測(cè)樹學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告許潔n

1、測(cè)樹學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告許潔n作者:日期:測(cè)樹學(xué)實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告姓名：許潔學(xué)號(hào)：n090101130小組成員：許潔，王敏，王萍，韋方洲，吳其能，徐曉蕾，夏靜實(shí)習(xí)主要內(nèi)容基本訓(xùn)練（立木胸徑及其樹高測(cè)定）立木材積測(cè)定（區(qū)分求積法）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地調(diào)查與林分因子測(cè)定角規(guī)測(cè)樹（原理、方法、技術(shù)）森林抽樣調(diào)查一元材積表編制及其應(yīng)用實(shí)習(xí)組織與要求以小組為單位，每班分5個(gè)小組；安全第一，遵守紀(jì)律，愛惜儀器，密切協(xié)作，保證數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量；每人撰寫實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告。儀器工具測(cè)樹羅盤儀及支架測(cè)高器直徑鋼圍尺皮尺角規(guī)標(biāo)桿工具包、粉筆實(shí)習(xí)指導(dǎo)書記錄筆、本（紙）及計(jì)算器標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地調(diào)查標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地調(diào)查是林分調(diào)查的主要途徑、手段或方法。所謂標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地，即人為選定 的、并且期望能

2、夠代表待測(cè)林分調(diào)查因子平均水平的典型地塊。它應(yīng)該是整個(gè)林 分的縮影，通過它可以獲得林分因子的數(shù)量、屬性及質(zhì)量指標(biāo)值，其中，林分?jǐn)?shù) 量因子值可由標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地調(diào)查結(jié)果按面積比例換算。林分調(diào)查結(jié)果的精度，很大程度 上取決于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地對(duì)該林分的代表性，設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地時(shí)，應(yīng)對(duì)整個(gè)林分作比較全面踏 查，目測(cè)各主要調(diào)查因子，從而形成林分平均標(biāo)志的輪廓，根據(jù)這個(gè)輪廓選擇適 當(dāng)?shù)囟卧O(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地。按設(shè)置目的與用途，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地分臨時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地和固定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地兩類。臨時(shí)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地是 為臨時(shí)滿足需要能迅速提供資料而設(shè)置的，只進(jìn)行一次調(diào)查。固定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地是在較 長時(shí)間內(nèi)進(jìn)行科學(xué)研究試驗(yàn)，有系統(tǒng)地連續(xù)收集資料而設(shè)置的，要進(jìn)行多次調(diào)查， 測(cè)設(shè)要求更為嚴(yán)格。一、

3、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地設(shè)置（一）選擇標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地基本要求（1）必須對(duì)所預(yù)定林分要求有充分代表性；（2）不能跨越林分；（3）不能跨越小河、道路或隔離帶，且應(yīng)遠(yuǎn)離林緣。（二）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地形狀為便于設(shè)置及面積計(jì)算，一般為正方形或矩形（帶狀），林分密度低、通視良好、地勢(shì)較平坦時(shí)可為圓形。（三）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地面積（即大?。榱顺浞址从沉址纸Y(jié)構(gòu)規(guī)律和保證必要精度，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地內(nèi)必須有足夠林木株數(shù)，本次實(shí)習(xí)，要求設(shè)置正方形標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地，其內(nèi)林木株數(shù)不少于50株。（四）標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地境界測(cè)量用羅盤儀測(cè)角，皮尺量距，在坡地上量距要改算為水平距離，測(cè)線閉合差一般不得超過1 /200。為使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地在調(diào)查作業(yè)時(shí)有明顯邊界，測(cè)量境界線同 時(shí)應(yīng)伐開灌木，清除蒿草，對(duì)測(cè)線外的樹木

