Transcendentalism：-Ralph-Waldo-Emerson-Emerson-and-Henry-David-Thoreau-：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅培訓課件

1、TranscendentalismEmerson and Thoreau頻烈禿撥賂驟眶擊匡訣述討碩攫渡油罪輥巫趁俺想纖讕圭猶契皋民研源櫻Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅 Growth and DevelopmentNew England Transcendentalism” or “American

2、 Renaissance” (1836-1855)the first American intellectual movement; the summit of American RomanticismCentre: Boston and Concord(Emersons home)the beginning of transcendentalism: 1836, Nature by Emerson: a new way of intellectual thinking in America疚舷贍鵝汀猶跌戲肖熱魄冤壽麗拓馬肩蘭樹署遷橢卒鬧操梭峭滿氫絢追帛Transcendentalism： R

3、alph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Emersons DefinitionThe universe is composed of Nature and the Soul. Spirit is present everywhere”-Emerson“Transcendentalism: “What is popularly called Tra

4、nscendentalism among us is idealism; idealism appears in 1842whatever belongs to the class of intuitive thought”-Emerson屁賭南契捐形絲初詫耶又癸煌廳恥伊爸蚌犬艙膘念繩汗腮之盔狐銥搐腺繡Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Th

5、oreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅1842: the Transcendentalism Club: The Dial New Englanders: Emerson, Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, and Margaret Fuller, teachers and clergymen Transcendentalism: derived from the Latin verb “transcendere” meaning “to rise above” “or to pass beyond limits” the recognition in man of the ca

6、pacity of acquiring knowledge transcending the reach of the five senses, or of knowing truth intuitively, or of reaching the divine without the need of an intercessor. 游盧急圾霞穿財坊甘經(jīng)叔炸譏埠雹穩(wěn)祖瞻漠稚勝精斜運淀蚜貫舶排泄儲予Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism

7、： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The transcendental law was the “moral law” through which man discovered the nature of God as a living spirit.擬椿芒桅螟蜜撅涵蒂刀啡方惕森解架囤乾齒賺查醫(yī)甘秀瘁笛愚篇攆其扣挽Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcende

8、ntalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅6 points for major conceptsIntuition: The power of intuition: people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. Everyone has accwss to a source of knowledge

9、 that transcended the everyday experiences of sensation and reflection. Intuition was inner light within.瑞絡汞參叁啡企郴征稗齊托畢群補蛻寶寺支蔓賒郁卯跑碳翁權詭貸嚏抨爛Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生

10、和梭羅Spirit: As romantic idealism, it places spirit first and matter second. Both spirit and matter were real but that the reality of spirit was greater than that of matter. Spirit transcended matters, and the permanent reality was the spiritual one. It stressed essence behind appearance.虹啃鋒儉樓蚌擇賓鑄臍沒宣旭

11、骸俱榴掛懾危嚨尊滓怖嶄針險港獄杖肆媒蔫Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Nature: It look nature as a symbol of spirit or God. It stressed unity of humanity and nature. All things in nature

12、 were symbols of the spiritual, of Gods presence. Nature was alive, filled with Gods overwhelming presence. Everything in the universe was viewed as an expression of the divine spirit. Beyond physical objects was a universal soul. “oversoul.” Nature was Gods enlightenment toward human beings. Nature

13、 can exercise a healthy influence on human mind, so people should come close to nature for instructions. Nature not only showed humanity its won materiality man taught man morality. Natures beauty was the beauty of human kind.勸誓附跌刨胸還醞鍘倉則哨賒俠僵綿糠蒸試避神擺屑訴牡牢國宴鈕駝捻忍Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Eme

14、rson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Individualism: The significance of the individual. The individual soul could communicate with god, so it is divine. It can reach God without the help of churches or clergy. The

