牛津譯林版高中英語模塊三back to past

1、 Object complement Either or and neither nor Subject-verb agreementGrammar and usageObject complement賓語補足語賓語補足語對賓語作出進一步的補充說明。 They called her the Loulan Beauty.在這句話中，her是賓語，the Loulan Beauty作賓語補足語，補充說明賓語her的情況。Position V. + Object + object complement The inspector shot the drug-dealer dead.(= The dr

2、ug-dealer was shot dead by the inspector).兩種結構：1. 主表型：1) make our country beautiful (adjective)2) call him Lao Li (noun)3) find sb. out (adv.)4) find sb. at home (Prep. phrase)2. 主謂型：1) ask sb. to do sth.（有to 不定式）2) have sb. do sth. （無to 不定式）3) see sb. doing sth. （現(xiàn)在分詞）4) have sth. done. （過去分詞）具體說明：

3、（一）副詞作賓語補足語I found him in yesterday. （二）常接形容詞作賓語補足語的動詞有：keep, make, find等。如：We must keep our classroom clean. （三）常接名詞作賓語補足語的動詞有：call, name, make, think等。如：We call them mooncakes. （四）常接動詞-ing形式作賓語補足語的動詞有：see, watch, hear, find, keep等。如：In the country, we can hear birds singing.（五）常接介詞短語作賓語補足語的動詞有：kee

4、p, find, leave等。如：I left my pen on my desk at home. （六）不定式作賓語補足語1. 常接帶to 的動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：ask, tell, want, teach, wish等；2. 接不帶to的動詞不定式作賓語補足語的動詞有：see, watch, hear, make, let advise, allow, ask, beg, command, tell, invite, force, oblige, get, help, encourage, persuade, permit, remind, request, order,

5、warn, cause等。如：I often see him play football. She often asks me to help her. We dont allow such things to happen again.Most of the parents agree to forbid their children to smoke.She asked me to answer the phone in herabsence.Please remind me to leave her this note.She requested him to go with her.3

6、. 用不定式作賓語補足語的幾種說明： help后面作賓語補足語的動詞不定式可以帶to也可以不帶to。如：I often help my mother (to) do some housework.在使役動詞后作賓語補足語，不定式不帶to。有些動詞跟不定式作賓語補足語時省去了to，這些動詞有：一感二聽三讓四觀看。一感：feel二聽：hear,listento三讓：let,have,make四觀看：observe,see,watch,lookat這類動詞有：make,let,have等。轉為被動語態(tài)時，其后通常都用帶to的不定式(have沒有被動語態(tài))。 （七）分詞作賓語補足語 用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補，

7、說明賓語是動作的發(fā)出者，形成邏輯上的主謂關系；用過去分詞作賓補，表示賓語是動作的承受者，構成邏輯上的動賓關系。1. 跟分詞作賓補的動詞有：catch, have get, keep, hear, find, feel, leave, make, want, start, notice, observe, watch, set等。例如： There was so much noise that the speaker couldnt make himself heard.由于十分吵鬧，講話人沒法讓人聽到他的聲音。When he awoke, he found himself being look

8、ed after by an old woman.他醒來的時候發(fā)現(xiàn)一位老大娘正在照顧他。2. 幾種用過去分詞作賓語補足語的情況說明：表示“意欲；命令”的動詞如 like, want, wish, order 等，可用過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如： The father wants his daughter taught the piano. 這位父親想讓女兒學鋼琴。 感官動詞 see, hear, notice, observe, watch, feel, find 等后，可用過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如： I saw an old man knocked down by a car just n

9、ow. 剛才我看到一位老人被車撞倒了。 使役動詞 have, get, make, leave, keep 等后，可用過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如： Have you got your films developed? 你拿膠卷去沖洗了沒有？ “ with 賓語過去分詞”結構中，過去分詞用作介詞 with 的賓語補足語。這一結構通常在句中作時間、方式、條件、原因等狀語。例如：The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back. 兇手被帶進來了，他的雙手被綁在背后。(表方式) With water heated, we

10、can see the steam. 水一被加熱，我們就會看到水蒸氣。（表條件） With the matter settled, we all went home. 事情得到解決，我們都回家了。（表原因） 注意：在這一結構中，當賓語為某一身體部位，且作賓 補的動詞是及物動詞時，身體部位通常是過去分詞的邏輯賓語，因而用過去分詞。例如： She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on his face. 她站在他面前，眼睛注視著他。 (fix ones eyes on 為固定短語，因此，不可將句中 fixed 換為 fixing) He sto