4、，在面向標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地一面標(biāo)出明顯記 號(hào)（可用粉筆作記號(hào)）。根據(jù)需要，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地四角可埋設(shè)臨時(shí)或固定標(biāo)樁。二、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地林分因子調(diào)查與測(cè)定（一）每木調(diào)查又稱每木檢尺，即測(cè)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地內(nèi)每一株樹木的胸高直徑（可精確到0.1cm ），這是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地調(diào)查的最基本工作。有時(shí)為簡化記載和計(jì)算，每株樹直徑可按整化徑階記載在每木調(diào)查表上，我國常用劃“正”字格式進(jìn)行記 錄。徑階大小確定確定起測(cè)徑階其它注意事項(xiàng)調(diào)查記載需分別樹種進(jìn)行。如果是復(fù)層異齡混交林而又能夠劃分出 林層和年齡世代，則需分別林層和世代調(diào)查記載。按整化徑階記載 時(shí)，有時(shí)每株樹還需要按照相應(yīng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定出它是用材樹還是半用材 樹或薪材樹，分別記入每木調(diào)查表各相應(yīng)欄目。本次實(shí)

5、習(xí)按照實(shí)際直徑進(jìn)行量測(cè)。（二）測(cè)樹高目的是求林分平均高或徑階平均高。本實(shí)習(xí)可沿標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地對(duì)角線隨機(jī)選取1525株，實(shí)測(cè)每株樹的樹高和胸徑（精度均記載到小數(shù)后一位），中 央各徑階需測(cè)35株，其它各徑階12株，根據(jù)樹高和胸徑實(shí)測(cè)值，采 用適當(dāng)模型或手工描繪調(diào)制樹高一胸徑曲線，根據(jù)每木調(diào)查算出的平均直 徑，代入樹高曲線求出相應(yīng)平均高。次要樹種只需測(cè)出與平均直徑相近的35株平均木的樹高，以其平 均值作為平均高。樹高記錄表記錄 號(hào)胸徑（cm）樹高（m）樹種記錄 號(hào)胸徑（cm）樹高（m）樹種14.65.7榆樹238.46. 5榆樹211.58. 0榆樹2412.58.6榆樹311.29. 0榆樹2512.01

6、2榆樹47.25.3榆樹2622.69.3榆樹516.58.9榆樹2719.38.5榆樹65.18.0榆樹2813.211.6榆樹725.09.9榆樹2916.111.2榆樹824.09.8榆樹3016.412.6榆樹99.510.4榆樹3115.09.0榆樹107.87.7榆樹3212.411.3榆樹1125.010.8榆樹337.36.2榆樹1220. 011.5榆樹3414.012.5榆樹1326.513.2榆樹359.210.4榆樹144.37.2榆樹3610.27.5榆樹1517.410.8榆樹376.59.2榆樹1625.611. 7榆樹3811.57.7榆樹1714.48.6榆樹

7、396.45.6榆樹1813.810.6榆樹4016.713.2榆樹1911.69.8榆樹4119.511.6榆樹2010.611.5榆樹4212.69.6榆樹2110.410.0榆樹4315.311.9榆樹229.08.6榆樹1.計(jì)算標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地平均直徑：算數(shù)平均直徑二所有樹直徑之和/43=13.67 幾何平均直徑二14.92.徑階分布圖徑階分布圖口株數(shù)9876 數(shù)5 株4321 0?68024682O2之2426284 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 20 22 24 26徑階3.樹高曲線圖樹高曲線54 2 5483 76005 6- 8- 10 11 12 13 15 16 2 2胸徑4 .平均標(biāo)

8、準(zhǔn)木法計(jì)算蓄積量（1）用區(qū)分求積法（參見立木上部直徑測(cè)定）測(cè)算其材積01.3米處的體積用圓柱體積來算樹梢一段用圓錐體積來算其余部分以圓臺(tái)體積來算，累積加和。得到如下表：樹干上部直徑測(cè)定以及胸徑斷面積和材積記錄表1胸徑37.9樹高25.6胸徑S材積htBnd1256.6413092.991.502404.58.51.530.37.516.71.327.210.524.231.124.113.530.96123.316.536.870.922.519.541.990.821.522.546.40.617.425.650.310.39.32胸徑23.1樹高244419.3htBnd452.391.5