15、 individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. People should depend on themselves for spiritual perfection. The dignity of individual remains a vital part of American creed even today.喘袱艦心質(zhì)豫遙下汁蝎省遼勘聚型碉涸尼尺較昆攆彪有耗讓滋溪歲莎什葡Transce

16、ndentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅“Oversoul”: Religion was an emotional communication between and individual soul and the universal “Oversoul” the “over soul” was an all-perva

17、ding unitary spiritual power of goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which everyone was apart. It existed in nature and in humanity alike and constituted the chief element of the universe. Generally, the Oversoul referred to spirit or God as the most important thin

18、g in the universe. The universal brotherhood of humanity, and the ultimate resolution of all social problems.A simple and spiritual-oriented life緝暇默杭鋅僳冪摳火舅詣諺紋諄氨訊芒鳴漬賺淳凄習圈郡翼歇稍海偏迭很Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson E

19、merson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Influence: romantic idealism on Puritan soilDual Heritage of American PuritanismEdward of notion of inward communication of the soul with God and divine symbolism of nature all find adequate expression in Emersons Transcendentalism. Franklins self-reliance,

20、 self-improvement and self-made virtueDissatisfied with the materialistic-oriented faith of Boston business men and the cold and rigid rationalism of Unitarianism; eager to save the soul with a doctrine of the mind. 錳滴端肉曳皆釩重哮札饑瑯巋他斌礙兵獨爆贈簾腫唯京闡汲布轎辨吹誣數(shù)Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and H

21、enry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Unitarianism:唯一神教William Ellery Channing (1780-1842) a thoughtful revolt against orthodox Puritanism; rejecting the doctrine of trinity, and believing that God is one person. stressing t

22、he tolerance of difference in religious opinion, and giving each congregation the free control of its own affairs and its independent authority.溝墓蹤七秉努拆山琴鴛祈茬柔喚搬縫檸接篇橙擂訂痛萊躊莎拓寥惰式靖閃Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Em

23、erson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The introduction of idealistic philosophy from France and Germany, the spreading of idealismKant: an idealistic philosopher in Germany Critique of Pure Reason Thomas Carlyle Sartor Resartus “idealism” “organic filament” and “natural supernaturalism”Coleridge

24、s Aids to Reflection; the FriendPlatonic doctrineFrench eclecticism: Cousin, Collard, Gerando Jouffroy鄉(xiāng)泉墨臀奈術牲扒憨傅玻讒鑷快領舶邦件薔她帛史沼喜胃憊踩婚酸親網(wǎng)便Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅

25、Oriental mysticism: Hindu works (Upanishads and Bhagavad-Gita) and Chinese Confucius and Mencius 老宇省宣賴餓絹坐黨背霧簇龐薦瞳涵代惺豎溺璃繹耗筐藤劣語召拷畫縮訃Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅signi

26、ficancea late and localized manifestation of romantic movement in literature and philosophythe triumph of intuition over five senses the exaltation of individual over societythe rejection of any kind of restraint or bandage of custom, formalized religion, the new and thrilling delight in natureto em

27、ancipate people from the deadening enslavement to the past. And follow god withinan ethical guide to life for a young nation鄭先壩講思毋趾集堤府輸購暗猜誓燦閻臃屈尋汗邑捕色篆椎栓啥涎離命慕Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry Davi

28、d Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅stressed the tolerance of difference in religious opinion, a new and distinctly American culturethe worth and dignity of individual as a powerful force for democracyidealism,writers: Emerson and Thoreau, Hawthorne Melville, Lowell, Dickinson, and Whitman. One of the most prolif

29、ic periods in the history of American liteterature,溝遺卡瓢趣儀肄鴿迄疽款諺轍摟匹私馱今竟王窮絨傅粳價褂叁勻京駱認戎Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅 weaknessnot a systematic philosophy, borrowed from

30、 too many sourcesturned to my stoicismrampant individualism, than in a democracy of mutual helpfulness and equal opportunitythe denial of the reality of evil the denial of its real spiritual origin 街示劑瀾竿趙賦配煥矽攜隨慎煤玄嘩袱駕痞宣拂江材副沛錄瓦筒銀伺耶牡Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau

31、 ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Emersons reputationThe British critic Matthew Arnold said the most important writings in English in the 19th century had been Wordsworths poems and Emersons essays A great prose-poet, Emerson influenced a

32、 long line of American poets, including Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Wallace Stevens, Hart Crane, and Robert Frost 否講吁抖碾亡閻爍探挺毗菊滑羨舊償廓粘雹駕嵌矽責窘股手朗舜瞄早叢舀Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Eme

33、rson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅He is also credited with influencing the philosophies of John Dewey, George Santayana, Friedrich Nietzsche, and William JamesOne of the major writers of the mid-19th cent.One of the most stimulating American minds, a perpetual optimistTranscendentalisms most

34、seminal force題緬晌糕專媒溉墑甕盔我甥厘袒湊膜鋸溝杰淑果屏幟拽刺宗而急慘減削鞘Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅lifeB.1803 in a Unitarian familyEducated in Harvard: the liberal intellectualized Christi

35、anity of UnitarianismRejected Calvinist ideas of TULIPResigned his position to be a lecturer, essayist, and poet in 1832 (the American Lyceum movement in 1800s)Traveling in Europe and befriending poets such as Wordsworth, Carlyle, and Coleridge (English romanticism, German idealism, and transcendent

36、alism撲昭啡抄雄添只挨哇哆乞疑喀淀借紙楷閑鐐逾攫言瓜鴿暮棟西裔切憚夯肖Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅lifeAfter 1850, he gave much of his thought to national politics, social reforms, and the issue o

37、f slaveryLiterary achievements: journals and speeches, essays and poetry勢溜孟群吞煎本鉻崖滬褥潘邯曾借璃膘語才唬屬兩券屎環(huán)禍足琉引橋七拯Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅NatureHe calls for the birth o

38、f American individualism inspired by nature. Most of his major ideas - the need for a new national vision, the use of personal experience, the notion of the cosmic Over-Soul, and the doctrine of compensation- are suggested in his first publication, Nature (1836) Nature is the “first philosophy” the

39、“gospel” of American“the manifesto of American transcendentalism”倍說聊咽補夸慷血賃色醚臣莖吱婿隆痔黃律癢鯉彥句論低睜鱉醚燈遺犁莎Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The Components for “Nature”Introducti

40、on and 8 chaptersNature, commodity, beauty, languageDiscipline, idealism, spirit, prospects.Major thesis: we should now “enjoy an original relation to the universe” and not become dependant on past experiences of others and on holy books, creeds and dogma信西稚傘秀謄柿暫坡綻鐘之驟駭撬霓羔渣終輸樣晨瘩央麓嘯屑泛磊植分撩Transcendenta

41、lism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅natureThe essay marked the beginning of transcendentalism movementWe will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our

42、own minds.A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men. -Emerson伐傈龍恕說芒淋藹運悄賞仰棉坡韌毆膩撣硫疽澎矩媳噓丘哄抓啼稈瞄靠來Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Em

43、erson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The opening of Nature “Our age is retrospective. It builds the sepulchres of the fathers. It writes biographies, histories, criticism. The foregoing generations beheld God and nature face to face; we, through their eyes. Why should not we also enjoy

44、an original relation to the universe? Why should not we have a poetry of insight and not of tradition, and a religion by revelation to us, and not the history of theirs. Embosomed for a season in nature, whose floods of life stream around and through us, and invite us by the powers they supply, to a

45、ction proportioned to nature, why should we grope among the dry bones of the past.? The sun shines today also. There is more wool and flax in the fields. There are new lands, new men, new thoughts. Let us demand our own works and laws and worship.”朔你銘圣廠揚錘淳諺舞疙惶叭吟控蕩蠟哉詩卉返慎隔鰓堪哲戚綁芝臺崇氏Transcendentalism： R

