河北衡水高三英語(yǔ)新高考語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記（20）介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)概要公開(kāi)課

1、淅水第一中圖 Henasln NOA High fchwl河北衡水高三英語(yǔ)新高考語(yǔ)法學(xué)習(xí)筆記（20）介詞知識(shí)點(diǎn)概要介詞 第一節(jié)介詞的基本特點(diǎn)63介詞的特點(diǎn)（1）介詞的賓語(yǔ)（用在介詞后）：介詞不能獨(dú)立使用，在介詞后面必 須帶有賓語(yǔ)。其賓語(yǔ)形式主要是名詞，另外還有相當(dāng)于名詞的成分，比 如代詞、數(shù)詞、動(dòng)名詞或動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)及名詞性從句。（2）與介詞搭配的詞（用在介詞前）：與介詞連用，置于介詞前面 的詞主要有動(dòng)詞（如depend on ）、名詞（如pay attention to ） 和形容詞（如be kind to ）（3 ）介詞是英語(yǔ)詞類(lèi)中的一種虛詞，不能獨(dú)立在句中充當(dāng)句子成分。 但介詞與其賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)

2、成介詞短語(yǔ)以后，就可以在句中充當(dāng)多種句子 成分。可以作主語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)等（4）介詞的作用：從以上得知，介詞是把名詞（或相當(dāng)于名詞的成分）與動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他名詞聯(lián)系起來(lái)，以表示前后詞語(yǔ)之間的關(guān) 系。任何一個(gè)去掉了介詞的英語(yǔ)句子，都只能是詞語(yǔ)的零亂堆砌。2 )during可接表示事件延續(xù)一段時(shí)間的名詞，如stay , visit ztravel 等；for一般不能這樣用during the travel to the south 在去南方途中during the Middle Ages 在中世紀(jì)for一般只接具體的時(shí)間量for six years for two months(3 ) f

3、rom, since, for) fromfrom通常要和介詞to或till/until連用Most people work from nine to five.) sincesince+時(shí)間點(diǎn)，表示從那一時(shí)刻起，事件開(kāi)始發(fā)生，它通常要與 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用I havent seen him since two years ago.我兩年沒(méi)見(jiàn)他了。I havent seen him for two years.Its two years since I last saw him.) forfor+時(shí)間段，表示動(dòng)作延續(xù)到說(shuō)話的那一時(shí)刻。通常也要與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)連用I have l

4、ived here for a year.I have lived here since this time last year.(4 ) before, after, till/until這幾個(gè)詞即可作介詞接短語(yǔ)，又可用作連詞接從句。它們后面所接的 時(shí)間一般是“時(shí)間點(diǎn)，以表示在某一時(shí)刻之前(before/、在 某一時(shí)刻之后(after)、一直到某一時(shí)刻為止(till/until)We finished the work before 10 oclock.Ill wait for you till 10 oclock.1）延續(xù)性句子謂語(yǔ)（用肯定）+till/until+時(shí)間點(diǎn)（假設(shè)是從句，那么

5、從 句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞）2 ）短暫性句子謂語(yǔ)（用否認(rèn)）+till/until+時(shí)間點(diǎn)（假設(shè)是從句，那么從 句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是短暫性動(dòng)詞）He didnt finish the work until 10 oclock. （ finish 短暫性動(dòng)詞, 用否認(rèn)）He didnt leave the office till 12 oclock.He will stay here until next Sunday. （ stay 延續(xù)性動(dòng)詞,用肯定）by） by的意思是no later than ,表示不遲于某個(gè)時(shí)間、到了某 個(gè)時(shí)間by the end of next year到明年年底為止

6、) by引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)常與將來(lái)完成時(shí)態(tài)或過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)連用By the end of next year Ill have learned 2,000 words.By the end of last year I had learned 2,000 words.66表示地點(diǎn)、方位的介詞這樣的介詞主要有：at in on over above under below beneath before after behind about around round outside(1) at, in1)在表示地點(diǎn)或場(chǎng)所時(shí)，一般來(lái)講，in表示較大的地方；at表示較小的地方at homeat the of

7、ficeat schoolin a country in a townin a village此外，常用in的情形有：in a line/in a row/in a queuein a photo/in a picturein a mirrorin the sky/in the worldin a book/in a newspaper/in a magazine/in a letterin the front/back row （但也可以說(shuō):at the front/back ）in the front/back of the car （at the front/back of thebui

