新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程-戴偉棟版

1、新編簡明英語語言學(xué)教程戴偉棟版第 1 章 導(dǎo)言本章要點：The definition and main branches of linguistics study 語言學(xué)的定義和研究范圍Important distinction in Linguistic語言學(xué)的一些重要區(qū)分The definition and the design features of language語言的定義和識別特征Function of language 語言的功能.、4 A _p-Z t_-本章考點：語言學(xué)考點：語言學(xué)的定義，語言學(xué)中幾組重要的區(qū)別，每組兩個概念的含義、區(qū)分及其意義；普通語言學(xué)的主要分支及各自研究

2、范疇；宏觀語言及應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的主要拄只及各自的研究范疇。語言的考點：語言的定義；語言的識別特征（任意性，能產(chǎn)性，二重性，移位性，文化傳遞性）；語言的功能1,The definition of linguistics語言的定義：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language（based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language struct

3、ure）.The scope of linguistics 語言學(xué)的范圍A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics （語音學(xué)）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology （音系學(xué)）: the study of how sounds put together and used toconvey meaning in communication.（ 語音分布和排列的規(guī)則及音節(jié)的形式）Morphology （形態(tài)學(xué)）: the study of the way in which the sym

4、bols are arrangedand combined to form words.Syntax （句法學(xué)）: the study of rules in the combination of words to formgrammatically permissible sentences in language.Semantics （語義學(xué)）: the study of meaning .Pragmatics （語用學(xué)）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use.B ：macro-linguisticsSocioli

5、nguistics : the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics : the study of language and its relation with psychology .語言學(xué)中的重要區(qū)分Applied linguistics : the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems

6、. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. Some important distinctions in linguisticsDescriptive vs Prescriptive描寫式與規(guī)定式Descriptive : if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the langu

7、age people actually use.Prescriptive : if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “ correct and standard ” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell people what should t hey say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.Synchronic vs Diachronic共時性和歷時性Synchronic: the descript

8、ion of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.Speech vs writing 言語和文學(xué)These are major media of communication.Langue vs parole 語言與言語（Saussure 索爾）Langue: refers to the abstract linguist

9、ic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.Competence vs performance語言能力和語言應(yīng)用（Chomsky 喬姆斯基）Competence: refers to a userunds erlying knowledgeabout the system of therules.Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete s

10、ituations.喬姆斯基和索緒爾的區(qū)別：索緒爾采用的是社會學(xué)的觀點，他的語言觀念是社會慣例性的。喬姆斯基從心理學(xué)角度看待語言，對他而言，語言能力是每個個體的大腦特征。E: Traditional Grammar vs modern linguistics傳統(tǒng)語法與現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)Saussure 的 Course in General Linguistics 標(biāo)志著現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)的開端。區(qū)別：語言學(xué)是descriptive, 傳統(tǒng)的語法是prescriptive.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)認(rèn)為口頭語是基本的，而不是書面語?，F(xiàn)代語言學(xué)并不強迫進(jìn)入一個拉丁語為基礎(chǔ)的框架。The definition of langua

11、ge語言的定義Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.The design features of language語言的識別特征The design features of human language can be called design features which distinguish it from animal language system.A ： Arbitrariness 任意性There is no logical connection between m

12、eaning and sounds .B ： Productivity 能產(chǎn)性It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users . This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before.C：Duality 二重性Two levels: At the lower or th

13、e basic level is astructure of sounds, which aremeaningless by themselves. At higher level, the sounds of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.D ： Displacement 移位性Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imainged mat

14、ters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.E ：Cultural transmission 文化傳遞Language is culturally transmitted.F：Interchangeability 互換性Refers to man can both produce or receive the massages.Functions of language 語言的功能A ： main functionsDescriptive function（ 描述 ）: refers to convey factual

15、information, which can be stated or denied , and even verified .Expressive function（ 表達(dá) ）: refers to emotive or attitudinal function, convey information about user s feelirnegfesr,epnces, prejudice, and values.Social function（ 社 會 ）: refers to interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain

16、 social relations between people.Jakobson 將語言功能劃分六大類：emotive, conative（ 意動 ）, referential（ 指向 ）,poetic（ 娛樂 ）, phatic communication（ 寒暄 ）, and matalinguistic（ 元語言 ）.B ： macrofunctionsIdeational （概念 ）: It is to organize the speaker s or writer s experience ofthe real or imaginary world.Interpersonal （

17、人際 ）: It is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people.Textual : It is to organize the written or spoken texts in a coherent manner, and fit the particular situation in which they are used.注意知識點：1.Onomatopoeic words（ 擬聲詞 ） can NOT show arbitrary nature of language.（擬聲詞并不

