英漢翻譯的不同

1、English-Chinses Translation09英語(yǔ)1班陳宇200915310133Qinggong CollegeHebei United UniversityOctober , 2011The Comparison between English and ChineseSynthetic VS AnalyticA synthetic language is characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships.An analytic

2、language is marked by a relatively frequent use of functions words, auxiliary verbs, and charges in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.English is a synthetic-analytic language.Chinese is a typical analytic language.In English nouns, pronouns, and verbs are infl

3、ected, Chinese is non-inflectional. The above grammatical meanings are mostly implied in contexts or between the lines.The English inflection, though few in numbers, are an integral and essential part of the language. The excessive frequency of these forms gives them great morphological weight. We c

4、annot but accept Sayces dictum, “once inflectional, always inflectional. Hence, while English appears as almost uninflectional when compared with such a language as Latin, it appears in the opposite light when compared with an isolating language such as Chinese.Word order in English is not so rigid

5、as in Chinese. More ways of inversion, grammatical or rhetorical are often seen in English.The flexible word order in English is mainly the result of the grammatical concord of words in the sentence which is achieved by inflection.When expressing temporal or logical sequences, English may make full

6、use of inflections and function words to make its word order flexible, while Chinese, with the help of function words, arranges its word order according to certain rules of temporal or logical sequences.English functions words include the articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs, coordinators and sub

7、ordinators, while Chinese function words include particles, connectives, and prepositions. Each has its own features in the use of these words.Chinese is rich in particles, which can be classified into aspect particles, structural particles, and emotional particles. The frequent use of Chinese parti

8、cles is a hard nut for foreign learners of Chinese.Eg.這回我可親眼看見(jiàn)啦！This time Ive actually seen it for myself.English has a large number of prepositions and prepositional phrases which are often in use, which Chinese has a few prepositions which are mostly “borrowed from their corresponding verbs. A con

9、version of English perversion of English prepositions into Chinese verbs is often necessary.Eg. Peter drew his knife on the robber.彼得拔刀向那個(gè)強(qiáng)盜砍去。English frequently uses its various connectives, coordinating or subordinating, including conjunctive and relative pronouns or adverbs, such as who, whose, t

10、hat, what, which, when, where, why, and how. Chinese has no such kind of conjunctives and relatives, and other connectives are not often used, except in formal writings.Eg. Practically all substances expand when heated and contract when cooled. 幾 乎所有的物質(zhì)都是熱脹冷縮的。English is an intonation language while

11、 Chinese is a tone language. One of the important features in modern Chinese is the predominance of disyllables and quadrisyllables over monosyllables and trisyllables. As a result, reduplication of characters, repetition of words, four-character expressions, and parallelism of syllables, words, phr

12、ases, and sentence structures have popular Chinese grammatical and rhetorical devices.Rigid VS SuppleEnglish subject-predicate structure appears rigid as a result of certain grammatical bonds, including the patternization and the principles of grammatical and notional concord.Chinese, however, is re

13、latively free from the government of S-V concord and formal markers. The subject-predicate structure is usually varied, flexible, and therefore complicated and supple.Eg. The article has been translated.文章翻譯完了。More ambiguity can be found in Chinese due to the lack of connectives, inflections and oth

14、er grammatical markers.他欠你的錢(qián)（他+欠你錢(qián)/他欠你的+錢(qián)）準(zhǔn)備了兩年的食物（準(zhǔn)備了兩年的+食物/準(zhǔn)備了+兩年的食物）Hypotactic VS ParatacticHypotaxis is the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship ofclauses with connectives, for example, I shall despair if you dont come. Engli sentence building is featured by hypotaxis.Parataxis

15、is the arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relations between them, for example, The rain fell; the river flooded; the house washed away. Chinese sentence building is featured by parataxis.To clarify the relations between words, phrases or clauses, English more of

