生物專業(yè)英語(yǔ)

1、Biochemistry生物化學(xué)essential element 必需元素trace elements 微量元素proteoglycan蛋白聚糖amino acid氨基酸primary structure 一級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)random coil無(wú)規(guī)卷曲structural domain 結(jié)構(gòu)域subunit 亞基degeneration 變性adenine腺喋吟guanine鳥喋吟cytosine胞口密咤thymine胸腺口密咤uracil尿口密咤nucleoside 核昔nucleotide 核甘酸base pairing堿基配對(duì)base pair堿基對(duì)數(shù)base堿基數(shù)gyrase旋轉(zhuǎn)酶nucle

2、osome 核小體complementary DNA 互補(bǔ)DNA plasmid 質(zhì)粒transposons 轉(zhuǎn)座子repetitive sequence 重復(fù)序歹Uexon外顯子intron內(nèi)含子variable loop 可變環(huán)ribonuclease核糖核酸酶renaturation 復(fù)性hyperchromic effect 增色效應(yīng)base stacking force 堿基堆積力annealing 退火melting-out temperature 熔解溫度hypochromic effect 減色效應(yīng)maltose 麥芽糖sucrose 蔗糖lactose 孚L糖starch淀粉

3、glycogen 糖原cellulose纖維素cellulase纖維素酶selectivity 選擇性substrate 底物holoenzyme 全酶cofactor輔因子coenzyme 輔酶oxidase氧化酶 metabolism新陳代謝assimilation同化作用catabolism異化作用metabolite代謝產(chǎn)物biological oxidation 生物氧化cytochrome細(xì)胞色素rotenone魚藤酮amytal阿密妥antimycin A 抗霉素A cyanide氧化物glycolysis 糖酵解ethanol 乙醇citrate檸檬酸cis-aconitate

4、 順烏頭酸succinic acid 琥珀酸oxaloacetic acid 草酰乙酸 acetyl-coenzyme 乙酰輔酶fumarate延胡索酸glyoxylate cycle乙醛酸循環(huán)malate蘋果酸fatty acid脂肪酸carbon unit 一碳單位metabolic regulation 代謝調(diào)feedback regulation 反饋調(diào)節(jié)regulator gene 調(diào)節(jié)基因termination factor 終止因子triplet code三聯(lián)體密碼initiator codon 起始密碼 termination codon 終止密碼replicon復(fù)制子core

5、 enzyme 核心酶primosome 引發(fā)體Okazaki fragment 岡崎片段leading chain 前導(dǎo)鏈lagging strand 后隨鏈terminator 終止子telomere 端粒telomerase 端粒酶replication fork 復(fù)制叉vector載體promoter啟動(dòng)子terminator 終止子operon操縱子codon密碼子degeneracy 簡(jiǎn)并性hormone 激素citric acid cycle檸檬酸循環(huán)structural gene結(jié)構(gòu)基因Deamination脫氨基作用promoter gene啟動(dòng)基因urea cycle 尿素

6、循環(huán)operator gene 操縱基因、euchromatin 常染色質(zhì)messenger RNA 信使 RNAtransfer RNA 轉(zhuǎn)移 RNAribosome RNA 核糖體 RNAsecondary structure 二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) super-secondary structure 超二級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)tertiary structure 三級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu) quaternary structure 四級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)semiconservative replication 半保留復(fù)制ornithine cycle 鳥氨酸循環(huán)negative supercoil DNA 負(fù)超螺旋 DNApositive supe

7、rcoil DNA 正超螺旋 DNA restriction endonuclease 限制性內(nèi)切酶 polymerase chain reaction 聚合酶鏈反應(yīng) oxidative deamination氧化脫氨作用transamination 轉(zhuǎn)氨基作用reverse transcription 逆轉(zhuǎn)錄 decarboxylation脫竣作用semidiscontinuous replication 半不連續(xù)復(fù)制 reverse transcriptase逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶missense mutation 錯(cuò)義突變 synonymous mutation 同義突變 neutral mutati

