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1、; 一, 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的含義和實(shí)質(zhì) “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(”absoluteconstruction)又叫“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),”是帶有 自己主語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分句和無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句; 由于在語(yǔ)法上有自己的邏 輯主語(yǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)上與主句不發(fā)生關(guān)系,因此傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法叫做“獨(dú)立主格結(jié) 構(gòu)”;其實(shí),所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”并非真正獨(dú)立,它仍是一種從屬分句, 與主句緊密聯(lián)系在一起, 共同表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思, 通常在句中起狀 語(yǔ)分句的作用; 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可放于句首, 句尾,用逗號(hào)和主句隔開(kāi); 二, 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的基本形式和功能 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)可以分為兩部分: 一部分是名詞或代詞, 起規(guī)律主 語(yǔ)的作用;另一部分是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞分句(現(xiàn)在分詞,過(guò)去分
2、詞,不定 式)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句(名詞,形容詞,副詞,介詞短語(yǔ)) ,表示前面名 詞或代詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài); 基本形式是:名詞一般格 /代詞主格 +現(xiàn)在分詞 /過(guò)去分詞 /不定式 / 名詞 /形容詞 /副詞 /介詞短語(yǔ), with 引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu); 1 名詞 /代詞 + 現(xiàn)在分詞 (主動(dòng),進(jìn)行) 現(xiàn)在分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞主動(dòng)進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)等; 例 The monitor beingill,wed better put the meeting off. 班長(zhǎng)病了,我們最好仍是延期開(kāi)會(huì)吧; The question being settled, we went home. 問(wèn)題解決之后,我們就回家了;
3、We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假設(shè)天氣好,我們就進(jìn)行競(jìng)賽; -可編輯修改 - 第 1 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off. His homework having been done, Tom went to sleep. 注:“獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)”中的being 或 having been 有時(shí)可以省去,這樣 就成了無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句或過(guò)去分詞分句; 2 名詞 /代詞 +過(guò)去分詞 (被動(dòng),完成) 過(guò)去分詞表示前面的名詞或代詞
4、被動(dòng)完成的動(dòng)作或所處的一種 狀態(tài); 例 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最終一班公車已經(jīng)走了,我們必需走路回家; More time given, we should have done the job much better. 假如給我們更多的時(shí)間,我們會(huì)把工作做得更好 The job not finished,wecouldnt see the film. Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move. 后面兩個(gè)句子也可以看成省略掉了 having been ,being ;假如
5、加上,這兩個(gè)句子就又變成了現(xiàn)在分詞分句; 3 名詞 /代詞 +不定式 不定式表示的是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作 , 尚未發(fā)生或即將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作; 例 So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有如此多的人來(lái)幫忙他,他確定會(huì)成功的; He suggested going for a picnic, Mary to provide the food. These are the first two books , the third one to come out next month. -可編輯修改 - 第 2 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 4. 名詞 /代詞
6、+名詞 名詞一般做前面名詞或代詞的同位語(yǔ); 例 Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children. 有很多人加入了這項(xiàng)工作,其中一些事婦女和兒童; It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今日是假日,全部商店都關(guān)門(mén)了; 記住以下兩個(gè)句型: There being + 名詞(代詞) There being nothing else to do, we went home. 沒(méi)有別的事可做,我們就回家了; There being no further business
7、, I declare the meeting closed. 沒(méi)有再要爭(zhēng)辯的事了,我宣布散會(huì); It being + 名詞(代詞) It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣誕節(jié)的緣故,政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息; 5 名詞 /代詞 +形容詞(形容詞短語(yǔ)) 形容詞(短語(yǔ))說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的性質(zhì),狀態(tài),緣由等; 例 He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半開(kāi)著; -可編輯修改 - 第 3 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); I heard that she got injure
8、d in the accident ,my heart full of sorry. 6 名詞 /代詞 +副詞 副詞說(shuō)明前面名詞或代詞的狀態(tài); 例 The meeting over, we all went home. Nobody in, he left a message on the board. He sat at the table, head down. 7. 名詞 /代詞 +介詞短語(yǔ) 介詞短語(yǔ)說(shuō)明相伴前面名詞或代詞的方式或者狀態(tài); 例 The teacher came in, a book under his arm. The hunter entered the forest
9、, gun in hand Nobody at home, the thief took a lot of things away. 8 with 引導(dǎo)的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu) , 也可以認(rèn)為是一種獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu) 例 A woman got on the bus with a baby around her arms. The teacher came in with several students following behind. With a lot of things to deal with, he will have a difficult time. With the work done, h
