xiàng)了產(chǎn)量和使用情況；B 選項(xiàng)與原句敘述不符；D 選項(xiàng)比較的是一加侖現(xiàn)在使用的 diesel 油與 15 年后污染情況；E 選項(xiàng)比較具有迷惑性，但是主體為 diesel，而不是文中的 biodiesel。變化趨勢詳解經(jīng)過剛才對每道樣題的理解過程中，考生可能會(huì)鮮明感到新 GRE 的創(chuàng)新和分別如何實(shí)現(xiàn)。本文的從基本的參數(shù)分析，最后上升到能力要求的層面。（1）閱讀題量和速度要求在現(xiàn)行 GRE每個(gè) Verbal 語文部分的閱讀為一長一短兩篇文章。篇幅上長文章 400600 詞

51、，短文章150200 詞，題量總共為 11 題，現(xiàn)場應(yīng)當(dāng)在 1518 分鐘內(nèi)完成。而新 GRE 閱讀部分一共 7 篇短文章，去除了較長段落的，題量為 14 題。8文章篇幅長度（單詞數(shù)）題干選項(xiàng)總長度（單詞數(shù)）總計(jì)閱讀量（單詞數(shù)）短文 1（68 題）155206361短文 2（910 題）117112229短文 3（1618 題）158195353短文 4（19 題）112134246短文 5（24 題）7685161短文 6（2527 題）119150269短文 7（28 題）79131210考生最為關(guān)心的變化之一集中在對閱讀速度的要求上。根據(jù)東方填空老師估計(jì)，新 GRE 填空題部分總計(jì)需要6.25+3+6+9=24.25min 時(shí)間，相應(yīng)大致考生所需的閱讀速度應(yīng)該達(dá)到 1829/15.75=116.12 words permit（去除思考時(shí)間）。總體從閱讀速度要求上，基本和現(xiàn)行 GRE 閱讀處在相近水平。（2）閱讀新題型變化題型的變化直接反映了 ETS側(cè)重點(diǎn)的轉(zhuǎn)移。新的 GRE 閱讀必然以邏輯推理為重中之重。為考生以后研究生院的學(xué)習(xí)做出一個(gè)宏觀上的指引。（3）閱讀題目分配出了單純的閱讀篇幅和題量比較，依照筆者經(jīng)驗(yàn)，一個(gè)更重要發(fā)生變化的參數(shù)為出題密度。現(xiàn)行 GRE 閱讀部分長文章對應(yīng) 7 道題而短文章對應(yīng) 4