18、能表示語言的任意性，有些擬聲詞和所表達(dá)的事物是有聯(lián)系的。）聾啞人所使用的語言也是語言。語言的改變并不是任意的，而是遵循社會規(guī)律的。語言是在人類出現(xiàn)一段時間后出現(xiàn)的。第 2 章 音位學(xué)本章要點：Speech organs 心令 發(fā)音器官Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels輔音和元音的區(qū)別、分類及描寫規(guī)則Phonemes and allophones音位和音位變體Phonological rule and distinctive features 音系規(guī)則和區(qū)

19、別特征Syllable structure, stress and intonation音節(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)、重音和語調(diào)I .、4 A _p-Z t_-本章考點：語音學(xué)：語音學(xué)的定義；發(fā)音器官的英文名稱；英語輔音的定義、發(fā)音部位、發(fā)音方法和分類；英語元音的定義和分類、基本元音；發(fā)音語音學(xué)；聽覺語音學(xué)；聲學(xué)語音學(xué)；語音標(biāo)記；嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音法和寬式標(biāo)音法。音系學(xué)的定義；音系學(xué)與語音學(xué)的區(qū)別；音素，音位，音位變體最小對立體，自由變體的定義；自由變體；音位對立分布與互補分布；區(qū)別性特征；超語段音位學(xué)；音節(jié)；重音(詞重音，句子重音)；音高和音調(diào)。本章內(nèi)容索引：The phonic medium of languagePh

20、onetics 語音學(xué)(1)The definition of phonetics(2)Three research fields(3)Organs of speech(4)Voiceless sounds(5)Voiced sounds(6)Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions (7)Classification of English speech soundsDefinitionClassification of English consonantsClassificati

21、on of English vowelsPhonologyRelationship between phonology and phoneticsPhone, phonmeAllophoneSome rules in phonologySequential rulesAssimilation ruleDeletion ruleSupra-segmental features: stress, tone, intonationstresstoneintonationThe phonic medium of languagePhonetics 語音學(xué)（1）The definition of pho

22、neticsPhonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that occur in the world languages.（2）Three research fields 三大研究領(lǐng)域考點名詞解釋Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語音學(xué): the study of the production of speechsounds.Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語音學(xué): the study of physi

23、cal properties （ 特征 ）ofspeech sounds.Perceptual phonetics 感知語音學(xué): refers to the perception of speech sounds.（3）Organs of speechVocal organs: lungs, trachea（ 氣管 ）, throat, nose, and mouth.Voiceless sounds 清音The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords（ 聲帶 ）.Voiced sounds 濁音The s

24、ound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords（ 聲帶 ）.Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions語音正字表 寬式和嚴(yán)式標(biāo)音Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only（一般用于詞典和教學(xué) ）Narrow transcriptions: transcription with letter-symbols together wi

25、th the diacritics（ 變音符號）. （語言學(xué)家在語言研究中使用）IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet （ 國際音標(biāo)） 產(chǎn)生于 19 世紀(jì)末。（7）Classification of English speech sounds 語音的分類DefinitionConsonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the ora

26、l cavity.Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity.Classification of English consonantsin terms of the manners of articulation（ 發(fā)音方式）:Stops（ 爆破音 ）: pb td kg 6Fricatives（摩擦音）：/f/v/ 0 / /e/ /s/z/2 / ?/h/r/ 8Affricatives（ 塞擦音 ）: /t ?

27、/ /d ?/Liquids（ 清音 ）: /l/ /r/Nasals（鼻音）:/m,n, 打 /Glides（ 滑音 ）: /w j/in terms of place of articulation（ 發(fā)音部位）bilabials（ 雙唇音 ）: /p b m w/labiodentals（ 唇齒音 ）: /f v/dentals（齒音）:/e0 /alveolars（齒昔艮音）:/t d n l r s/ 6 palatals（腭音）:/j ? t? d / 5 velars（軟力粵音）:/k g 刀/ glottal（喉音）：/h/Classification of English v

28、owelsthe position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back,the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open.the shape of the lips: rounded and unroundedor long and shortthe length of the vowels: tense and laxCtoieOpenCentidlBdikFrontseml-open3. Phonology Relationship between phonol

29、ogy and phoneticsSimilarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds.Differences: Approach and Focus.Phonetics: general nature, it is interested in all human languages.Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.Phone, Phoneme 考點Phone: It is a basic unit of phonetic study

30、, a minimal sound segment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning.Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning.（3）Allophone:The different realizations of the same phoneme in diff

31、erent phoneticenvironment are called allophones. （同一個音位在不同的語音環(huán)境中的實現(xiàn)方式被稱為音位的音位變體）complementary distribution: when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.（當(dāng)同一個音