10、e went out to eat. He left the office with the lights on. Mary rushed out of the house with the door open. 三,英語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的用法 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要表示謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的時(shí)間, 緣由,條件或相伴情形 -可編輯修改 - 第 4 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 等,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列句; 1. 用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ) The work done =After the work had been done, we went home. 工作完成后,我們就回家了; 2. 用作條件狀語(yǔ) Weather permit
11、ting =If weather permits, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 海邊小游; 3. 用作緣由狀語(yǔ) 假如天氣答應(yīng)的話,他們將在明天組織一次 An important lecture to be given tomorrow =As an important lecture will be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. 由于明天要發(fā)表一個(gè)重要的演講,教授不得不熬夜到 很晚; 4. 用作相伴狀語(yǔ) He was lyi
12、ng on the grass, his hands crossed under his head =and his hands were crossed under his head. 在腦后; 5. 表示補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明 他躺在草地上, 兩手交叉枕 A hunter came in, his face red with cold =and his face was red with cold. 一個(gè)獵人走了進(jìn)來(lái),他的臉凍得通紅; We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我們加倍努 力,一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活; -可編輯修改 - 第 5
13、頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 注:獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)表示時(shí)間,條件或緣由時(shí),相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句, 一般放在句首,表示緣由時(shí)仍可放在句末; 表相伴狀況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明時(shí), 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列句,通常放于句末; 四, 學(xué)習(xí)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)留意的一些問(wèn)題 1 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中分句和主句的主語(yǔ)不一樣 從以上例子我們可以看出,含有獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句子,前后主 語(yǔ)是不一樣的, 這也是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)和非謂語(yǔ)分句作狀語(yǔ)的最重要區(qū) 別; 例 1 Hearing the news, he was very excited. 2 Winter coming, it gets colder and colder. 在這兩個(gè)句子里,第一個(gè)句子,前后的主
14、語(yǔ)是一樣的, 都是 he, 也 就是說(shuō)動(dòng)詞 hear 的動(dòng)作發(fā)出者是主語(yǔ) he , 因此它是一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短 語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)表示緣由的句子; 而其次個(gè)句子,我們可以發(fā)覺(jué),有兩個(gè)主 語(yǔ),第一個(gè)是動(dòng)詞 come 的規(guī)律主語(yǔ) winter, 而其次個(gè)主語(yǔ)是句子真 正的主語(yǔ) it,非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 coming 和 it 之間沒(méi)有任何關(guān)系, 因此它是 一個(gè)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu); 2 在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,動(dòng)詞是用現(xiàn)在分詞仍是過(guò)去分詞 一般來(lái)說(shuō)假如規(guī)律主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間是主謂關(guān)系,用現(xiàn)在分詞; 如: Time permitting, we will go out to play. 一句中, time 和 permit 之間是規(guī)律上的
15、主謂關(guān)系 “時(shí)間答應(yīng),”因此用現(xiàn)在分詞; 假如規(guī)律主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞之間是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,并且有被動(dòng)的意思,用 -可編輯修改 - 第 6 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 過(guò)去分詞;如:“More time given,weshouldhavedone it better. ”一 句中, time 和 give 之間的關(guān)系是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系,有被動(dòng)的意思 -“假如 被給更多時(shí)間”,因此用過(guò)去分詞; 3 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是一個(gè)句子,而是相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句 ,可以表 示時(shí)間,緣由,條件,方式和相伴情形等; 例 Work done, John went home. 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從 句: Whe
16、n the work has been done, John went home. 例 There being no buses, we had to walk home. 相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表 示緣由的狀語(yǔ)從句: Because there are no buses, we had to walk home. 4 完成時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用 在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中假如強(qiáng)調(diào)分詞的時(shí)間發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作時(shí)間之 前,常用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài) 動(dòng)仍是被動(dòng); having done , 依據(jù)情形確定是用主 例 The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. His wallet havi
17、ng been stolen, he didn t knowwhat to do next. 5. 在以下兩種情形下,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的 being (或 having been )不能?。?1 獨(dú)立主格的規(guī)律主語(yǔ)是代詞時(shí);如 :It being Sunday, we went to church. 由于是星期天,我們?nèi)チ俗龆Y拜; 2 在 There being 名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中;如: -可編輯修改 - 第 7 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); There being no bus, we had to go home on foot. 所以我們不得不步行回家; With 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)分析 一,句法結(jié)構(gòu) 1
