《語(yǔ)用學(xué)Pragmatics》課件 第十一周

1、Chapter 5 Cooperation and implicature1. Conversational implicature2. Generalized conversatonal implicatures3. Particularized conversational implicatures4. Properties of conversatoinal implicatures會(huì)話含義的特點(diǎn) A: Cancellability or Defeasibility.B: Non-detachability: A: Cancellability or Defeasibility.(1)

2、Dear Sir, Mr. Xs command of English is excellent and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. However, his ability at and enthusiasm for philosophy are quite adequate for the job.(2) Youre the cream in my coffee.- But Im afraid I dont quite like cream in my coffee.B: Non-detachability含義是義這句話的整體

3、語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容為基礎(chǔ)的，而不是以句中的某一個(gè)單詞或語(yǔ)言形式為基礎(chǔ)。e.g. Hes a bad friend.- Hes a good friend. He is a friend in need. Hes a nice guy. Hes always ready to help. He never leaves you in the lurch.會(huì)話原則的違反和隱喻 反語(yǔ)（irony），隱喻(metaphor)，夸張法(hyperbole)和弱言法(meiosis)都是有意違反會(huì)話的質(zhì)量準(zhǔn)則的結(jié)果.會(huì)話原則的違反和隱喻 Irony: (1) You have done a good job. (2

4、) We had a nice day.Metaphor: (1) He is a fox. (2) He has a heart of stone. (3) Freud lived here.Hyperbole & Meiosis (1) Havent seen you for ages.常規(guī)關(guān)系可以是語(yǔ)言內(nèi)的，也可以是語(yǔ)言外的 語(yǔ)言內(nèi)： （1）他每到一處，都有小蜜跟著。 （2）He has had a few drinks too many. 語(yǔ)言外： （1） A: Whats the time? B: The postman has already come. (2) 舉頭望明月，低頭思

5、故鄉(xiāng)。Marked and unmarked1.A:Larry stopped the car. B:Larry caused the car stopped.2.A:我想去 聽語(yǔ)用學(xué)講座。 B:我不是不想去聽語(yǔ)用學(xué)講座。Implicature Referring to the linguistic materials. Generalized conversational implicatures No special background knowledge of the context of utterance is required.(1) Charlene: b & c ? Dext

6、er: b. (+ NOT c)(2) a. Doobie: Did you invite Bella and Cathy? (b & c?) b. Mary: I invited Bella. (b + NOT c)The generalized conversational implicture is: an X + not speakers X.Particularized conversational implicatures (1) maxim of relation: Rick: Hey, coming to the wild party tonight? Tom: My pare

7、nts are visiting.In order to make Toms response relevant, Rick has to draw on some assumed knowledge. (consequently + Tom not at party).(2) maxim of Manner: Ann: Where are you going with the dog? Sam: To the V-E-T.Implicating that he doesnt want the dog to know the answer to the question just asked.

8、(3) maxim of relation: Leila: Whoa! Has your boss gone crazy? Mary: Lets go get some coffee.(4) Bert: Do you like ice-cream? Ernie: Is the Pope Catholic? (+ obviously yes!)Properties of conversational implicatures (1) You have won five dollars! (+ ONLY five)(2) a. Youve won at least five dollars! b.

9、 Youve won five dollars, in fact, youve won ten! c. Youve won five dollars, thats four more than one!Assignments 1.Joe and Irving are the two characters in a computer program called Tale-Spin, cited in Mey(2001:88). In the following passage, what is the conversational implicature Joe failed to work

10、out? Is it a conversational implicatureO or conversational implicatureF?One day Joed ear was hungry. He asked his friend Irving Bird where some honey was. Irving told him there was a beehive in the oak tree. Joe threatened to hit Irving if he didnt tell him where some honey was.2. What is the conver

11、sational implicature of Marys reply in the following conversation? Is it a conversational implicatureO or conversational implicatureF? If is a IF, which maxim is flouted? John: India is the most populous country in the world, isnt it?Mary: Im the Queen of Sheba.3. Shortly after the Berlin Wall was e

12、rected President J.F. Kennedy announced in German at a West Berlin rally that he was a Berlliner. What he should have said was “Im a Berliner”, but due to his speech writers limited knowledge of German, he managed instead to say “I was a kind of doughnut”. However, despite his mistake, his audience did not fail to compute the conversational implicature of what he said. What is the conversational implicature in question? Which maxom is flouted?4. Of the following two conversational implicature, which is the generalized one and w