9、01.2244.58.5120.27.516.70.8517.710.524.230.715.313.530.960.61416.536.870.41019.541.990.38.122.546.40.12.924*48.370.051.53胸徑30.5樹高279346.84htBnd804.251.501.6324.58.51.428.37.516.71.225.110.524.23121.913.530.960.920.916.536.870.717.519.541.990.513.422.546.40.411.625.550.190.26.22750.890.13.24胸徑26.5樹高5

10、536.826.5htBnd615.751.501.4284.58.51.122.27.516.70.918.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.61416.536.870.512.519.541.990.38.122.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.126.551.340.0315胸徑23.7樹高4975.2525.6hTBnd490.871.501.25254.58.51.122.27.516.70.918.810.524.230.7516.413.530.960.61416.536.870.41019.541.990.38.0722.546.40.2

11、57.2525.550.190.154.696胸徑23.5樹高254387.94hTBnd530.981.501.3264.58.51.224.37.516.70.816.710.5：/13.516.519.524.2330.9636.8741.990.60.40.30.2513.29.37.56.7222.546.40.185.22725胸徑31.549.6樹高27.60.113.47679.06hTBnd804.251.501.6324.58.51.326.37.516.71.052210.524.230.919.713.530.960.7517.516.536.870.61519.541

12、.990.410.822.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.12827.6胸徑29.952.54 樹高 26.60.051.656895.614hTBnd702.151.501.55314.58.51.428.37.516.70.918.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.6515.216.536.870.61519.541.990.4311.622.546.40.329.2825.550.190.26.25926.6胸徑20.651.45樹高22.60.13.212924.851測(cè)徑高度豎直角直徑讀上部直333.29HtB數(shù)n徑d1.501.1224.58

13、.530.918.27.516.70.714.6210.524.230.510.9613.530.960.49.3216.536.870.2519.541.990.133.522.546.40.020.58/22.646.530.010.2910胸徑28.8樹高6658.57322.6HtBnd651.441.501.5304.58.531.224.277.516.71.122.9710.524.23121.9313.530.960.7517.4916.536.870.61519.541.990.38.0722.546.40.154.3522.646.530.12.9111胸徑37樹高1065

14、4.2625.6HtBnd1075.211.501.9384.58.531.632.367.516.71.429.2310.524.231.124.1213.530.960.920.9916.536.870.717.519.541.990.513.4522.546.40.38.725.650.310.13.1312胸徑31.8樹高237233.652HtBnd794.221.501.6324.58.531.326.297.516.7120.8810.524.230.919.7413.530.960.7517.4916.536.870.512.519.541.990.38.0722.546.40

15、.12.92347.070.020.5813胸徑26.5樹高259102.472hT6nd551.551.501.5304.58.51.4529.37.516.71.3828.810.524.231.328.513.530.960.818.716.536.870.410/19.541.990.236.222.546.40.123.525胸徑25.549.6樹高0.051.51427.6hTPnd510.711.501.3264.58.5120.27.516.70.9519.810.524.230.817.513.530.960.511.716.536.870.41019.541.990.359

16、.422.546.40.25.825.550.190.154.727.652.540.13.315胸徑30.1樹高28hTPnd711.581.501.55314.58.51.224.37.516.71.12310.524.230.919.713.530.960.7517.516.536.870.61519.541.990.5314.322.546.40.411.625.550.190.26.22852.960.06216胸徑20.1樹高27hTPnd317.311.501.05214.58.50.816.57.516.70.612.510.524.230.51113.530.960.49.3

17、16.536.870.37.519.541.990.25.422.546.40.154.425.550.190.13.12751.890.03117胸徑23.6高26hTBnd437.441.501.25255076.6537892.2562760.8054345.4574.58.531.122.257.516.70.918.7910.524.230.6514.2613.530.960.429.816.536.870.37.519.541.990.215.6522.546.40.133.7725.550.190.072.1926.551.340。051.618胸徑28.7高 28.54939.

