翻譯的一般技巧(共40張PPT)課件

1、第三講 翻譯的一般技巧2第1頁，共40頁。第一節(jié)正反、反正表達(dá)法 英語和漢語中均有從正面或反面來表達(dá)一種概念的現(xiàn)象。翻譯時，英語里有些從正面表達(dá)的詞或句子，譯文中可從反面來表達(dá)；英語里有些從反面表達(dá)的詞或句子，譯文中又可從正面表達(dá)。英反：no,not,de-,dis-,im-,in-,un-,-less漢反：不，非，無，沒有，未，否第2頁，共40頁。一英語從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá)1，動詞The first bombs missed the target.第一批炸彈沒有擊中目標(biāo)。Such a chance was denied me.我沒有得到這樣一個機(jī)會。2，副詞The subversion

2、 attempts proved predictably futile.不出所料，顛覆活動證明毫無效果。第3頁，共40頁。3，形容詞The explanation is pretty thin.這個解釋是相當(dāng)不充分的。4，前置詞This problem is above me.這個問題我不懂（或：解決不了）。It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同。5，連接詞The guerrillas would fight to the death before they surrendered.游擊隊員寧愿戰(zhàn)死，決不投降。第4頁，

3、共40頁。6，名詞The failure was the making of him.這次不成功是他成功的基礎(chǔ)。7，短語The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.島民發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。The younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.年輕一代將不會辜負(fù)我們的信任。8，句子He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.他七十五歲了，可是并不顯老。第5頁，共40頁。二英語從反面表達(dá)，譯文從正面表達(dá)1，動詞

4、I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘車轉(zhuǎn)了一轉(zhuǎn)，看看船如何卸貨。The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.雖然他一再解釋，但疑團(tuán)仍然存在。2，副詞The Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program.蘇聯(lián)正以空前的規(guī)模推行導(dǎo)彈制造計劃。第6頁，共40頁。3，形容詞He was an indecisive sort of pe

5、rson and always capricious.他這個人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。4，名詞It was said that someone had sown discord among them.據(jù)說有人在他們中間挑撥離間。5，短語Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午學(xué)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)要交書面作業(yè)。6，句子（略）第7頁，共40頁。第二節(jié)英漢句法現(xiàn)象的對比句子結(jié)構(gòu)句序句子內(nèi)容的一些其他表達(dá)手段第8頁，共40頁。一句子結(jié)構(gòu)1，英語簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)On April 2, H

6、ORNET put to sea escorted by cruisers, destroyers and a fleet oiler.“大黃蜂”號航母四月二日出航，由若干巡洋艦、驅(qū)逐艦和一艘艦隊油船護(hù)航。2，英語復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)化成漢語簡單句結(jié)構(gòu)It was well past midnight, and 24 U.S. planes flew high over the horizon.已過半夜的時候，24架美國飛機(jī)高飛在天際。第9頁，共40頁。3，英語復(fù)合句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語其他句子結(jié)構(gòu)Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.我剛上火車，車就

7、開了。（英主從轉(zhuǎn)漢聯(lián)合復(fù)句）Grasp all, lose all.如果你樣樣都抓，就會一樣也抓不到手。（英并列轉(zhuǎn)漢偏正復(fù)句）4，英語倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語正裝句結(jié)構(gòu)Here ends the diary of Dr. Watson.華生醫(yī)生的日記寫到這里就結(jié)束了。第10頁，共40頁。5，英語被動結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語主動結(jié)構(gòu)；英語主動結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語被動結(jié)構(gòu)Kissinger was so devastated by Rockefellers defeat that he wept.基辛格為洛克菲勒的失敗傷心透了，以致于哭了。（被動變成主動）Someone who has been out there

8、in the floodlights as often as he has cannot remain wholly undecipherable.一個像他這樣經(jīng)常拋頭露面的人是不可能一點(diǎn)不被人識破的。（主動變成被動）第11頁，共40頁。二句序1，英漢語復(fù)合句中的時間順序漢語先發(fā)生的事先敘述，后發(fā)生的事后敘述；英語靈活。2，英漢語復(fù)合句中的邏輯順序漢語常原因在前、結(jié)果在后；條件假設(shè)在前、結(jié)果在后；英語靈活。三句子內(nèi)容的一些其他表達(dá)手段1，英句譯漢時，增補(bǔ)內(nèi)容2，英句譯漢時，省略內(nèi)容3，英句譯漢時，改變詞類4，英句譯漢時，正譯反、反譯正第12頁，共40頁。第三節(jié)分句、合句法改變原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種

9、重要方法：分句法是把原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子。合句法是把原文兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復(fù)合句在譯文中用一個單句表達(dá)。第13頁，共40頁。一把原文一個單詞譯成句子，使原文一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上句子1，副詞The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中國人似乎為他們在經(jīng)濟(jì)上取得的成就而自豪，這是合乎情理的。2，形容詞That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.那地區(qū)是個麻煩的地方，這是大家最容易看得出來的。第14頁，共40頁。