16、ten resorts to overt cohesion, frequently using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connectives, prepositions, and some others.Eg. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.過(guò)了一些時(shí)候，從遠(yuǎn)方傳來(lái)了消息：在小銅球墜落的當(dāng)

17、天，確實(shí)發(fā)生了地震。這一切終 于得到了澄清！By contrast, Chinese more frequently relies on covert coherence and context, focusing on temporal or logical sequences. Instead of using various cohesive ties such as relatives, connectives and prepositions as in English, Chinese more often resorts to word order, contracted sen

18、tences, four-character expressions, and somegrammatical or rhetorical devices such as repetitions, antithesis, and parallelism.Compare English with Chinese.Eg.人若不犯我，我則不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.Complex VS SimplexEnglish sentence-building is characterized by an “architecture style”

19、 with extensive use of longer or subordinate structure , while Chinese, a “chronicle style” with frequent use of shorter or composite structures. In a word, English sentences are often complex while Chinese sentences are often simplex.Eg. In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and

20、 colors. 門(mén)口放 著一堆雨傘，少說(shuō)也有十二把，五顏六色，大小不一。V Impersonal VS PersonalFormal written English often goes with an impersonal style. Chinese by contrast, prefer to use a personal style. Compare English with Chinese:Eg. It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alar

21、mingly. Students are asked to remind themselves of the rules for the borrowing and return of books, and to bear in mind the needs of other students. Penalties for overdue books will in the future be strictly enforced.近來(lái)已注意到本館存書(shū)驚人地減少，此時(shí)令人關(guān)切。先要求學(xué)生不要忘記借 書(shū)還書(shū)規(guī)則，并考慮其他學(xué)生的需要。今后凡借書(shū)逾期不還者，必將嚴(yán)格按 章處罰。As a result

22、 of the above difference, the conversation of English passives intoChinese actives is often employed in translation:An idea suddenly struck me.我突然想到了一個(gè)主意。A strange peace came over her when she was alone.她獨(dú)處時(shí)便感到一種 特殊的安寧。Passive VS ActivePassive of various forms are frequently used in English.By contr

23、ast, active forms, including those in passive sense, are often used in Chinese.Chinese generally prefers to use active forms: besides, there are many other ways to denote passive sense which is usually expressed in the English passive forms. For example:Notional passives: 一匹馬能騎兩個(gè)人。 Two persons rode

24、on one horse.Subjectless or subject-omitted sentences when the subject is self-evident, unknown or implied in the context.要制造飛機(jī)，就必須仔細(xì)考慮空氣阻力的 問(wèn)題。 Air resistance must be given careful consideration when the aircraft is to be manufactured.Using generic persons as subjects:人們普遍認(rèn)為It is generallyconsidere

25、d thatUsing “executive forms”：凡是做工，都是把能從一種形式轉(zhuǎn)換成另一種 形式。Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another.Static VS DynamicEnglish makes more use of nouns, adjectives, and prepositions, and is therefore more static. Conversely, Chinese often employs verbs, adverbs, verb

26、al phrases, repetition, and reduplication of verbs, and is therefore more dynamic. Compare the English sentences with the Chinese versions:The doctors extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful examination of the patient brought about his very speedy recovery.醫(yī)生迅速到達(dá)，并非常仔細(xì) 地檢查了病人，因此病人很快就康復(fù)了。As a

27、result of the above differences, the conversion of the English nominal style into the Chinese verbal style, e.g. English nouns converted into Chinese verbs, adjectives into adverbs, prepositions into verbs, etc., is often employed in translation:(1) He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。(2) I

28、used to be a bit of a fancier myself.過(guò)去我常常有電喜歡胡思亂想。Abstract VS ConcreteIn English, nominalization often results in abstraction. By contrast, Chinese prefers to use co ncrete or specific words and employs a “down -to-earth style”， expressing abstract ideas often by metaphors, similes, allegories, or