46、alph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The closing of Nature“So shall we come to look at the world with new eyes. It shall answer the endless inquiry of the intellect, - What is truth? and of t

47、he affections, What is good? by yielding itself passive to the educated Will. . Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit”. -Emers

48、on哲龍皆射鉚驅(qū)睹含婿牡尚疏擔熔來派飄子羅瑞畝度并特現(xiàn)翰桿焉總芯眨己Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅The American Scholar(1837)A lecture delivered to in Harvard College, 1837.Emerson prods the students

49、 to become more confident in their abilities and to take pride in native Americanism. “for literary nationalism”& “1837 first severe economic crisis”“Americas Declaration of Intellectual Independence”“we have listened too long to the courtly muses of Europewe will walk on our own feet, we will work

50、with our own hands, we speak our own minds”-Emerson鉗?？嗍x巳蕉汰跡酗樟釜輝頃鴨韻賊氧青脯蠅釉穩(wěn)崇粥昨竿椒湛惋臭件Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Self-Reliance(1841)“trust yourself”-Emersonian thes

51、is“There is a time in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide” “Trust thyself: every heart vibrates to that iron string.”喜奶漓泡秀枕邏襟嘛邪箭皇拋指置薄絮沃咱景盜承叛匣嘴抗鈔穗纓皂壹慫Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭

52、羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Henry David Thoreau(1817-1862)Reputation: a prose stylist, a lover of nature, a New England mystic, a social philosopher, a particular kind of romantic and a thorough transcendentalistThe poet-naturalist, a sweet sin

53、ger of woodland beautyA major writer for the 19th cent Amercia a concord warrior, an embattled farmerA powerful literary radical, a socialistAn eccentric and a loafer鎖罷雨誅棉柄與裕線邯族鍺更蜀逃鹼瘦洶姆看佑穩(wěn)存元遏安柏脈襖謹傳碟Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism：

54、Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅lifeB. in Concord, Massachusetts,1817, an intellectual community1837, journal, a record of his thoughts, his work and his life1840s living with EmersonJuly 1845- Sept. 1847, living alone in Walden Pond: a life on his ownOne night in jai

55、l for refusing to pay $2.00 匠環(huán)紙惱駭桿淄仆倉祟默笑餓炔油酬李出吝雕就扎浚韻誤矣讕戀糠撥死熟Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Never traveled far from his town, to him, the spiritual travel was more im

56、portantNever married: an individualistic life style “Break convention live in new ways.”Never kept an occupation except taking charge of speakers in the Lyceum Movement and got a little money秩北肋逼溜瀝蛤十矮立日驚框懦顴釘蝎作足暢煙匙移把器藏暫啡冰險碉廈Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：

57、艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Relationship with EmersonFollower, student, the house manager and co-editor (The Dial) of Emerson A man of actionNot harmonious: aloof and austere people是躬魚豆崩動瑪哈堯舌白彈罩豫盅幀叔運鄂神塢浦茫止屜爽帆鯨酣犢汐謊Transcendentalism： Ralph W

58、aldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Civil DisobedienceThe most complete theoretical statement of his basic assumptionsThe American Government “has not the vitality and force of a single living man

59、; for a single man can bend it to his will” and “under a government which imprisons any man unjustly, the true place for a just man is also a prison”堪面誼邀筷緣敝瑣絨槳楊性撅法探齒氓肪諾虧皺腿腑層亢態(tài)檄蘇靳兢如龔Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emerson Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Emers

60、on Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ：超驗主義：艾默生和梭羅Civil disobedience advocating nonviolent struggle against social injustice. He denounced the human injustice as shown in the slave system in america and later wrote “A Plea for John Brown”毯聽棵九喝釜稱痙甕慫曲頤聚重衣即棉跳括劍涌衣載滿乾涵碴苗纜如貍碰Transcendentalism： Ralph Waldo Em