10、3，名詞He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in indignation.他搖了搖頭，兩眼睜得圓圓的，接著又瞇成一條線，臉上露出了憤怒的神色。第15頁，共40頁。I regard it as an honor that I was chosen to attend the meeting.這個問題我不懂（或：解決不了）。When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.第六節(jié)定語從句的譯法游擊隊員寧愿

11、戰(zhàn)死，決不投降。1，被，或給游擊隊員寧愿戰(zhàn)死，決不投降。人們極其迫切地要求工作，不管什么工作，只要它有助于養(yǎng)活一家人就行。This is where the shoe pinches.她坐著，雙手托著下巴，凝視著小廚房的一角。第一批炸彈沒有擊中目標(biāo)。He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.Hardly had I got aboard when the train started.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。有些說出動作的主動者，有些則不說出動作的主動者。二把原文

12、中一個短語譯成句子，使原文一個句子分譯成兩個或兩個以上句子1，分詞短語She sat with her hands cupping her chin, staring at a corner of the little kitchen.她坐著，雙手托著下巴，凝視著小廚房的一角。2，名詞短語Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law.能量既不能被創(chuàng)造也不能被消滅，這是一條普遍公認(rèn)的定律。第16頁，共40頁。3，前置詞短語Their power increased with their number

13、.他們?nèi)藬?shù)增加了，力量也隨之增強(qiáng)。He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.他來到華盛頓，就國際形勢來說，時機(jī)正合適。第17頁，共40頁。三把原文的一個句子拆開，譯成兩個或兩個以上的句子She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success.她已試了好幾次，要幫他們另找一所出租的房子，結(jié)果并未成功。四把原文中兩個或兩個以上的簡單句譯成一個單句He was very clean. His mind was o

14、pen.他為人單純而坦率。第18頁，共40頁。五把原文中的主從復(fù)合句譯成一個單句When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite.我們對中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和中國人民的贊揚(yáng)不僅僅是出于禮貌。六把原文中的并列復(fù)合句譯成一個單句From Florence the river Arno ran down to Pisa, and then it reached the sea.阿諾河從佛羅倫薩流經(jīng)比薩入海。第19頁，共40頁。第四節(jié)被動語態(tài)的譯法英語中被動語態(tài)的使用范圍很廣：不必說出主動者；

15、不愿說出主動者；無從說出主動者；為了便于連貫上下文。第20頁，共40頁。一譯成漢語主動句1，原文中的主語在譯文中仍作主語The whole country was armed in a few days.幾天之內(nèi)，全國武裝起來了。2，原文中的主語在譯文中作賓語Mr. Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.（人們）不能阻止比林斯先生實(shí)行他的計劃。3，譯成帶表語的主動句The crew were trained at Eglin Field, Fla.機(jī)組人員是在佛羅里達(dá)州埃格林基地訓(xùn)練的。第21頁，共40頁。4，常用被動句型的翻譯不加主語：It is

16、 hoped that-, It is reported that-, It is said that-, It is supposed that-, It must be admitted that-, It must be pointed out that-, It will be seen from this that-可加主語：（有人、大家、人們、我們）It is asserted that-, It is believed that-, It is generally considered that-, It is well known that-, It will be said

17、that-, It was told that-第22頁，共40頁。二譯成漢語被動句強(qiáng)調(diào)被動的動作。有些說出動作的主動者，有些則不說出動作的主動者。1，被，或給Any minute we would be spotted by enemy planes.我們隨時會被敵機(jī)發(fā)現(xiàn)。2，（遭）受They were given a hearty welcome.他們受到熱烈歡迎。3，為所I was impressed by these words.我為這些話所感動。第23頁，共40頁。三譯成“把”、“使”和“由”字句The people were chased off the streets by an

18、 eight oclock curfew.八點(diǎn)鐘開始的宵禁把人們從街道趕走。The famous hotel had been practically destroyed by the big fire.大火使這家著名旅館幾乎全部毀滅。Most letters from his wife, are read to him by the nurse in the hospital.他的妻子給他的信件，大多數(shù)是由醫(yī)院里的護(hù)士念給他聽的。第24頁，共40頁。第五節(jié)名詞從句的譯法英語名詞性從句包括：主語從句賓語從句表語從句同位語從句第25頁，共40頁。一主語從句1，以what,whatever,who

19、ever等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語從句一般按原文順序翻譯What he told me was only half-truth.他告訴我的只是些半真半假的東西而已。2，以it作假主語所引出的真主語從句，如提前譯，it可譯出；如不提前譯，it一般不譯出It seemed inconceivable that the pilot could have survived the crash.駕駛員在飛機(jī)墜毀后還能活著，這似乎不可想象。It is strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings.真奇怪，她竟然沒有看出自己的缺點(diǎn)。第2