32、位的兩個或兩個以上的音位變體不區(qū)別意義，并且出現(xiàn)在不同的語音環(huán)境中，那么他們被稱作處于互補分布）Free variation: 如果兩個音素出現(xiàn)在同一個相同的語音環(huán)境中，并不區(qū)別意義，即用一個音素去替換另一個音素不產(chǎn)生新詞，僅僅產(chǎn)生同一個詞的不同讀音。那么這兩個音素就可被視為自由變體。Phonemic contrast: 語音相似的音如果是區(qū)別性音位，那么可以說他們形成了一個音位對立。如“kf口 理cut和gut是兩個不同的音位，這兩個詞除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置上的一個音外，其余的音都一樣，因此這兩個詞就構(gòu)成了最小對立體minimal pairs 。音位對立指的是能夠造成意義差別的語音差別，比如ma

33、te 和 late， 每一個單詞的第一個輔音都能造成音位差別，因此形成音位對立。最小對立體就是兩個對立的音位只有一個語音特征不同，其他語音特征都相同。比如pate 和 bate 中的 p 和 b ，都是輔音、都是爆破音、都是雙唇音，但有一點不一樣，前者是清輔音，后者是濁輔音。相反， m 和 p 就不能形成最小對立體，因為它們雖然都是輔音、都是唇音，但至少有兩個語音特征不同：除了清濁不同外，一個是鼻音，一個是爆破音。Some rules in phonology 音位學(xué)的一些規(guī)則the sequential rulesThere are rules to govern the combinati

34、on of sounds in a particular language, andthese rules are called sequential rules. 某一特定語言的語言模式是受規(guī)則支配的，這就叫做序列規(guī)則。例如：如果一個單詞的以L 開頭，那后面接的必須是元音。the assimilation rule 同化規(guī)則同化指一個音具有了臨近音的一部分或者全部特征的這一過程，包括鼻化，齒化， 鄂化。 同化規(guī)則通過“拷貝 ”序列音位的一個特征來將一個音同化為另一個，從而使兩個音相似。相鄰近的同化多半是由發(fā)音或者生理過程引起的。我們說話時，傾向于增加發(fā)音的舒適度，這種懶惰的傾向可能會被規(guī)律化

35、，作為語言的規(guī)則。例如： I: 在 bean green team 單詞中，I: 會被鼻音化。deletion rule 省略規(guī)則省略規(guī)則告訴我們在什么時候省略一個語音，雖然這個音在正字法上是仍有體現(xiàn)。例如：g 在單詞 sign ， design 中是不發(fā)音的，但在完整的signature 和 designation 中的 g 是發(fā)音的。超切分特征：重音，音調(diào)，. supra-segmental features: stress, tone and intonation 語調(diào)A: 單詞和句子的重音，重音可以區(qū)分意義。digest n. 摘要 digest v. 消化Stress refers

36、to the degree of force used in producing a syllable.音調(diào)是由聲帶vocal cord 的不同震動引起的。語調(diào)涉及出現(xiàn)的升降模式，每個模式都應(yīng)用于相對一致的意義。注意點：Speech is more basic than writing 的原因：linguistic evolution view, speech is prior to writing.in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing (amount of information conveye

37、d)native speakers acquire their mother tongue by speech.spoken language reveal more true features of human speech.phone 與 phoneme 區(qū)別A phone is phonetic unit or segment, the speech sound we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme is not a particular sound, which is r

38、epresented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.Allophones: clear l and dark l are allophones of the phoneme l.cardinal vowels 基本元音英國音位學(xué)家Daniel JonesChapter 5 SemanticsDefinition命名論 The naming theoryProposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato . According to this theory, the l

39、inguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for, so words are just names or labels for things. ( 缺點：僅限于名詞)意念論 The conceptualist view Ogden and RichardsIt holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and wha

40、t it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediationofconcepts in the mind.語境論 ConceptualismIt s based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts . Here are two kinds of context: the situational and the lingu

41、istic context.行為主義論BehaviorismIt refers to the attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the” situation inwhich the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ” T.his theory somewhat close to conceptualism emphasizes on the psychological response .Lexical meaning:Sen

42、se : it is concerned with inherent meaning of linguistic form; it is the collection of all features of linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized.Reference : it means the linguistic form refers to the real, physical world . It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and

43、 the non-linguistic world of experience.Main sense relations.同義詞SynonymyIt refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning or we can say that words are close in meaning are called synonyms.Dialectal synonyms synonyms used in different regional dialects （方言）British AmericaAutumfallFlatapartment

44、Stylisticsynonyms-Synonyms differing in style （文體）Old man daddy father male parent（3）Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning （情感）Collaborator VS AccompliceCollocational synonyms （搭配）Accuse VS Charge （accuse of; charge WithRotten tomatoes VS Addled eggsSemantically different sy