8、on 中性突變 nonsense mutation 無(wú)義突變double-strand circular DNA 雙鏈環(huán)形 DNAphosphatidic acid 磷月旨酸essential amino acids必需氨基酸dihydrouracil loop 二氫尿口密咤環(huán) anticodon loop 反密碼子環(huán)superhelical DNA 超螺旋 DNAopen circular DNA 開環(huán) DNAlinear DNA 線形 DNAbase stacking force 堿基堆積力glucogenic and ketogenic amino acid 生糖兼生酮氨基酸ketoge

9、nic amino acid 生酮氨基酸glucogenic amino acid 生糖氨基酸Genetics遺傳學(xué)heredity 遺傳variation 變異pisum sativum 豌豆segregation 分離gamete生殖細(xì)胞zygote合子allele等位基因genotype基因型phenotype表現(xiàn)型test cross 測(cè)交oryza sativa 水稻diploid 二倍體haploid單倍體centromere 著絲粒satellite 隨體linker連絲mitosis有絲分裂mesoblast中胚層spindle紡錘體interphase 間期spindle f

10、iber 紡錘絲vicia faba 蠶豆nucleoplasm 核質(zhì)spermatogenous 精原細(xì)胞oogonium卵原細(xì)胞spermatid 精細(xì)胞Phenocopy擬表型epistasis上位效應(yīng)mutant突變型gametic lethal 配子致死zygotic lethal 合子致死autosome 常染色體dominant lethal 顯性致死carrier攜帶者h(yuǎn)omozygote 純合體 heterozygote 雜合體genotype基因型phenotype 表現(xiàn)型linkage group 連鎖群interference 干涉coincidence 并發(fā)率gene

11、tic map 遺傳學(xué)圖mutation 突變induction 誘導(dǎo)strain菌株recipient 受體donor供體fragment 片段heterokaryon 異核體auxotroph營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺陷型prophage原噬菌體transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)Mendel s laws孟德爾定律 law of segregation 分離定律first filial generation 子代 parental generation 親代dominant character 顯性性狀 recessive character 隱性性狀hereditary determinant 遺傳因子pare

12、ntal combination 親組合recombination 重組合 punnett square 棋盤法Mendelian character 孟德爾性狀primary constriction 初級(jí)縊痕secondary constriction 次級(jí)縊痕 nucleolar organizer 核仁形成區(qū)first polar body 第一極體sister chromatids姐妹染色單體 female gametic nucleus 卵核wild type野生型multiple alleles復(fù)等位基因 sex-chromosome 性染色體sex-linked inherit

13、ance 伴性遺傳primary constriction 初級(jí)縊痕secondary constriction 次級(jí)縊痕complementary gene 互補(bǔ)基因homologous chromosome 同源染色體 sister chromatids姐妹染色單體yeast酵母菌 plasmolysis質(zhì)壁分離Escherichia Coli 大腸桿菌murein胞壁質(zhì)peptidoglycan 肽聚糖mucopeptide 黏肽outer membrane 夕卜膜chromosome 染色體nucleolus 核仁nucleoid 擬核chromatin 染色質(zhì) centromere

14、著絲粒telomere 端粒protoplast原生質(zhì)體 mycoplasma 支原體 glycoprotein 糖蛋白 mesosome 間體 cytoplasm細(xì)胞質(zhì)megnetosome 磁小體 nucleoid 擬核glycocalyx 糖被capsule 莢膜flagellum 鞭毛lysosome溶酶體chloroplast 葉綠體secondary oocyte次級(jí)卵母細(xì)胞three-point testcross 三點(diǎn)測(cè)交primary spermatocyte 初級(jí)精母細(xì)胞 secondary spermatocyte 次級(jí)精母細(xì)胞first division segrega

15、tion 第一次分裂分離second division segregation 第二次分裂分離law of independent assortment 自 由組合定律Microbiology微生物學(xué)living creatures 生物culture medium 培養(yǎng)基lawn菌苔culture plate 培養(yǎng)平板bacteria 細(xì)菌archaea 古生菌eukaryote真核生物prokaryote原核生物protozoan原生動(dòng)物hypha菌絲mycoplasma 支原體thylakoid類囊體transformation 轉(zhuǎn)化genome基因組plasmid 質(zhì)粒transfor