20、6頁，共40頁。二賓語從句1，用that, what, how等引起的賓語從句漢譯時一般不需改變它在原句中的順序Can you hear what I say?你能聽到我所講的嗎？2，用it作假賓語的句子，漢譯時that引起的賓語從句一般按原文順序譯；it不譯I made it clear that they must hand in their papers before 10 oclock in the morning.我講清楚了的，他們必須在上午十點(diǎn)前交卷。I regard it as an honor that I was chosen to attend the meeting.我被

21、選參加會議，感到光榮。（賓語從句前置了）第27頁，共40頁。三表語從句表語從句跟賓語從句一樣，英漢語順序相近This is what he is eager to do.這就是他所渴望做的。That was how a small nation won the victory over a big power.就這樣，小國戰(zhàn)勝了大國。This is where the shoe pinches.這就是問題的癥結(jié)所在了。第28頁，共40頁。四同位語從句漢譯時不提前There were indications that intelligence, not politics was Helms pr

22、imary concern.有種種跡象表明，赫爾姆斯主要關(guān)心的是情報，而不是政治。漢譯時提前The fact that I was alive was ignored.我仍然活著這個事實(shí)被忽視了。或者增加“即”、冒號、破折號。第29頁，共40頁。第六節(jié)定語從句的譯法一限制性定語從句限制性定語從句對所修飾的先行詞起限制作用，與先行詞關(guān)系密切，不用逗號分開。1，前置法The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下工作的人對他怕得要死。第30頁，共40頁。2，后置法如果從句結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，譯成漢語前置定語顯得太長而不符合漢語表達(dá)

23、習(xí)慣時，可譯成后置并列分句。They are striving for the ideal which is close to the heart of every Chinese and for which, in the past, many Chinese have laid down their lives.他們正在為實(shí)現(xiàn)一個理想而努力，這個理想是每個中國人所珍愛的，在過去，許多中國人曾為了這個理想而犧牲了自己的生命。He managed to raise a crop of 200 miracle tomatoes that weighed up to 2 pounds each.他

24、居然種出200個奇跡般的西紅柿，每個重達(dá)2磅。第31頁，共40頁。3，融合法把原句中的主語和定語從句融合在一起譯成一個獨(dú)立句子。適合譯限制性定語從句。There are many people who want to see the film.許多人要看這部電影。There is a man downstairs who wants to see you.樓下有人要見你?！癢e are a nation that must beg to stay alive,” said a foreign economist.一位外國經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家說道：“我們這個國家不討飯就活不下去?！保ㄓ⒅骶鋲嚎s成漢詞組作主語

25、）第32頁，共40頁。二非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句對先行詞不起限制作用，只對它加以描寫，敘述或者解釋。用逗號隔開。1，前置法The sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.那個整天躲在云層里的太陽，現(xiàn)在又光芒四射地露面了。Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence.密格爾的富有感染力的笑聲打破了靜默。第33頁，共40頁。2，后置法I told the story to John, who told it to his brot

26、her.我把這件事告訴了約翰，約翰又告訴了他的弟弟。He saw in front that haggard white-haired old man, whose eyes flashed red with fury.他看見前面那個憔悴的白發(fā)老人，眼睛里憤怒地閃著紅光。It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.他站住，轉(zhuǎn)過身來，定睛一看，是個年邁的婦女，她個子很高，仍然一副好身材，盡管受了時間的打磨

27、。第34頁，共40頁。游擊隊員寧愿戰(zhàn)死，決不投降。密格爾的富有感染力的笑聲打破了靜默。蘇聯(lián)正以空前的規(guī)模推行導(dǎo)彈制造計劃。如果你樣樣都抓，就會一樣也抓不到手。Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.1，用that, what, how等引起的賓語從句漢譯時一般不需改變它在原句中的順序”（英主句壓縮成漢詞組作主語）由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，貓在黑夜也能看得很清楚。He arrived in Washington at a ripe moment internationally.3，譯成表“讓步”的分句游擊隊員寧愿戰(zhàn)死，決不投降。The

28、 younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.3，干脆譯成獨(dú)立句He had talked to Vice-President Nixon, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.他和副總統(tǒng)尼克松談過話。副總統(tǒng)向他擔(dān)保，凡是能夠做到的都將竭盡全力去做。第35頁，共40頁。三兼有狀語職能的定語從句有些定語從句，在意義上與主句有狀語關(guān)系，說明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)系。譯時要善于從字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯上的關(guān)系，然后譯成漢語各種偏正復(fù)句。1，譯成表“因”的分句Acat, whose eyes can take in more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in the night.由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪崭嗟墓饩€，貓在黑夜也能看得很清