45、nonyms （語義）Amaze VS Astound. 多義詞 PolysemyIt refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning.Ball: 1, a round object used in game. 2. a large formal social event at which people dance.同音（形 ）異義 HomonymyIt refers to the phenomenon that wo

46、rds have different meanings have the same form, i.e, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.Homophones同音異義It refers to two words are identical in sound. e.g. rain/reign.Homographs同形異義It refers to two words are identical in form .e.g. tear v./tear n.Complete homonyms 同形同音It re

47、fers to words that are both identical in sound and spelling. e.g. tear v./tear n. 上下義關(guān)系HyponymyIt refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate, and the more specific words are call

48、ed its hyponyms.Superordinate: animalSubordinate: cat, dog, tiger, lion, wolf, elephant, fox, bear,.反義詞AntonymyIt s the term used for oppositeness of meaning on different dimension.gradable: 等級反義詞old-youngcomplementary ：互補反義詞male-femalerelational: 關(guān)系 father-son buy-sellSentence sense relations:X is

49、synonymous with Y （同義）Eg. He is a bachelor all his life.He never married all his life.X is inconsistent with Y （不一致）Eg. John is marriedJohn is a bachelor.X entails Y （附屬）Eg. He has been to France.He has been to Europe.X presuppose Y （ Y 是 X 的先決條件）Eg. John s bike needs reparing.John has a bike.X is a

50、 contradiction （ X 是一個矛盾句）Eg. My unmarried sister is married to a bachelor.X is semantically anomalous.（語義異常）Eg. The table has bad intensions.Analysis of meaningComponential Analysis 成分分析法 分析詞匯抽象意義It as way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning . This approach is based upon

51、 the belief that meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features .Eg. Man= Adult+Male+Animate+HumanPredication Analysis 述謂結(jié)構(gòu)分析（由 British Linguist G.Leech 提出 ）It s a new approach for sentential meaning analysis. Predication is usually considered an important commo

52、n category shared by propositions, questions, commands ect. （通過對論元 argument 和謂語 predicate 的分析， 達(dá)到對句子意義進(jìn)行分析的許多模式中的一種.）先設(shè)前提PresuppositionIt s a semantic relationship or logical connection. A presupposes B.蘊涵 EntailmentEntailment can be illustrated by the following tow sentences in which sentence A ent

53、ails sentence B.Mark married a blonde heiress.Mark married a blonde.第 6 章 pragmatics本章要點：speech act theory言語行為的理論cooperative principle and its maxins合作原則及其準(zhǔn)則Gricean theory of conventional implicature格萊斯會話含義理論I .、4 A _p-Z t_-本章考點：語用學(xué)的定義；語義學(xué)與語用學(xué)的區(qū)別；語境與意義；言語行為理論（發(fā)話行為、行事行為和取效行為）； 合作原則。實例分析言語行為、合作原則的違反和會

54、話含義。本章內(nèi)容索引： PragmaticsDefinitionPragmatics & semanticsContextSentence meaning vs utterance meaningSpeech act theoryAustin s model of speech actsSearl s classification of speech actsIndirect speech actsPrinciple of conversionCooperative principle and its maxinsViolation of the maxinsConversational im

55、plicatureDefinitionCharacteristics of conversational implicativeCalculabilityCancellabilityNon-detachabilityNon-conventionalityCross-cultural pragmatics failure1 PragmaticsDefinitionIt is the study of speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.Pragmatics & semanticsIf th

56、e context was taken into the study of meaning, then the study calls pragmatics.ContextDefinition:It is generally considered as the knowledge that shared by the speaker and hearer.Significance:It determines the speaker usse of language and the hearer insterpretation of what is said to him. With conte

57、xt, the communication would achieve satisfactory result.Sentence meaning vs Utterance meaning 句子意義和話語意義Sentence meaning: abstract and de-contextualized .Utterance meaning: concrete and context dependent , and based on sentence meaning.2Speech act theoryAustin s model of speech actsAn locutionary act

58、（ 言內(nèi)行為）： an act of uttering words, phrases, clauses.Literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act（ 言外行為）： an act of expressing the speakerintentions .An perlocutionary act（ 言后行為）： an act of performed by or resulting fromsaying something; the consequence or change bro

59、ught about by the utterance;Searl 潴爾）classification of speech actsRepresentatives （闡述類）: stating or describing , saying something what thespeaker believes to be true . 陳述，相信，發(fā)誓Eg: I swear I have never seen the manbefore.directives（指令類）： Trying to get the hearer to do something.advise ， ask， beseech，

60、 command ， demand ， order ， request ， tell ， urge 。Eg： open the door!Commissives（承諾類）：committing the speaker himself to some future courseof mit ， consent ， guarantee ， offer ， pledge ， promise ， refuse ， threaten 。Eg： I promise to come!Expressives（表達(dá)類）： expressing the feeling or attitude towards an