18、 with 名詞(代詞)介詞短語(yǔ) 由于沒(méi)有公共汽車, He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand 他手托下巴,坐在那兒深思; The old man stood there, with his back against the wall 那位老人背倚著墻站在那里; Mary was sitting near the fire, with her back towards the door 瑪麗 *近火爐坐著,背對(duì)著門(mén); 2 with 名詞(代詞)形容詞 He stared at his friend with his mouth wide
19、open 他張大嘴巴凝視著他的伴侶; The man raised his head with eyes full of wonder and mystery 這人抬起頭來(lái),眼里布滿了古怪; He stood there trembling, with his face red with cold 他站在那兒瑟瑟顫抖,臉都凍紅了; -可編輯修改 - 第 8 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 3 with 名詞(代詞)副詞 With production up by 60 , the company has had another excellent year 產(chǎn)量上升了 60 , 公司又是一個(gè)好年景; Th
20、e stupid Emperor walked in the procession with nothing on 這位愚蠢的皇帝一絲不掛地行進(jìn)在游行隊(duì)伍中; The naughty boy stood before his teacher with his head down 這個(gè)頑皮的男孩低著頭站在老師面前; He put on his socks with the wrong side out 他把襪子穿反了; 4 with 名詞(代詞)名詞 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companio
21、n 她從前總愛(ài)在晚上坐著看書(shū),她的寵物狗便是她唯獨(dú)的伙伴; He died with his daughter yet a schoolgirl 他去世的時(shí)候,女兒仍是個(gè)中同學(xué); 5 with 名詞(代詞)現(xiàn)在分詞 She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her 她站在那兒跟伴侶閑聊,孩子在旁邊玩; -可編輯修改 - 第 9 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); With you helping me whenever Im introuble, I feel very obliged to you 無(wú)論我什
22、么時(shí)候遇到困難你總是幫忙我,真是太感謝你了; 6 with 名詞(代詞)過(guò)去分詞 “I thinkwe can leave with our heads held high, ” Eriksson said “We came out of the toughestgroup, beat Argentina, beat Denmark in a convincing way ” “我認(rèn)為我們可以昂揚(yáng)著頭離開(kāi), ”艾里克松說(shuō); “我們來(lái)自死亡之組,以一種令 人信服的方式擊敗了阿根廷,擊敗了丹麥; ” The goalkeeper left Japan with his flaws laid bar
23、e 這位守門(mén)員離開(kāi)了日本,而他的缺點(diǎn)卻暴露無(wú)遺; 7 with 名詞(代詞)不定式 With 10 minutes to go,youd better hurry 仍有特別鐘,你最好快一點(diǎn); With you to lead us, our group is sure to succeed 有你領(lǐng)導(dǎo)我們,我們組確定能成功; 二,句法功能 【作狀語(yǔ)】 with 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用作狀語(yǔ),可以表示相伴,方式,緣由,時(shí) 間等; 例 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有瑪麗的幫忙,他確定能成功; 【作定語(yǔ)】 主要是用作后置定語(yǔ); -可編輯修改
24、- 第 10 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 例 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 這個(gè)女孩來(lái)到了兩岸開(kāi)滿鮮花的河邊; 三,句法關(guān)系 【主表關(guān)系】 主表關(guān)系這種關(guān)系主要是由 with 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的 形容詞,副詞以及介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成; 例 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 媽媽眼含淚水看著我; 【主謂關(guān)系】這種關(guān)系主要是由 with 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的現(xiàn)在分詞 構(gòu)成; 例 With night coming on, we started
25、 for home. 夜幕降落,我們動(dòng)身回家; 例 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. 小男孩躺在草地上,兩眼望著天空; 【動(dòng)賓關(guān)系】這種關(guān)系主要是由 with 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和其后的過(guò)去分詞 及動(dòng)詞不定式構(gòu)成的,前者表示 “被動(dòng),完成 ”,后者表示 “未做,待做 ”; 例 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有這么多工作要做,我們不得不徹夜不眠; 四,句法省略 【省略特點(diǎn)】 with 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略主要是指在 “
26、with + n + 介詞短語(yǔ) ” 結(jié)構(gòu)中的省略,其特點(diǎn)是省去 with 及介詞短語(yǔ)中的名詞修飾詞,也就是: “n + 介詞 + n”; -可編輯修改 - 第 11 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 例 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand. 她手里拿著鮮花跑向這位英雄 介詞 with 的用法大全 With 是個(gè)介詞,基本的意思是 “用 ”,但它也可以幫忙構(gòu)成一個(gè)極為多采多姿的 句型,在句子中起兩種作用;副詞與形容詞; with 在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中起副詞作用: 1.“with+賓語(yǔ) +現(xiàn)在分詞或短語(yǔ) ”,如: 1 This article deals with common s
27、ocial ills, with particular attention bei ng paid to vandalism. 2.“with+賓語(yǔ) +過(guò)去分詞或短語(yǔ) ”,如: 2 With different techniques used, different results can be obtained. 3 The TV mechanic entered the factory with tools carried in both hand s. 3.“with+賓語(yǔ) +形容詞或短語(yǔ) ”,如: 4 With so much water vapour present in the ro
28、om, some iron-made ut ensils have become rusty easily. 5 Every night, Helen sleeps with all the windows open. 4.“with+賓語(yǔ)介詞短語(yǔ) ”,如: 6 With the school badge on his shirt, he looks all the more serious. 7 With the security guard near the gate no bad character could do any t hing illegal. -可編輯修改 - 第 12 頁(yè),共 15 頁(yè); 5.“with+賓語(yǔ)副詞虛詞 ”,如: 8 You cannot leave the machine there with electric power o
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