29、other devices for making a thing plain.Eg. He waited for her arrival with a frenzied agitation.他等著她來(lái)，急的像熱鍋上的螞蟻！As a result of the above differences, the conversation of English abstract words into Chinese concrete words, figurative expressions or verbs is often employed in translation.Eg. He had sur

30、faced with less visibility in the policy decisions. 在決策過(guò)程中，他已經(jīng)不那么拋頭露面了。Indirect VS DirectThe wider use of such devices as euphemism, understatement, litotes, indirect negation, periphrasis as well as the impersonal style and abstract diction makes English more indirect than Chinese.EuphemismCompared

31、 with Chinese, English euphemism is widely used in all kinds of subjects, covering taboo, privacy, and other different aspects of social life, such as religion, birth, death, sex, love, age, disease, money, poverty, crime, profession, commerce, advertisement, education, politics, economy, war, diplo

32、macy, etc,.e.g.sanitary engineer 垃圾清潔工We have entered upon a period of uncertainty involving fairly high mobilization.我們現(xiàn)在正在就行一場(chǎng)內(nèi)戰(zhàn)。UnderstatementA statement which is not strong enough to express the full of true facts or feelings i.e. makes big things seem trifle, particularly common in English, is

33、known as understatement.An Englishman will say “I have a little house in the country”； when he invites you to stay with him you will discover that the little house is a place with 300bedrooms.LitotesLitotes is a way of expressing a thought by its opposite, esp. with “not” as in “not bad”，and no” as

34、in “no small”，“no easy”. Chinese has similar litotes as 未嘗 不可”，“難免錯(cuò)誤”，“不虛此行”，and “不無(wú)遺憾”，but prefers to use direct affirmatives for the English litotes.To my no small astonishment, I found the house on fire. 我發(fā)現(xiàn)房子著了火，這讓我大吃一驚。Indirect NegationA strange feature of the syntax of subordination in colloqu

35、ial English is the transfer of the negative form a subordinate that-clause, where semantically it belongs, to the main clause, e.g. “I dont think he will come” instead of “I think he will not come”. Chinese prefers direct negation “ 我想他不回來(lái)” instead of “我不想他會(huì)來(lái)”.We dont believe that the two boxers are

36、 very well-matched.我們相信兩個(gè)拳擊手并非是勢(shì)均力敵。Other ways of using affirmative forms to express negative meanings are often found in implied subjunctive, disjunctive questions, ellipsis, swearwords, and ironical idioms.You could have come at a better time.你來(lái)的不是時(shí)候。Tactful ImplicationEnglish speakers are often c

37、areful not to cause offence or upset people in their expressions, which leave gaps in the development of thoughts.It can be worse.還可以/還過(guò)得去/還算不怎么壞/湊合湊合吧PeriphrasisPeriphrasis or circumlocution is the roundabout expression in speaking or writing, e.g. the use of long or many words, phrases, or unclear

38、 expressions when short simple ones are all that is needed. Chinese generally prefers to be straightforward.In London there reigns a complete absence of really reliable news. 倫敦沒(méi)有可靠的消息。Compared with English, Chinese has been indirect modes of expression as the above, but other means such as polite e

39、xpressions and self-depreciatory expressions are often used, especially in classical or early Chinese: 貴姓 your name 拜訪(fǎng) call onXI. Substitutive VS RepetitiveRepetition of words in English is generally more or less abnormal and objectionable except that it is rhetorical or significant. To avoid repeti

40、tion, English often employs substitution, ellipsis, variation, and some other devices.SubstitutionEnglish generally uses pro-forms or substitutes to avoid repletion, while Chinese often repeats the same words or clauses substituted.English usually leaves out the same words from a sentence to avoid r

41、epetition, while Chinese often repeats the same words.English often uses synonyms or near-synonyms, superordinates, hyponyms or general words to avoid repetition, while Chinese usually repeats the same words.Chinese often employs various patterns of character-reduplication for rhetorical or other purpose, while English has much less