11、od for an instant with his hand still raised. 他仍然舉著手站了一會兒。 當用某些不及物動詞的分詞形式作身體部位的賓補時，用現(xiàn)在分詞的形式。例如： She stood there with her heart beating fast. 她覺得心跳很快。 (beat 意為“心跳”，是不及物動詞) 3. 作賓語補足語的過去分詞與賓語之間的關系 及物動詞（短語）的過去分詞用作賓語補足語時，賓語即是過去分詞的邏輯賓語，賓語和過去分詞之間存在邏輯上的被動關系。例如： I want the letter posted. 我想把這封信寄出去。 少數(shù)不及物動詞如

12、go, change, fall 等的過去分詞作賓語補足語時，僅表示動作完成。因此，賓語與過去分詞之間不存在邏輯上的被動關系。例如： She found her necklace gone on her way home. 在回家的路上，她發(fā)現(xiàn)項鏈不見了。 動詞 seat, hide, dress 等的過去分詞作賓語補足語一般表示狀語而不表示被動的意義，因此，雖然賓語與它們存在邏輯上的主動關系，但也只能用它們的過去分詞作賓語補足語。例如： When I came in, I found a strange girl seated in the corner. 我進來時，發(fā)現(xiàn)一個陌生的女孩坐在角

13、落里。We believe Professor Zhang _. His devotion to the study of Lolan has made him _ in this field. a famous expert to be a great scholar in the hotel crazy really hot very kind and patient recoverUse the words and phrases in the box to complete the following.to be agreat scholar a famous expertWe hav

14、e also found professor Zhang _. He took the time to answer all our questions and his answers were very wise. When we walked in the desert this afternoon, we found the weather _. The extreme heat almost drove me _. I sweat a lot and very thirsty. very kind and patient really hotcrazyUnfortunately, it

15、 turned out that I had left my water bottle _! Jane shared her water with me. This helped me _ some strength. in the hotelrecovereitheror and neither nor 一、either.or. either.or.意為“或者或者；不是就是”之意。表示兩者之一，連接句子中兩個并列的成分。例如： When the girl is happy, she either sings or dances. 那個女孩高興時，不是唱就是跳。 (此句中either.or.連

16、接兩個動詞，因為主語是單數(shù)第三人稱，謂語動詞要用其相應的形式。) either.or.連接兩個主語時，其謂語動詞應與最近的一個主語在人稱和數(shù)上保持一致，這就是我們通常說的“就近原則”。例如： Either you or I am going there tomorrow. 明天要么你去那里，要么我去那里。 注意：如果把上句變成一般疑問句，助動詞形式與主語 you 保持一致，所以要用are提問，而不是am。例如： Are either you or I going there tomorrow? 明天是你還是我去那里？ Either you or he has lunch at school.

17、其一般疑問句應為：Do either you or he have lunch at school? 是你還是他在學校吃午飯？ 二、neither.nor. neither.nor.表示“既不也不”。其含義是否定的，可連接任意兩個并列的成份。例如： She likes neither butter nor cheese. 她既不喜歡黃油也不喜歡乳酪。此句中neither.nor.連接兩個賓語。當neither. nor. 連接兩個主語時，也應遵循“就近原則”。 例如： Neither dad nor mum is at home today. 今天父母都不在家。 若將neither.nor.句

18、型變?yōu)榭隙ň?，只需把neither.nor.改為both.and.即可，同時謂語動詞必須用復數(shù)形式。例如： Both dad and mum are at home today. 今天父母都在家。 還可以單獨使用neither作主語，表示“兩者中沒有一個”。例如： Neither of them likes football. 他們倆都不喜歡足球。 neither或nor還有另外一種用法，就是當表達一個人沒有做某事，另一個人也沒做同一類事時，可用neither或nor進行簡略回答，其結構為：Neither / Nor+助動詞/情態(tài)動詞/be動詞+主語。例如： He doesnt go to s

19、chool by bike. Neither / Nor do I. 他不是騎自行車上學，我也不是。 They didnt go to the park yesterday. Neither / Nor did we. 昨天他們沒去公園，我們也沒去。 More examples (1) Either you must improve your work or I shall dismiss you.(2) Do you like reading books or watching TV? Either will do. (3) Neither John nor Tom knows how to