16、ming factor 轉(zhuǎn)化因子diploid 二倍體haploid單倍體transposable element 轉(zhuǎn)座因子conjugation接合作用transposon 轉(zhuǎn)座子phenotype 表型genotype基因型auxotroph營(yíng)養(yǎng)缺陷型wild-type野生型transition 轉(zhuǎn)換transversion 顛換spontaneous mutation 自發(fā)突變r(jià)everse mutation 回復(fù)突變sexduction 性導(dǎo)transduction 轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)promoter 啟動(dòng)子operon操縱子recombination repair 重組修復(fù)repressor阻遏蛋

17、白corepressor輔阻遏物clone克隆denaturation 變性annealing 退火inorganic salt 無(wú)機(jī)鹽peptone蛋白月東sulfur bacteria 硫細(xì)菌beef extract 牛肉膏vitamin 維生素inclusion body 內(nèi)含物lithotroph 無(wú)機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)型medium 培養(yǎng)基agar瓊月旨o(jì)rganotroph 有機(jī)營(yíng)養(yǎng)型antiport 逆向運(yùn)輸active transport 主動(dòng)運(yùn)輸pinocytosis胞飲作用catabolism分解代謝passive transport 被動(dòng)運(yùn)輸uniport單向運(yùn)輸anabolism合成

18、代謝fermentation 發(fā)酵batch culture 分批培養(yǎng)log phase對(duì)數(shù)生長(zhǎng)期stationary phase穩(wěn)定生長(zhǎng)期lag phase遲緩期decline phase 衰亡期aerobe 好氧菌antibiotic抗生素antigenome 反基因組extension 延伸cloning vector 克隆載體replicon 復(fù)制子telomere 端粒cohesive end黏性末端promoter 啟動(dòng)子terminator 終止子gene therapy 基因治療phylogeny系統(tǒng)發(fā)育ammonification 氨化作用nitrification 硝化作用

19、denitrification 反硝化作用 expression vector 表達(dá)載體aerobic respiration 有氧呼吸 anaerobic respiration 無(wú)氧呼吸origin of replication 復(fù)制起始點(diǎn) incompatibility不親和性gene mutation 基因突變 synonymous mutation 同義突變 chromosomal aberration 染色體畸變 missense mutation 錯(cuò)義突變frame-shift mutation 移碼突變 lactose operon 孚1糖操縱子negative transcr

20、iption control負(fù)轉(zhuǎn)錄調(diào)控tryptophan operon 色氨酸操縱子 cytoplasmic inheritance Z田胞質(zhì)遺傳 genetic engineering 基因工程recombinant DNA technology 重組 DNA技術(shù) palindromic structure 回文結(jié)構(gòu)spread plate method 涂布平板法 pour plate method 傾注培養(yǎng)法streak plate method 平板劃線法 shake tube method 稀釋搖管法 continuous culture 連續(xù)培養(yǎng)It was not eviden

21、t, for example, whether or not a particular kind of protein has a consistent sequence of amino acids that would be the same in one individual molecule as it would be in another of that same kind of protein.例如，一類特定的蛋白質(zhì)是否具有一致的氨基酸序列還是不明白的，同類蛋白質(zhì)的單獨(dú)一 個(gè)分子與另一個(gè)分子的氨基酸序列也許是相同。Messenger RNA(mRNA)carries from D

22、NA the information , or message ,for manufacturing proteins during the translation phase ,while both ribosomal RNA(rRNA) and transfer RNA(tRNA) assist in the translation of mRNAs to protein.信使RNA(mRNA庇翻譯階段期間從 DNA那里攜帶為制造蛋白質(zhì)的信息，與此同時(shí)，核糖體 RNA(rRNA沐口傳遞RNA(tRNA)也幫助mRNA翻譯給蛋白質(zhì)。Both replication and transcription result in a new nucleic acid molecule with a base sequence specified by the old molecule, but in DNA replication, the new strand