8、lding/cinema/classroom）2 ）我們可以用in或at來(lái)談?wù)摻ㄖ?比方：at a restaurant或in a restaurant但用at通常表示某事發(fā)生的場(chǎng)合I met him at the cinema last night.in往往表示建筑物本身情形I enjoyed the film but it was very cold in the cinema.(不說(shuō)：at the cinema )另外，我們用in強(qiáng)調(diào)“在建筑物里面，而用at那么籠統(tǒng)地指“在這 個(gè)地點(diǎn)”，包括建筑物的里面及周?chē)鷄t the restaurant可以是在餐館里面,也可以是在餐館附近in t

9、he restaurant強(qiáng)調(diào)在餐館里面at the cinema在電影院，但不一定是電影院里面in the cinema強(qiáng)調(diào)在電影院里面There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowed.商店里有很多人，很擠。Go along this road, then turn left at the shop.沿著這條路直走，然后在商店那兒左轉(zhuǎn)。(2 ) on , over, above1) on表示兩事物外表接觸The dictionary on the table is not mine.桌上的字典不是我的。此外,常用on的情形有

10、：on the left/on the righton the first/second floor （在一/二樓）on a mapon the page/on Page Seven （但說(shuō):at the top/bottom of the page）on the menuon the liston a farmon the way to schoolon the corner of the street （但也可以說(shuō):in the corner of the room ） over表示兩事物外表不僅有接觸，而且有覆蓋的含義Spread the cloth over the table.Mom

11、 put a rug over me when I was asleep.我睡著的時(shí)候，媽媽在我身上蓋了一塊小毛毯。over還可以表示正上方There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座橋。) above僅表示上下方位關(guān)系,且事物外表不接觸,也不是正上方The sun rose above the horizon.用于抽象概念表示職位高低時(shí)，over和above的差異He is over me.=He is my immediate superior.他是我的頂頭上司。He is above me.他是我的上司。(一般不是直接上司)3 ) below , unde

12、r, beneath1) under表示在下方，兩物體可以接觸，也可以隔開(kāi)一定的距離I put the money under the mattress.我把錢(qián)放在了床墊底下。2 ) below那么一般表示在兩個(gè)外表之間間隔一定的距離They live below us.3 ) beneath可用來(lái)替換under，但在表示抽象含義時(shí)，最好用 beneathHe would think it beneath him to tell a lie.他認(rèn)為說(shuō)謊有失他的身份。She married beneath her.她嫁給了一個(gè)比她社會(huì)地位低的人。67表示方式、手段的介詞(l)byby后面接動(dòng)名詞

13、或不帶冠詞的單數(shù)名詞。如by boat,而不是by a boat*o1)表示行為方式do something by handpay by check/by credit cardpay in cash2 ）接交通工具by carby trainby plane/airby boat/sea/ship注意：by car z 不說(shuō) by a car* , by my car* , by the car*，但說(shuō)： in a car z in my car, in the carI dont mind going by car but I dont want to go in your car.我不介

14、意乘車(chē)去，但我又不想坐你的車(chē)。car, taxi前用介詞inThey didnt come in their car. They came in a taxi.他們沒(méi)開(kāi)自己的車(chē)來(lái)，而是打車(chē)來(lái)的。64介詞的種類(lèi)(1)簡(jiǎn)單介詞(simple preposition )at by for from in near of off on(2 )復(fù)合介詞(compound preposition )1)由兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單介詞連在一起固定構(gòu)成的介詞inside into onto outside throughout upon within without2)由兩個(gè)介詞搭配連用的介詞from abovefrom b

15、ehindfrom beneathfrom underuntil afterexcept forUntil after World War II, the new scienc was neglected.自行車(chē)和公共交通設(shè)施前使用onon the train/by trainon his bicycle/by bicycle3)表示通過(guò)某種手段以到達(dá)預(yù)期的結(jié)果We succeeded by cooperating with them.通過(guò)與他們合作，我們?nèi)〉昧顺晒Α?2 ) with主要是表示用具體的工具做某事。with接單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，需要帶冠 詞。I killed a fly with

16、a flyflap.我用蒼蠅拍打死了一只蒼蠅。in表示以某種方式做某事。Write in pencil/ink.Express this in your own words.Pay in installments.以分期付款的方式支付。(4 ) through其用法與by相近，只是through 一般多跟名詞連用，by那么多與動(dòng)名 詞搭配They talked to each other through an interpreter.第三節(jié)常見(jiàn)的介詞短語(yǔ)68與動(dòng)詞搭配的短語(yǔ)1)動(dòng)詞+介詞accuse ofapply forask forbelieve incomply with)動(dòng)詞+名詞+介