20、 go skiing.(4) I tried two dresses, but neither fits me.Subject-verb agreement 主謂一致是指： 1） 語法形式上要一致，即單復數(shù)形式與謂語要一致 2） 意義上要一致，即主語意義上的單復數(shù)要與謂語的單復數(shù)形式一致 3） 就近原則，即謂語動詞的單復形式取決于最靠近它的詞語 一般來說，不可數(shù)名詞用動詞單數(shù)，可數(shù)名詞復數(shù)用動詞復數(shù)。 There is much water in the thermos. 但當不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復數(shù)名詞時，謂語動詞用復數(shù)形式。 e.g. Ten thousand tons of coal

21、 were produced last year. Large quantities of water are needed. In western countries, mountains of rubbish are thrown away each day. 1. 并列結構作主語時謂語用復數(shù) Reading and writing are very important. 注意： 當主語由and 連結時，如果它表示一個單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)，and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個冠詞。 The iron and steel industry is very impor

22、tant to our life. 典型例題 The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting. A. is B. was C. are D. were B注： 先從時態(tài)上考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應用過去時，先排除A，C。本題易誤選D，因為The League secretary and monitor 好像是兩個人，但仔細辨別， monitor 前沒有the，在英語中，當一人兼數(shù)職時只在第一個職務前加定冠詞。后面的職務用and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個人，所以應選B。 2. 主謂一致中的靠近原則

23、1) 當there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class. 2）當either or 與neither nor， 連接兩個主語時，謂語動詞與最鄰近的主語保持一致。 如果句子是由here, there引導，而主語又不止一個時，謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。 Either you or she is to go. He

24、re is a pen, a few envelopes and some paper for you. 3. 謂語動詞與前面的主語一致 當主語后面跟有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞引起的短語時，謂語動詞與前面的主語一致。 The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. He as well as I wants to go boating. 4. 謂語需用單數(shù) 1) 代詞each和由every, some,

25、no, any 等構成的復合代詞作主語，或主語中含有each, every, 謂語需用單數(shù)。 Each of us has a tape-recorder. There is something wrong with my watch. 2) 當主語是一本書或一條格言時，謂語動詞常用單數(shù)。 The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 是英語愛好者熟悉的一本好書。 3） 表示金錢，時間，價格或度量衡的復合名詞作主語時，通常把這些名詞看作一個整體，謂語一般用單數(shù)。(用復數(shù)也可，意思不變。) Three weeks was allo

26、wed for making the necessary preparations. Ten yuan is enough. 5. 指代意義決定謂語的單復數(shù) 1） 在代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all 等詞的單復數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復數(shù)決定。 All is right. (一切順利。) All are present. (所有人都到齊了。) 2） 集體名詞作主語時，謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如 family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee 等詞后用復數(shù)形

27、式時，意為這個集體中的各個成員，用單數(shù)時表示該個集體。 His family isnt very large. 他家不是一個大家庭。 His family are music lovers. 他的家人都是音樂愛好者。 但集合名詞 people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情況下都用復數(shù)形式。 Are there any police around? 3）有些名詞，如variety, number, population, proportion, majority 等有時看作單數(shù)，有時看作復數(shù)。 A number of +名詞復數(shù)+復數(shù)動詞。 The number o

28、f +名詞復數(shù)+單數(shù)動詞。 A number of books have lent out. The majority of the students like English. 6. 與后接名詞或代詞保持一致 1） 用half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時，動詞通常與of后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。 Most of his money is spent on books. Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 2） 在一些短語，如 many a 或 more t

29、han one 所修飾的詞作主語時，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than of 作主語時，動詞應與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。 Many a person has read the novel. 許多人都讀過這本書。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學生都來自這個城市。 主謂一致練習1. Each of you _ responsible for the accident. a. am b. be c. is d. are2. Each man and woman _ the same right

30、s. a. has b. have c. had d. is having Subject-verb agreement3. Every means _ tried but without much result. a. has been b. have been c. are d. is4. There _ in this room. a. are too much furniture b. is too many furnitures c. are too much furnitures d. is too much furniture5. The manager or his assis

31、tant _ planning to go. a. were b. are c. was d. be6. Not only I but also David and Iris _ fond of playing basketball. a. am b. is c. are d. was7. Neither Tom nor his parents _ at home. a. is b. are c. has d. was8. Either the dean or the principal_ the meeting. a. attends b . Attend c. are attending d. have attended9. _ was wrong. a. Not the teacher but the students b. Both the students and the teacher c. Neither the teacher not the students d. Not the students but the teacher10. “_ twenty dollars a big sum to her?” “