全校任選課學(xué)術(shù)英語讀寫4rpunit

1、Reading & Writing for Academic Purposes (IV)Unit 2 IntroductionHongmei Pangexplain your rationalestate the purposeestablish the contextFunctionMove 1Move 2Move 3123CARS ModelPage 4Move 1Establishing a research territoryby showing that the general research area is important, central, interesting, pro

2、blematic, or relevant in some way. (optional)by introducing and reviewing items of previous research in the area. (obligatory)123Page 5Move 2Page 6Establishing the motivation for the studyby indicating a gap in the previous research, raising a question about it, or extending previous knowledge in so

3、me way. (obligatory)123Move 3Page 7Making an offer to fill the gapby outlining purposes or stating the nature of the present research. (obligatory)by announcing principal findings. (optional)by indicating the structure of the RP. (optional)123Page 8Move 3Move 2Move 1Natural & Rational responseWhat w

4、as I studying? Why was it an important question? What did we know about it before I did this study? How will this study advance our knowledge?Page 9Showing importance and rationale :The increasing interest in.has heightened the need for. Recently, there has been growing interest in The possibility o

5、f had generated wide interest inThe development of has led to the hope thatThe has e a favorite for analysisKnowledge of has a great importance forThe study of e an important aspect of A central issue in is The has been extensively studied in recent years.Many investigators have recently turned to T

6、he relationship between has been investigated by many researchers.Many recent studies have focused onThe rationale for the selection of as the focus of the study is two-fold.Coming to move 2However, little information. little attention. little work. little data little researchor few studies few inve

7、stigations. few researchers. few attempts.focused onattempted to investigatedstudiedPrevious research (studies, records) has (have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated, underestimatedthus, these previous results are inconclusive, misleading, unsatisfactory, questiona

8、ble, controversial. Uncertainties (discrepancies) still exist .However, data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth ofWe need toaim tohave to provide more documents data records studies increase the datasetFurther studies are still necessary. essential.Indicating purposesThe aim of

9、 the present paper is to giveThis paper reports on the results obtainedIn this paper we give preliminary results forThe main purpose of the experiment reported here is to This study was designed to evaluateThe present work extends the use of the last model byWe now report the interaction betweenThe

10、primary focus of this paper is onThe aim of this investigation is to testIt is the purpose of the present paper to provideSecondary aims or features (Optional):In addition, an effort is made to Additionally, A secondary aim of the present paper is toA further reason forStating Value (Optional):In th

11、is way, we offer a solution to a long-standing problem inIt is hoped that this study will revive interest in a long-neglected feature ofThe information presented should be useful toOutlining the structure of the text (Optional):The plan of this paper is as follows.Section II describes In Section III

12、 a theoretical model is constructed which is designed to are then tested in Section IV.Finally, Section V offers some suggestions for the modification of the current Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which include

13、s xxxSection 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.Section 2 explains how flexibility which often . can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window.Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the anal

14、ysis of xx.Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.Sectio

15、n 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.Section 5 presents the primary results of

16、the paper: a fuzzy set model .Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and

17、uniqueness In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study Unstructured interviews are unplanned, non-directed, uncontrolled, unformatted, bilateral communications and flexible. They require skills in questioning and probing. Semi-structured interviews are pre-scheduled, dire

18、cted but flexible, major topic areas are controlled and there is a focused flow. Structured interviews are pre-planned, interviewer directed, standardised, pre-formatted and inflexible. They have a full structure and use highly-designed, closed questions. They assume a consistent format will get con

19、sistent responses.In non-directive interviews there are no preset topic to pursue. Questions are usually not pre-planned. The interviewer listens and does not take the lead. The interviewer follows what the interviewee has to say. The interviewee leads the conversation. StyleUse the active voice as

20、much as possible. Some use of first person is okay, but do not overdo it.Begin your Introduction by clearly identifying the subject area of interest. Establish the context by providing a brief and balanced review of the pertinent published literature that is available on the subject. What literature

21、 should you look for in your review of what we know about the problem? Be sure to clearly state the purpose and /or hypothesis that you investigate .Provide a clear statement of the rationale for your approach to the problem studied. The Tyranny of NumbersAlwyn YoungSloan School of managementMITIntr

22、oductionThis is a fairly boring and tedious paper, and is intentionally so. This paper provides no new interpretations of the East Asian experience to interest the historian, derives no new theoretical implications of the forces behind the East Asian growth process to motivate the theorist, and draw

23、s no new policy implications from the subtleties of East Asian government intervention to excite the policy activist. Instead, this paper concentrates its energies on providing a careful analysis of the historical patterns of output growth, factor accumulation, and productivity growth in the newly i

24、ndustrializing countries of East Asia.How to Write a Research QuestionWhat is a research question?A research question is a clear, focused, concise, complex and arguable question around which you center your research. You should ask a question about an issue that you are genuinely curious about. Why

25、is a research question essential to the research process?Research questions help writers focus their research by providing a path through the research and writing process. The specificity of a well-developed research question helps writers avoid the “all-about” paper and work toward supporting a spe

26、cific, arguable thesis. Steps to developing a research question:Choose an interesting general topic. Even directed academic research should focus on a topic in which the writer is at least somewhat personally invested. Writers should choose a broad topic about which they genuinely would like to know

27、 more. An example of a general topic might be “Slavery in the American South” or “Films of the 1930s.” Do some preliminary research on your general topic. Do a few quick searches in current periodicals and journals on your topic to see whats already been done and to help you narrow your focus. What

28、questions does this early research raise? Consider your audience. For most college papers, your audience will be academic, but always keep your audience in mind when narrowing your topic and developing your question. Would that particular audience be interested in this question? Start asking questio

29、ns. Is your research question clear? Is your research question focused? Is your research question complex? Hypothesize After youve come up with a question, think about what the path you think the answer will take. Where do you think your research will take you? What kind of argument are you hoping t

30、o make/support? What will it mean if your research disputes your planned argument? Why are social networking sites harmful?How are online users experiencing or addressing privacy issues on such social networking sites as MySpace and Facebook?What is the effect on the environment from global warming?

31、How is glacial melting affecting penguins in the Arctic Circle? How are doctors addressing diabetes in the U.S.?What are common traits of those suffering from diabetes in America, and how can these commonalities be used to aid the medical community in prevention of the disease?rationaleA rationale typically consists of a line of reasoning that performs