17、詞play a role intake advantage of）動(dòng)詞+副詞+介詞catch up withcome up with69形容詞搭配的短語(yǔ)1）常與to連用的形容詞equal favorable faithful familiar good hostile loyal parallelopposite responsible sensible useful similar used2）常與about連用的形容詞anxious careful careless certain considerate enthusiastic guilty happy mad sad sure3）常與

18、for連用的形容詞 available bad convenient eager eligible good grateful homesick famous hungry necessary noted ready responsible sorry suitable4）常與with連用的形容詞angry acquainted bored careful popular ill strict busy familiar impatient sympathetic5）常與of連用的形容詞恐懼:afraid frightened terrified scared好惡:ashamed enviou

19、s fond jealous proud tired態(tài)度:suspicious critical tolerant ignorant意識(shí):aware conscious止匕夕卜:capable/incapable full guilty hopeful independent6 ）常與at連用的形容詞angry bad clever disappointed disgusted good marvelous quick skilful useless weak同一個(gè)形容詞有的可與不同的介詞進(jìn)行搭配使用,此時(shí)構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ) 般在意思和使用上均有所不同。sth be familiar to sb某事為

20、某人所熟悉sb be familiar with sth某人對(duì)某事熟悉70與名詞搭配的短語(yǔ)1）名詞+fora reason fora demand fora need for2）名詞+ in主要表示在某方面a change in the costsan increase/a rise/a decrease/a fall in the costs a difference/similarity in this aspect3 ）名詞+toan answer to a questiona key to a doora solution to a problema reply to a letter

21、4 ）名詞+with/betweenA has a relationship/contact/connection with Ba relationship/contact/connection/difference/similarity between A and B直到二戰(zhàn)以后，人們還不是很重視新科學(xué)的開(kāi)展。(3 )短語(yǔ)介詞(phrasal preposition )短語(yǔ)介詞主要是由名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的。如：at the cost ofat the mercy ofat odds withby means ofby virtue ofin place ofin favor ofin spite

22、 ofwith an eye to另外表示“關(guān)于”的有：in/with reference toin/with respect toin/with regard to第二節(jié)常用介詞的意義與用法65表示時(shí)間、日期的介詞(1) at, in , onl)at(主要表示時(shí)間點(diǎn))用來(lái)表示在特定的某一時(shí)刻at nine a.m.在上午九點(diǎn)鐘用來(lái)表示不確定的某一時(shí)刻at nightat dawnat Christmas在圣誕節(jié)期間at Easter在復(fù)活節(jié)期間注意：on Christmas Day在圣誕節(jié)當(dāng)天用來(lái)表示年齡段at the age of eight/at eightHe got married

23、 at twenty.他二十歲結(jié)婚。2）in（主要表示時(shí)間段）一般指在相對(duì)較長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間內(nèi)in the morning/afternoon/eveningin spring/summer/autumn/winterin the past/in the past ten yearsa man in his thirtiesin還可表示在時(shí)間之內(nèi)/之后，通常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)中He said he would come back in a month.The train is leaving in a minute.in+動(dòng)名詞：in doing sth 這一用法的意思相當(dāng)于：during the co

24、urse of doing sth.,即“在做的過(guò)程當(dāng)中In crossing the river, we caught some fish.In working, we can learn a lot.3）on（主要表示具體的某一天）表示具體的日期和星期on Mondayon my birthdayon their wedding anniversaryThe Peoples Republic of China was founded on October 1st, 1949.表示特定某一天的上午、下午、凌晨或半夜等on the night/morning/afternoon of Dece

25、mber 31, 1999 on a cold afternoon in January On that particular evening, there was a strange excitement in the air.不是特定的某一天的某一時(shí)刻，那么用at表示在第幾天On the tenth day I was in Beijing.on+動(dòng)名詞或名詞：on doing sth這一用法的意思相當(dāng)于when somebody does sth或as soon as somebody does sth ,即在做的時(shí)候或一就On hearing the bad news, she burst into tears. 一聽(tīng)說(shuō)這個(gè)壞消息，她禁不住哭了起來(lái)。) in the beginning/end 與 at the beginning/endat the beginning表示在的開(kāi)頭”例如：At the beginning of a book there is often a table of contents.一本書(shū)的開(kāi)頭，通常有個(gè)目錄。in the begi