18、601hTBnd646.921.501.51304.58.531.224.277.516.70.8818.3710.524.230.817.5513.530.960.613.9916.536.870.512.519.541.990.410.7622.546.40.226.3825.550.190.144.3718.553.470.082.6919胸徑36高299648.107hTBnd1017.881.501.85374.58.531.530.347.516.71.225.0610.524.23121.9313.530.960.818.6616.536.870.61519.541.990.41

19、0.7622.546.40.25.825.550.190.13.1228.553.470.051.6829.554.460.031.0320胸徑28.9高282594.514hTBnd655.971.501.5304.58.531.224.277.516.7120.8810.524.230.817.5513.530.960.6414.9316.536.870.37.519.541.990.25.3822.546.40.174.9350.190.082.553.470.051.68尋找第8、11兩株為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)木，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)地面積為15*20=300皿M=（0.6895614+1.065426）*1.336

20、077/（0.070215+0.107521）/0.03=446.33 m3/hm2角規(guī)測(cè)樹角規(guī)是以一定視角構(gòu)成的林分測(cè)樹工具，根據(jù)該視角，有選擇地計(jì)數(shù)為數(shù)不多的林木來 測(cè)算林分調(diào)查因子。角規(guī)種類較多，可測(cè)定的林分因子亦較多。通常林業(yè)調(diào)查工作中使用較為普通是水平桿 式角規(guī)繞測(cè)林分?jǐn)嗝娣e及控制檢尺測(cè)定林分蓄積量。使用時(shí)，將確定的視角正對(duì)被測(cè)樹木樹 干胸高處，可能出現(xiàn)樹干胸高斷面分別與缺口呈現(xiàn)相割、相切或相余的三種不同情況，對(duì)應(yīng) 計(jì)數(shù)規(guī)則是相割計(jì)1株，相切計(jì)0.5株，相余不計(jì)數(shù)。可調(diào)節(jié)角規(guī)視角大小，以適應(yīng)被測(cè)林 分直徑與密度不同的需要，但計(jì)數(shù)規(guī)則不變。1、角規(guī)繞林分?jǐn)嗝娣e的常用公式為：G=FgE6

21、j （單位:m2/ ha）式中：Fg稱為角規(guī)斷面積系數(shù)或角規(guī)常數(shù)相割5j為角規(guī)點(diǎn)周圍第j株樹的狀態(tài)特征值，-5j=0.5相切0 相余2、角規(guī)控制檢尺測(cè)定林分蓄積量的常用公式為：M=F gE （Vj 5 j/gj）（單位：m3/ ha）式中：Vj為第j株樹的樹干材積，gj為第j株樹的胸高斷面積。一、基本繞測(cè)操作規(guī)范觀測(cè)時(shí)要對(duì)準(zhǔn)胸高位置；被測(cè)樹干被遮擋而不得不臨時(shí)移動(dòng)位置時(shí)，要保持移動(dòng)后的點(diǎn)位到被測(cè)樹干中心距離與未 移動(dòng)前相等，測(cè)完被遮擋樹干后仍返回原點(diǎn)位；要記住繞測(cè)起點(diǎn)樹，以免漏測(cè)與重測(cè)，必要時(shí)可正反繞測(cè)兩次以相互檢查或求平均數(shù)；對(duì)難于判斷是否屬于相切的樹木（也稱這樣的樹為臨界樹），要實(shí)測(cè)其胸徑和距離，按（3） 式進(jìn)行計(jì)算后確定是否計(jì)數(shù)。設(shè)S為角規(guī)點(diǎn)至臨界樹胸高處樹干中心的量測(cè)距離，若S=R